Frequency Of Sports Participation Research Articles

Social Acceptance in Physical Education and the Regular Classroom: Perceived Motor Competency and Frequency and Type of Sports Participation.

This study examined relations of primary school children's perceived physical competence and sports participation (frequency and type) with social acceptance in the regular classroom and physical education (PE) and whether these relations differed depending on the type of sport children participated in (team vs. individual sports). In total, 182 children (48.9% boys, mean age 9.90 years, SD = 1.23) filled out questions on their perceived physical competence and sports participation and indicated three peers with whom they liked/disliked working in PE and the regular classroom. Multilevel structural equation models in Mplus showed that frequency of sports participation was positively related to social acceptance in the context of PE. Additionally, for children in team sports, the frequency of sports participation was related to their social acceptance in PE, whereas for children in individual sports, perceived physical competence was related to social acceptance in PE. No relations were found in the regular classroom. Relations of perceived physical competence and sports participation with social acceptance seem to depend on the school context and the type of sport involved. In designing PE classrooms, children's physical competence and sports participation seem essential factors to take into account to provide all children with positive social experiences.

Retorno ao esporte após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: uma análise qualitativa

Abstract Introduction Return to sport is a desired outcome in individuals submitted to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Objective Understand the factors that affect return to pre-injury level sport after ACLR from the patient’s perspective. Methods The sample consisted of 29 individuals submitted to ACLR who participated in sport before the ligament injury. This is a narrative analysis with a qualitative approach, using a semi-structured interview as a methodological resource. Standardized instruments were also applied to evaluate psychological readiness to return to sport, via the Anterior Cruciate Ligament – Return to Sport after Injury Scale (ACL-RSI); self-perceived knee function using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective questionnaire; and the frequency of participation in sports with the Marx scale. Results Analysis of the interviews produced three main themes related to post-ACLR return to sport: self-discipline, fear of reinjury and social support. In qualitative analysis, the average scores obtained were 59.17 (± 23.22) on the ACL-RSI scale, 78.16 (± 19.03) for the IKDC questionnaire and 9.62 (± 4.73) and 7.86 (± 5.44) for the Marx scale before and after surgery, respectively. Conclusion: Psychological factors influence the decision to return to sport post-ACLR. Physiotherapists should therefore be aware of the psychological aspects and expectations of patients, and that other health professionals may be needed to help prepare these individuals to return to their preinjury sports level and achieve more satisfactory outcomes after ACLR.

The impact of total knee arthroplasty on golfing activity.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is frequently performed among individuals who golf. This study examines the effect of TKA on pre- and postoperative pain, frequency of sport participation, handicap, driving distance, use of a cart, and overall game enjoyment. This is a survey-based retrospective review of 71 patients after primary TKA at a tertiary medical facility in upstate New York. Patients were evaluated using postoperative pain scores and asked to complete a survey that included questions about their return to sport. A total of 71 patients were included, with an average age of 70 years old. Postoperatively 85% of patients returned to play within 7.9 months, driving distance increased by 4 yards, patients' golf game improved by 1.07 strokes, and pain during and after golf was significantly decreased. Most patients did not change golf cart usage, and reported unchanged or improved performance in and enjoyment of golf. We found that a majority of patients undergoing TKA returned to playing golf postoperatively. Patients were more likely to report decreased pain both before and after play and positive changes to their golf game. Our results suggest that most patients can expect to return to golf after TKA and the majority will enjoy the sport with less pain postoperatively.

Attendance at sporting events and sports participation: analysis of the relationship with subjective wellbeing between level groups, men and women

The objectives of the study were to determine the existence of differences in the levels of subjective well-being in individuals with different levels of sports participation, attendance at sporting events, and between men and women. This investigation was focused on subjective well-being, a relevant and meaningful perspective from which we can understand the well-being of the sports consumer, as a sport can affect the psychological state through hedonic experiences (eg, joy, excitement, anxiety) resulting from attendance at sporting events and sports participation. Gaps in the literature expressed in divergent results regarding subjective well-being were found between individuals who have no interest in sport and spectators and those who follow sport through the media (Inoue et al, 2017; Kim & James, 2019; Kim et al., 2017; Mutz, 2019). On the other hand, inconsistency was found in the results of several investigations concerning the effects of sports participation on subjective well-being. A convenience sample of 374 adult individuals was selected. To assess the research questions about the existence of significant differences, a series of Student t-tests were performed using the groups of individuals: 1) reduced levels of sports participation and attendance at sporting events; 2) high levels of sporting participation and attendance at sporting events, and; 3) men and women. The results showed that individuals with higher and lower attendance at sporting events did not show significant differences in the levels of subjective well-being, either in the group of men or women. Individuals with a higher frequency of sports participation manifested significantly higher feelings of subjective well-being than individuals with a lower frequency of sports participation. This conclusion is very relevant because it confirms the strong role that sports participation plays in promoting individuals' subjective well-being. The recommendations are aimed at legitimizing and appealing to a stronger investment by decision-makers in public policies for the population's sports participation because higher levels of sports participation lead to higher levels of subjective well-being. Public investments in hosting and organizing sporting events, with a view to stimulating assistance and the hedonic dimension, should be well evaluated.

