Frequency Of Self-monitoring Research Articles

Randomized Clinical Trial to Increase Self-Monitoring of Physical Activity and Eating Behaviors in Youth: A Feasibility Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Mobile health (mHealth) has the potential to reduce reliance on in-person healthcare visits, making monitoring of health, eating, and physical activity less burdensome. There is a great need to develop and test mHealth tools for pediatric weight loss programs to enhance clinical practice. This study aimed to test the feasibility of utilizing a tailored suite of mHealth components to augment an existing evidence-based in-person pediatric weight management program. Method Using a two-group randomized superiority trial design, participants who completed baseline measurement were randomized to Brenner Families in Training (Brenner FIT) or Brenner FIT + mHealth (Brenner mFIT), and follow-up measures were completed at 3 and 6 months. Feasibility was assessed in terms of screening, recruitment, randomization, retention, and the assessment process. Acceptability was assessed in terms of program completion, and implementation fidelity was assessed in terms of logging activity, frequency of self-monitoring, goal setting, and retention rate. Results Overall, 173 dyads were eligible for enrollment based on inclusion criteria. Twenty-five dyads consented to participate. Sixteen dyads completed baseline psychosocial questionnaires, eight dyads completed at least two 24-h dietary recalls, and 20 (youth) participants returned accelerometers. Of the 14 dyads who completed enrollment, seven dyads were each randomized into the intervention and control groups, with ten and five dyads retained at three and six months, respectively. A total of four caregivers and two youth who utilized the website for goal setting set at least one goal, all seven youth linked their activity tracker, and most downloaded at least one video (two youth) or podcast (six caregivers). Conclusions Our results suggest that the assessment protocol was overly burdensome, the intervention had low acceptability, and the study as designed was not feasible to complete. Future studies should evaluate barriers and facilitators to the uptake of mHealth.

Effect of low-frequency blood glucose self-monitoring on glycosylated hemoglobin levels among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Reducing the frequency of self-monitoring of blood sugar, due to needle phobia, pain, stress, and costs associated with the procedure, can improve patient compliance and quality of life, provided that adequate blood sugar control is maintained. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-frequency blood glucose self-monitoring (LFBGSM) on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels among older adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), treated with or without insulin. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial with a parallel design was conducted on 121 older adults with T2DM in Sabzevar, Iran, between 2018 and 2020. Initially, subjects were stratified based on the type of treatment (with or without insulin) and then randomly assigned to intervention (LFBGSM) and control (no blood glucose self-monitoring [no-BGSM]) groups. HbA1C levels were measured at the beginning of the study and 3 months later for all study groups. Results: The mean age of participants treated with and without insulin was 64.3 ± 9.60 and 64.7 ± 5.01 years, respectively. The ANCOVA test revealed a significant difference in the mean HbA1C levels among the four groups 3 months postintervention (P < 0.001). The HbA1C scores significantly decreased in the LFBGSM groups and increased in the no-BGSM groups at 3 months postintervention (insulin/LFBGSM, insulin/no-BGSM, noninsulin/LFBGSM, and noninsulin/no-BGSM: 7.74 ± 0.76, 8.34 ± 1.53, 7.70 ± 0.75, and 8.14 ± 1.11, respectively) compared to baseline (8.25 ± 0.67, 8.03 ± 0.64, 8.08 ± 0.69, and 7.83 ± 0.74, respectively). The least significant difference post hoc tests showed significant differences between specific groups, emphasizing subtle responses to interventions (P values ranging from 0.001 to 0.929). Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant reduction in HbA1C scores within the LFBGSM groups, while a discernible increase is observed in the no-BGSM groups over the 3 months. These findings underscore the efficacy of the interventions and emphasize the crucial role of personalized approaches in optimizing glycemic control for individuals with diabetes.