FREQUENCY OF THORACOLUMBAR JUNCTION DYSFUNCTION AMONG EQUESTRIAN POLO ATHLETES

Background: Low back pain among equestrian sports is because of the significant connection between thoracolumbar junction dysfunction (TLJD) and its commencement in equestrian sports; appearing as low back ache spreading out to the adjoining sites and structures. Objective: To determine the frequency of Thoracolumbar Junction Dysfunction (TLJD) among Equestrian Polo Athletes Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of n=108 was conducted at different polo clubs of Lahore and Islamabad Pakistan for the duration of 6 months from July 2020 to December 2020. Participants were selected via non-probability convenient sampling technique. Male athletes between 18 to 50 years of age, non-competitive with mechanical low back pain were included in the study. Athletes who fulfill the inclusion criteria were assessed using Robert Maigne’s Gold standard examination protocol. SPSS version 21 was used for data entrance and Descriptive analysis was done to present the results of study. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 36.86±6.65 years, duration in sports was 13.58±4.81 in years and frequency of participation in sports was 3.648±0.75 days per week. Total n=108 athletes were examined for TLJD, 66.7% (n=72) were found to be positive with the thoracolumbar junction dysfunction. Conclusion: Thoracolumbar Junction Dysfunction among Equestrian Polo Athletes was an immensely prevailing condition Keywords: Athletes, athletic injuries, dysfunction, overuse injuries.

Dietary supplement use in elementary school children: a Japanese web-based survey

BackgroundA variety of dietary supplements are commercially available. However, the efficacy and safety of dietary supplement use in children are not well established. Understanding dietary supplement use is important for developing public health policy regarding dietary supplements. This study aimed to investigate the types of dietary supplements used and characteristics of dietary supplement users among Japanese elementary school children.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study. Dietary supplement use, socio-demographics, and health-related behaviors were assessed through mother-reported questionnaire. Types of dietary supplements were identified based on ingredient using product barcodes and brand names. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the socio-demographics and health-related behaviors associated with supplement use.ResultsAmong 4933 children, 333 (6.8%) were identified as dietary supplement users. The most common supplement was amino acids or protein (1.4%), followed by n–3 fatty acids or fish oil (1.0%), probiotics (1.0%), multivitamins (0.9%), multivitamin-minerals (0.8%), and botanicals (0.8%). Overall, any dietary supplement use was significantly associated with the highest frequency of sports participation (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65–4.02), highest household income (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.13–3.10), highest maternal educational level (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.31–2.52), and male sex (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09–1.75). The highest frequency of sports participation was significantly associated with higher odds of use of amino acids or protein (OR, 6.06; 95% CI, 1.78–20.6) and multivitamins (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.11–11.5), compared to the lowest frequency of sports participation.ConclusionThis study showed that Japanese children primarily use non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements. Non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements should thus be included in future studies aimed at monitoring dietary supplement use. We also found that dietary supplement use in children was associated with sports participation. Guidelines for dietary supplement use for children, in particular sport participants, are needed.

Increased frequency of participation in civic associations and reduced depressive symptoms: Prospective study of older Japanese survivors of the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake.

Few studies have examined whether changes in participation in civic associations can mitigate depressive symptoms among older disaster survivors. We examined prospectively the association between changes in participation in civic associations and changes in depressive symptoms among older survivors of the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake. We analyzed questionnaire-based survey data on pre- and post-disaster participation in civic associations and depressive symptoms compiled for 3567 respondents aged 65 years and above. Changes in these symptoms were assessed using a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as a continuous variable for 2010 and 2013. We investigated four types of civic associations: sports, hobby, voluntary groups, and senior citizens' clubs. Changes in participation were calculated by subtracting the participation frequency measured in 2010 from that measured in 2013. Applying 95% confidence intervals, we used linear regression models with imputation to estimate the age- and sex-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted standardized coefficients. The survivors' GDS scores increased by 0.13 points on average between the pre-disaster and post-disaster periods. Average changes in the participation frequencies of respondents in each group were respectively +0.36 days/year, -5.63 days/year, +0.51 days/year, and -1.45 days/year. Increased frequencies of participation in the sports and hobby groups were inversely associated with changes in GDS scores (B=-0.003, Cohen's f2=0.10, P=0.01 and B=-0.002, Cohen's f2=0.08, P=0.04, respectively). The associations did not differ depending on the experience of housing damage caused by the disaster. In addition, we did not observe a significant association between changes in participation frequencies for voluntary groups or senior citizens' clubs and changes in GDS scores after multivariable adjustment. Depressive symptoms of older adults post-disaster may be mitigated through increased frequency of participation in sports and hobby groups; yet, civic participation did not mitigate the adverse impact of disaster experiences on mental health.

Factors associated with fear of re-injury in physically active individuals after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Objectives: Fear of re-injury is a psychological consequence of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. For physically active individuals, fear of re-injury is a frequent cause for not returning to their preinjury physical activity level after ACL reconstruction. The aim of this study is to investigate fear of re-injury, and factors associated with its increase in physically active individuals who had an ACL reconstruction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in our institute. An online survey was sent to participants. The survey focused on sports participation and included two instruments, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and an 11-item version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Results: In total, 103 individuals participated in this study. The mean age was 35 years, males constituted 98% and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.8 kg/m2. The mean post-surgery follow-up period was 5.1 years, and around 59.2% of the sample returned to sports. Soccer was the most frequent (73.8%) sport practiced. The mean TSK-11 was 27.9. Age, BMI, concomitant knee injury, time from injury to surgery, follow-up period, and sport type were not correlated with fear of re-injury. However, sports participation frequency, returning to sports, and IKDC scores were significantly correlated with fear of re-injury. Conclusion: Fear of re-injury after an ACL reconstruction is affected by the frequency of sports participation, resuming activity after injury and knee function. Optimizing these factors may improve the psychological outcomes after an ACL reconstruction.

Individual and contextual predictors of retention in Special Olympics for youth with intellectual disability: who stays involved?

Despite the recognised benefits of sport, participation is often reported to be low for youth with intellectual disability (ID). The current study was the first to longitudinally examine sport retention in this population, a critical aspect of ensuring participation. Study participants were parents/caregivers of athletes with ID involved in community Special Olympics (SO), 11-22years of age (N=345). Participants completed an online survey in 2012 that included caregiver demographic and athlete intrapersonal, interpersonal and broader contextual variables. Retention rates for 2019 were determined using the SO provincial registration lists. Of the 345 survey participants, 81.7% remained active athletes in 2019. Caregiver demographic and athlete intrapersonal factors were largely unrelated to retention. In contrast, retention was associated with the frequency and number of sports athletes participated in, the perceived psychosocial gains of SO involvement and the environmental supports that were available to facilitate participation; frequency of sport participation was the strongest predictor of remaining a registered athlete. This study has implications for future initiatives aimed at increasing sport retention in a population that struggles to be engaged in sport. Efforts should focus on the athlete experience and sport-specific factors. Coaches and caregivers can foster positive experiences and play an important role in continued sport participation.

On consumers’ use, brand preference and equity of sports nutrition products

PurposeWhile trends of health and well-being have boosted the development of sports nutrition products, consumer research is limited. The purpose of this paper is to profile sports nutrition users and non-users, and to explain users’ preference and equity of sports nutrition brands.Design/methodology/approachA large online survey (n=3,165) was conducted with users and non-users of sports nutrition drinks in Belgium. Profiling was based on socio-demographic and sport related variables. For users, brand preference and equity of three key sports nutrition brands (n=1,075) were measured. Thereby, a three-dimensional consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) model was applied.FindingsBoth the socio-demographic (gender, age, education and employment status) and sport profile (frequency, context, reasons and sports nutrition advice) had a significant influence on respondents’ likelihood to use sports nutrition products. For brand preference, the effect of sport and socio-demographic profile was only partially confirmed, with advice and frequency of sport participation being most influential. Furthermore, users’ brand equity was shown to be positively affected by brand quality and brand loyalty, while the impact of brand awareness/associations was not significant for all brands.Research limitations/implicationsInsights in the role of the sport and socio-demographic profiles contribute to the understanding of general and brand-specific sports nutrition use. The insignificance of brand awareness/associations for Brand A points to the notion of other implicit factors that possibly mask or transform the effect of brand awareness, yet do not influence brand quality and loyalty. Future theory development could integrate the CBBE model with other explanatory determinants related to consumer (health) behavior theories, or consumer perceptions on marketing efforts, while brand equity measurement could be extended with financial measures.Practical implicationsVariations in the impact of brand equity dimensions further lend support for the diversification of marketing strategies in the sports nutrition sector.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to examine the customer market of sports nutrition products and brands.