Frequent Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Correlated to Better Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Frequent Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Correlated to Better Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Computer Simulation and Optimization of Second Language Writing Strategies from the Perspective of Dynamic Systems Theory

In response to the growing demand for effective second language (L2) writing strategies, this study aims to explore and optimize L2 writing strategies from a dynamic systems perspective. Utilizing computer simulation, the research investigates the interaction and adaptation of writing strategies in L2 learners. The research method involves the development of a computational model that simulates the writing process of L2 learners. This model captures various writing strategies, such as planning, drafting, revising, and self-monitoring, and analyzes how these strategies evolve over time in response to different linguistic and cognitive challenges. Data from L2 learners’ writing samples and writing process logs are used to calibrate and validate the simulation model. The results of the computer simulation demonstrate that L2 writing strategies are not static but rather adapt dynamically to the writer’s proficiency level, task demands, and cognitive resources. The simulation reveals that certain strategies, such as frequent self-monitoring and adaptive planning, are more effective in improving writing quality and efficiency. Additionally, the study identifies individual differences in strategy use, with some learners benefiting more from specific strategies than others. The findings underscore the complexity of L2 writing and suggest that personalized feedback and strategy training based on the simulation outcomes can significantly enhance L2 writing performance. The findings reveal significant insights into the dynamic nature of writing strategies, highlighting the importance of individual differences and context. The study concludes that computer simulation offers a promising approach for understanding and enhancing L2 writing strategies, potentially leading to more personalized and efficient writing instruction.

Challenges in achieving adequate glycemic control among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a resource-limited setting: A cross-sectional study from Sudan

ObjectiveTo assess glycemic control and associated factors in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) attending the pediatric diabetes clinic in Wad-Madani City, Sudan. MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a referral center in Sudan. The study population consisted of children aged 1–18 years who had been diagnosed with T1DM for more than 1 year and were under regular follow-up in the clinic. Data on their glycemic control and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were captured. ResultsOut of 211 enrolled patients, 120 (56.9 %) were females. The mean age was 11.7 years (SD = 4.0), with the mean age at diagnosis of 6.7 years (SD = 4.0). Only 6.2 % achieved adequate glycemic control. Adolescents had particularly poor control (97.8 %). The mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c) level was 10.4 % (90 mmol/mol). Inferior glycemic control was associated with advancing age, older age at diagnosis, belonging to single-parent households, less frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and having a greater number of siblings or household members. A third of patients (33.8 %) had had one or more diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) episodes in the previous year. There was a high prevalence of lipodystrophy (34.1 %) and arthropathy (25.1 %). ConclusionsAn exceptionally low proportion of children with T1DM achieved adequate glycemic control, with adolescents particularly struggling. SMBG frequency and family dynamics emerged as potential factors, highlighting the urgent need for tailored interventions and improved diabetes education in resource-limited settings.

Самоконтроль гликемии: от теории к практике (на примере пациента с сопутствующей онкологической патологией)

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels occupies an important place in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. With an increase in the frequency of self-monitoring of BG, in patients with diabetes, carbohydrate metabolism indicators improve. Thus, self-monitoring of BG is an important factor in the prevention of acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Although new methods for measuring BG levels, such as continuous glycemic curve tracking and flash monitoring, are now widely used, they cannot completely replace BG monitoring with a glucometer. Data are presented on the dynamics of glycemia in a patient with type 1 diabetes, with a disease duration of 58 years, before and after the introduction of self-monitoring of BG.

Association between frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes

AimTo determine the association between the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. MethodsThe retrospective study analyzed data from 3,630 patients with type 2 diabetes who were enrolled between August 2020 and July 2021. 2456 non-insulin-treated patients were divided into SMBG ≤ 6 times/week and > 6 times/week groups. 1174 insulin-treated patients were divided into SMBG ≤ 9 times/week and > 9 times/week groups. Propensity score matching was used to generate groups with well-balanced covariates. Primary outcomes were changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) from baseline to 6 months. ResultsIn the non-insulin-treated group, a comparison in FBG and PBG reduction between the SMBG > 6 times/week and ≤ 6 times/week groups was statistically significant (−0.59 vs. −0.18 mmol/l, P < 0.001; −0.91 vs. −0.36 mmol/l, P < 0.001). In the insulin-treated group, there was no statistically significant reduction in FBG or PBG, patients with baseline FBG > 8 or 9 mmol/l and SMBG > 9 times/week had a significant FBG reduction than the ≤ 9 times/week group. ConclusionFrequent SMBG was associated with better glycemic control in non-insulin-treated patients. Insulin-treated patients with poor glycemic control may benefit from frequent SMBG.

Beyond Syringes and Pills: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems for Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing. The two primary subtypes, type 1 and 2, have different causes and mechanisms, but both result in abnormal glucose metabolism. The standard of care for diabetes includes insulin therapy, oral anti-diabetic medications, diet, exercise, weight loss, and frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. However, these treatments have limitations that can lead to poor patient compliance and suboptimal outcomes. Alternative insulin delivery systems such as inhalers, patches, and oral sprays offer potential benefits such as increased convenience, reduced pain, and improved adherence. Non-insulin injectables, long-acting basal insulins, and GLP-1 agonists have also shown promise in improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications. Nanoparticle-based systems like SLNs are a novel approach that offers several advantages for diabetic management. They allow for targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and improved biocompatibility, enhancing drug efficacy and reducing side effects. SLNs have shown potential in animal models for reducing extracellular matrix degradation, inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzymes, and enhancing the regeneration of insulin-producing beta cells. More studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy in humans, but the potential benefits of SLNs make them a promising option for diabetes management.

Anger treatment via CBAT delivered remotely: Outcomes on psychometric and self-monitored measures of anger.

Studies of anger treatment have often reported on reappraisal and relaxation techniques delivered in person to forensic and psychiatric samples. The present study evaluated an integrative programme of cognitive-behavioural affective therapy (CBAT) delivered remotely to chronic pain sufferers with comorbid anger. Volunteers (N = 54) were randomly assigned to either CBAT or an Emotional Education (EE) group, both receiving hour-long videorecorded sessions twice a week for 4weeks plus weekly calls by telephone. At 1-month post-treatment, follow-up was conducted. Outcomes were measured using the Anger Parameters Scale (APS) and its five subscales (frequency, duration, intensity, latency and threshold) as well as daily self-monitored anger logs. As hypothesized, pre- to post-treatment decline in APS total scores was significant for CBAT, Hedges' g = 0.65, 95% CI [0.14, 1.16] but nonsignificant and small for EE, g = 0.17, CI [-0.41, 0.75]. At the primary endpoint (post-treatment), APS total scores were significantly lower for CBAT than for EE. Treatment gains were maintained till follow-up. On all five APS subscales, pre-post effect sizes were medium-sized for CBAT and generally small for EE. This picture was mirrored in the self-monitored frequency, duration and intensity of anger. Findings support the efficacy of CBAT over time, its comparative efficacy over EE and its ecological generalizability. Future research could expand sample size, reduce sample imbalance, extend follow-up and strengthen treatment potency with more sessions. The present study renews enthusiasm for teletherapy and is the first to demonstrate CBAT efficacy in treating maladaptive anger in the chronic pain population.

Portrait for Type 2 Diabetes with Goal-Achieved HbA1c Using Digital Diabetes Care Model: A Real-World 12-Month Study from China.

Our previous study demonstrated that digital diabetes care model (DDCM) created by multidisciplinary care team (MDCT) can improve glycemic control for patients with diabetes than usual care. Therefore, we aimed to explore long-term glycemic control with DDCM and influencing factors in type 2 diabetic cohort, in order to make a portrait for diabetes with goal-achieved HbA1c in clinics. A total of 1198 outpatients with type 2 diabetes using DDCM for at least 12 months were recruited as a cohort. Medical records and specific DDCM indexes were collected. The influencing factors for glycemic control were explored by multivariate logistic regression analysis, followed by an internal and external validation. A total of 887 patients were finally included. HbA1c target-achieving rate was increased from 39.83% at baseline to 71.79% after 3-month follow-up. A shorter duration of diabetes, more frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose, lower HbA1c level at baseline, and less frequent emergency out-of-hospital follow-ups were influencing factors for HbA1c <7% at 12-month follow-up. AUC of the prediction model was 0.790, with a sensitivity of 69.7% and specificity of 76.1%. Internal and external validation in patients using the DDCM monitored by MDCT indicated that the DDCM was robust (AUC =0.783 and 0.723, respectively). Our findings made a portrait for T2DM with goal-achieved HbA1c in our DDCM. It is important to recognize associated factors for health providers to make personalized intervention in clinical practice.