Facteurs influençant le score du test de retour au sport KSTARTS après reconstruction du ligament croisé antérieur. Une analyse rétrospective de 676 patients

Objective To determine the key factors that influence return to sports (RTS) test scores (when using K-STARTS) in a large cohort of patients following ACL reconstruction. Design A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was undertaken. All patients who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery during the study period, and also had a K-STARTS assessment at 6 months post-operatively were included. In order to identify factors influencing the K-STARTS score, an analysis of variances was performed. Results A total of 676 patients were included in the study. The K-STARTS score was significantly higher in males than females (13.9 vs. 12.4, p > 0.001), in younger patients (those aged less than 30 vs older patients, 14.2 vs. 12, p > 0.001), ACL reconstructions performed with hamstring tendon autografts compared to bone-patellar tendon-bone (13.5 vs. 13.1, p = 0.03) and in those who completed a specific RTS program in addition to standard rehabilitation, compared to those who did not participate (17.1 vs. 13.1, p > 0.001). However, the only factor that significantly influenced the K-STARTS score beyond the minimal detectable change threshold was the completion of the additional RTS program. The pre-injury frequency of sports participation, whether the dominant limb was injured, time from injury to surgery, the presence of associated meniscal injuries and whether a lateral tenodesis was performed, did not significantly influence the K-STARTS score. Conclusion Completion of a specific return to sports program, in addition to standard rehabilitation, was the most important factor influencing the K-STARTS composite functional and psychological return to sports test score at 6 months after ACL reconstruction.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Sports Betting in a Population of Young Students in Madrid.

The participation of young people in sports betting is causing social alarm as a result of both its invasive advertising and its possible involvement in the development of gaming problems. The objective of this study is to identify and characterise the situation in which young students in Madrid participate in sports betting. A Sports Betting Evaluation Questionnaire was given to a convenience sample of 735 young students from Madrid (aged 18-25), both live (face-to-face) and on-line. 42.6% of the sample admitted having placed sports bets at one time; 81% of those who had bet were men and 78% had bet live, versus 18% who had done so on-line and 5% using both systems. Men were found to bet more frequently and spend more money and more time doing so than women. Those who bet on-line do so more frequently and spend more money and more time than those who bet live. Young people bet mainly on football and the most frequent bets are the most obvious ones, i.e. on the winner. The frequency of participation in sports betting is high, but the time and money spent is moderate, albeit always higher in men than in women.

Sports participation and health-related quality of life: a longitudinal observational study in children

PurposeIn this study, longitudinal associations between sports participation and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were explored. Sports participation was operationalized as membership of a sports club, frequency of sports participation, performing individual versus team sports and performing indoor versus outdoor sports. The concept of HRQoL referred to the self-perceived enjoyment and satisfaction with one’s personal health situation.MethodsData from 618 fourth-grade primary school children were included at baseline; 10–13 months later, 417 children (response rate 67.5%) were retained. At both time points, children reported on sports participation (Move and Sports Monitor Questionnaire—youth aged 8–12 years) and health-related quality of life (KIDSCREEN-52). Because of the clustering of children in schools, data were analysed using linear mixed models. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, household composition, SES and frequency of sports participation.ResultsThe questionnaires were fully completed by 417 children. High sports-active children showed better scores on almost all dimensions of HRQoL than moderate [difference (B) = − 1.82 (p = 0.05) to − 1.51 (p = 0.05)] or low ports-active children [difference (B) = − 3.67 (p < 0.001) to − 1.95 (p = 0.03)] and non-sports club members [difference (B) = − 5.58 (p < 0.001) to – 2.65 (p = 0.02)]. Unlike frequency, the other examined characteristics of sports participation were only to a limited extent longitudinal associated with HRQoL.ConclusionAs frequency is more relevant than the form of sports participation, children should be encouraged to perform any kind of sports activity on a very regular base.