363 Association between self-monitoring and ketogenic diet adherence in a technology-assisted lifestyle intervention

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Self-monitoring (SM) improves adherence to low-fat low-calorie (LFLC) diet for weight management. Ketogenic diet (KD) is a promising alternative to LFLC, however, it is unclear whether SM improves KD adherence. We examined the association between SM and KD adherence during the first 12 weeks of a 6-month technology-assisted lifestyle intervention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We included 30 (50.8 ± 12.4 years, 70% female) overweight/obese (body mass index: 37.1 ± 7.2 kg/m2) participants in the analysis. They received personalized KD goals with very low-carbohydrate (22–62 g/d), moderate protein (52 -87 g/d), and high-fat (115 - 219g/d) and calorie intake goals (1338–2554 kcal/d). Additionally, participants performed daily diet, exercise, and weight SM. Adherence to KD was measured by (1) self-monitored dietary intake, and (2) percent of days in ketosis state (blood ketone≥0.5 mmol/L) captured by a fingerstick blood ketone meter. SM frequency was defined as percent of days participant logged food intake, wore fitness tracker, and weighed body weight. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to examine the correlation between SM in diet, exercise, and weight with KD adherence. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Percentage of days participants SM for diet, exercise, and weight was 58.4 ± 32.2%, 66.4 ± 30.9%, and 59.0 ± 32.6%, respectively. Correlational analysis more frequent diet SM was positively correlated with more days in ketosis (r = 0.58, p = 0.003), higher fat intake (r = 0.68, p = 0.0001), and higher calorie intake (r = 0.67, p = 0.002) within the fat and calorie goals set; more frequent weight SM was positively correlated with more days in ketosis (r = 0.48, p = 0.02), higher fat intake (r = 0.45, p = 0.023), and higher calorie intake (r = 0.44, p = 0.027). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found that diet and weight SM were positively associated with fat and calorie intake, as well as days in ketosis. Given the reported promising effect of KD on weight loss and the challenges of adhering to KD, our findings suggested that promoting SM on diet and weight might be a promising avenue for improving KD adherence leading to successful weight loss.

Flash glucose monitoring in young people with type 1 diabetes—a qualitative study of young people, parents and health professionals: ‘It makes life much easier’

ObjectivesFlash glucose monitoring for patients with T1 diabetes avoids frequent painful finger-prick testing, thus potentially improving frequency of glucose self-monitoring. Our study aimed to explore experiences of young people using...

Dose-response relations between the frequency of two types of momentary feedback prompts and daily physical activity.

Self-monitoring and behavioral feedback are widely used to help people monitor progress toward daily physical activity goals. Little information exists about the optimal dosing parameters for these techniques or if they are interchangeable in digital physical activity interventions. This study used a within-person experimental design to evaluate associations between the frequency of two different prompt types (one for each technique) and daily physical activity. Insufficiently active young adults were assigned monthly physical activity goals and wore smartwatches with activity trackers for 3 months. They received zero to six randomly selected and timed watch-based prompts each day, with individual prompts either providing behavioral feedback or prompting the participant to self-monitor. Physical activity increased significantly over the 3-month period (step counts d = 1.03; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity duration d = 0.99). Mixed linear models revealed that daily step counts were positively associated with the frequency of daily self-monitoring prompts up to approximately three prompts/day (d = 0.22) after which additional prompts provided minimal or reduced benefit. Daily step counts were not associated with the frequency of behavioral feedback prompts. Daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was not associated with the frequency of either prompt. Self-monitoring and behavioral feedback are not interchangeable behavior change techniques in digital physical activity interventions, and only self-monitoring prompts show signs of a dose-response association with physical activity volume. Activity trackers, such as smartwatches and mobile apps, should provide an option to replace behavioral feedback prompts with self-monitoring prompts to promote physical activity among insufficiently active young adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Comparing the benefits of applying a vacuum assisted lancing device in reducing lancing pain, improving self-monitoring frequency and reducing HbA1c in people with diabetes