Sports clubs as a medium for integrating people with disabilities

Participation in sports clubs is often ascribed with the ability to promote social integration of people with disabilities, since it can provide a platform for creating social networks and friendships. However, integration is not reached automatically, and it is strongly reliant on specific factors and conditions. Therefore, this study compares the degree of social integration of members with and without disabilities and analyses individual and structural factors relevant for social integration of members with disabilities. Social integration is conceptualised as a multidimensional concept and focuses on socio-cultural and socio-affective (interaction, identification) dimensions. Statistical regression analyses were conducted using data from 13,082 members (N = 1482 of that reported at least one disability) in 642 sports clubs in ten European countries. The results show that members with disabilities are integrated to the same extent as members without disabilities, and the degree of social integration seems to be more reliant on individual factors than on structural factors of sports clubs. Affiliation and participation in a club (volunteering, participation in competitive sport, long-term membership, frequency of sports participation, team/group size) are relevant for social integration. Furthermore, the setting matters, as members with disabilities practising in both settings, only with people with disabilities as well as together with members without disabilities, are slightly better integrated regarding the ‘interaction’-dimension than those practising in a separate setting only.

The Analysis of Correlation between Depression Symptoms and Their Attitudes towards Addictive Substances of High School Students Who Participate in Regular Exercise and Students Who Do Not Participate in Regular Exercise

In this study, it is aimed to analyze the correlation between depression levels and the attitudes towards addictive substances of the students participating and not participating in sports who live in Hendek district of Sakarya province and to determine if sports have an effect on depression and attitudes towards addictive substances. Also by using Vocational and Technical High schools and Anatolian High schools, it became possible to see the effect of school type. Furthermore, the effect of sociodemographic variables such as sex, grades, marital status of parents, and branch of sports, duration and frequency of participation in sports, income level, and number of siblings was researched. The study group consists of 326 students and “Demographic Information Form” developed by the researcher, “Beck Depression Inventory” and “Attitude towards Addictive Substances Scale” were used as data collection tools. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS 25.00 program. While no difference was observed in depression symptoms for the individuals participating and not participating in sports in the general frame, it is determined that the individuals participating in sports has a higher interest in addictive substances when compared to their peers who do not participate in sports. Moreover, this negative attitude towards addictive substances is higher in male students and in the students who study at Vocational and Technical High schools.

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Prohibited Substances Misuse among Iranian Recreational Female Bodybuilders and its Associated Psycho-socio-demographic Factors.

BackgroundThe growing tendency to anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and prohibited substances misuse by female athletes is a new public health concern. Epidemiological studies in this field are necessary to introduce an effective preventive drug control program in gyms. This study directed to evaluate the prevalence of AAS and other banned substances use and assess its association with some psycho-social and also demographic parameters among Iranian female recreational bodybuilders.MethodsThis study was done from January to March 2017 and 289 recreational female bodybuilders from 41 randomly-selected fitness and sports clubs in different geographic parts of Tehran, Iran, were included. Age, education level, months of sport involvement, frequency of sport participation in a week (hour), body image assessed by Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), and history of AAS and substances intake as the psycho-socio-demographic parameters were recorded by interviews using questionnaires.FindingsSubjects were all recreational female bodybuilders [mean and standard deviation (SD) of age: 26.3 ± 6.3, range: 15-52 years]. Self-report of AAS abuse was recorded in 70 bodybuilders (24.2%). Among prohibited substances, the use of stimulants (amphetamine or methamphetamine) and other illicit drugs was recorded in 10 (3.5%) and 95 (32.9%) athletes, respectively. 112 (38.8%) participants reported somatotropin use. Cigarette smoking, hookah use, and alcohol intake were reported by 42 (14.5%), 162 (56.1%), and 49 (17.0%) female bodybuilders, respectively. Among different evaluated parameters, merely the frequency of sport participation in a week and sport experience was inversely associated with AAS consumption.ConclusionBased on the subjects’ self-statement, AAS and substance misuse was surprisingly common in recreational female bodybuilders. Some factors including weekly frequency of sport participation and the duration of sport involvement may influence the prevalence of AAS abuse.

Analysis of Sports and Social Skill Relation in a Non-Sportive Group

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between social skills and sports participation of non-athlete participants. The data of this study were collected by using the Convenience Sampling Method from 197 females (59.3%) and 135 males (40.7%), a total of 332 participants, ranging in age from 17 to 67 years (mean=28.72±9.31 years). When asked about the frequency of engaging in sports, while 43 (13.0%) of the respondents reported regular participation and 117 (53.3%) reported occasional participation, and 112 (33.7%) were non-participants. The participants completed the “A Social Skills Scale” for adults consisting of 80 items, and the Socio-demographic Form. The results showed that the Internal Consistency Coefficient for the scale was 0.93. In order to compare the three groups (regular participants, occasional participants, and non-participants) and other variables in terms of the total score of the scale, the two-way ANOVA test was used. There were significant differences in social skill degrees between three groups which were constituted based on frequency of sports participation, between the genders, and between the two groups that were formed considering where participants spent most of their lives (big cities or small towns). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between participants’ social skills according to age and socioeconomic variables like marital status, education, occupational and financial status. Findings were discussed in the context of the related literature.

Cardiovascular disease mortality in relation to physical activity during adolescence and adulthood in Japan: Does school-based sport club participation matter?

We examined potential associations of sport club participation during adolescence and sports-related physical activity during adulthood with mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a Japanese population. Between 1988 and 1990, 29,526 men and 41,043 women aged 40–79 years responded to a questionnaire including questions about the frequency of sports participation at baseline and sport club participation during junior/senior high school. Subjects were followed-up until the end of 2009, and 4230 cardiovascular deaths (870 CHD, 1859 stroke) were identified. Cox proportional-hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR). During the first-two thirds of the follow-up – where the proportional hazards assumption was met – the multivariate-adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) for total CVD mortality was 0.77 (0.61–0.98) among men and 0.82 (0.61–1.10) among women who were physically active at baseline (≥5 h/week versus 1–2 h/week). The corresponding HRs for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality were 0.65 (0.39–1.07) and 0.40 (0.17–0.91), respectively. The combined associations of sports participation during adulthood and adolescence were also examined. Among men who participated in sports for ≥5 h/week at baseline, the multivariate-adjusted HR for those who also engaged in sport club activities during adolescence was 0.89 (0.61–1.30) for total CVD mortality and 0.24 (0.08–0.71) for CHD mortality when compared to non-participants. Among women, no statistically significant differences were found between sport club participants and non-participants. In conclusion, participating in sport clubs during adolescence might lead to a more pronounced risk-reduction for CHD mortality among men who also participate in sport activities during adulthood.

Theoretical Models for Sport Participation: Literature Review

Recent studies have analyzed theoretical models of sport participation. They claimed that sports activities relate to health and happiness and that there are various factors which determine sports participation, be it individual, sociological or psychological. Whilst some countries in Europe experienced an increase in sport activity over the past few decades, others saw a decline in the number of individuals who commit to physical activity. Several models have been constructed to explain and determine involvement in sports namely, ‘The Beckerian Approach’, ‘The SLOTH framework’ and ‘Green’s Model of Sport Development’. These models have unearthed specific important factors, which encourage people to take part in sports activities. These concerned age, gender, time constraints, income and level of education.In fact, findings has shown a positive and statistically significant relationship between age and frequency of sport participation and as age increased walking increased as well. Education plays an important role as well especially where adolescents are concerned. School was a key contributor to adolescents increased participation in physical activity and more specifically as they transitioned into secondary school.A successful example is that of Norway where a sport and physical recreation culture is deeply rooted in society and is supported by strategic socio-economic circumstances, high standards of living, equality between genders, abundant sporting facilities, a school system that keenly promotes physical activity, a strong voluntary sports clubs sector and high levels of parental contribution. Recent research has also focused on the sociological and psychological factors which contribute to increased physical activity. Social networks and friends significantly impact one’s decision to take part in sport, while the involvement of parents in sport affects sport frequency in a positive and significant way.

Sport participation, body satisfaction and depressive symptoms in adolescence: a moderated-mediation analysis of gender differences

This research aimed to analyse the partial mediating role of body satisfaction in the relationship between sport participation and depressive symptoms, as well as to examine the moderating role of gender in these associations. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1810 adolescents aged 13–18 years old who completed self-report measures regarding sport participation, body satisfaction and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that a higher frequency of sport participation was associated with a lower presence of depressive symptoms, both directly and through greater body satisfaction, although gender differences were found in this partial mediation model. It was detected that sport participation had a greater effect on positive body satisfaction among boys, whereas body dissatisfaction indicated a greater presence of depressive symptoms among girls. The results emphasize the need to implement gender-specific programmes to improve psychological adjustment in adolescents by promoting sport practice and body acceptance.