Background and aimsFor most people with diabetes (PwD), lancing fingertips for obtaining a blood sample is unavoidable during blood glucose monitoring (BGM). This study investigated the potential benefits of applying a vacuum over the penetration site immediately, before, during, and after lancing to determine if a vacuum would allow a less painful lancing process from fingertips and alternate sites, while still drawing sufficient blood, thereby allowing PwD to have a painless lancing experience and improving self-monitoring frequency. The cohort was encouraged to use a commercially available vacuum assisted lancing device. Change in pain perception, testing frequency, HbA1c, and future probability of VALD use were determined. MethodsIn a 24-week randomized open-label, interventional, cross-over trial, 110 PwD were recruited who used VALD and non-vacuum conventional lancing devices, for 12 weeks each. Percentage reduction in HbA1c, percentage BGM adherence, scores of pain perception, and probability of selecting VALD in the future were measured and compared. ResultsThere was reduction in overall HbA1c values (mean ± SD), (from 9.01 ± 1.68% at baseline to 8.28 ± 1.66%) and individually in T1D (from 8.94 ± 1.77% to 8.25 ± 1.67%) and T2D (from 8.31 ± 1.17% to 8.59 ± 1.30) after using VALD for 12 weeks. Lower pain perception and high probability of using VALD over conventional devices were observed. ConclusionThe study highlights the benefits of applying a vacuum to the lance site which enhances the effectiveness in reducing and eliminating pain, improving self-monitoring frequency, and lowering HbA1c over non-vacuum conventional devices.

Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes between 10 and 17 Years of Age in Jordan.

The study was conducted by distributing the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) to adolescents with T1D seen at Jordan University Hospital between February 2019 and February 2020. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic data were collected using electronic clinical charts. Possible predictors of depression were assessed using logistic regression analysis. A total of 108 children were enrolled in the study with mean age of 13.7 ± 2.3 years. Fifty-eight children (53.7%) had a CES depression score less than 15, and 50 children (46.3%) had a depression score of 15 or more. The number of diabetes-related hospital admissions and the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were significantly different between the two groups. In the multivariable analysis, both gender and SMBG frequency were statistically significant. Girls were more likely to have a depression score ≥ 15 (OR = 3.41, p = 0.025) than boys. Patients who were rarely testing blood glucose levels were more likely to have a depression score ≥ 15 compared to those who were testing regularly (OR = 36.57, p = 0.002). The prevalence of depressive symptoms is relatively high in adolescents with T1D, especially in those living in developing countries. Longer diabetes duration, higher glycated hemoglobin level, and less frequent blood glucose monitoring are associated with higher depression scores.

Diabetes Technology and the Human Factor.

Diabetes Technology and the Human Factor.

Frequent self-monitoring of intraocular pressure can determine effectiveness of medications in eyes with normal tension glaucoma: A case report.

It is difficult to follow changes in the intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous eyes comprehensively because of the limited number of outpatient examinations. We report our findings in a case of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in which frequent self-measurements of the IOP were used to evaluate the IOP-lowering effect of different medications. A 50-year-old man with NTG had a nasal step visual field defect in his right eye and was being treated with 0.005% latanoprost (LAT) ophthalmic solution (XALATAN®). The patient was diagnosed with NTG. The patient had a mean IOP in the right eye of 10.9 ± 1.5 mm Hg (68 measurements in 1 month, Period A) during treatment with 0.005% LAT ophthalmic solution. During the second month (Period B), the mean IOP in the same eye was 9.8 ± 1.7 mm Hg (59 measurements) with treatment with a LAT and carteolol fixed combination (LCFC). And during the third month (Period C), the mean IOP was 7.4 ± 1.1 mm Hg (57 measurements) on the same right eye after the addition of brimonidine and brinzolamide fixed combination ophthalmic solution to the LCFC ophthalmic solution. Comparisons of the IOPs between Periods A and B and between B and C showed that the reductions in the IOP were significant. We conclude that frequent self-measurements of the IOP can determine that small changes of the IOPs are significant.

People with diabetes adherence to drug, dietary, and lifestyle changes in Erbil city, Iraq

BackgroundSince diabetes has serious complications that might result in life-long handicaps or even death, it is vital to ensure that people have reasonable control of the disease, which is eventually by good adherence to drugs, diet, and a good lifestyle. People non-adherence to any part of the therapy program for diabetes might result in worsening the condition. This study aimed to evaluate the compliance of people with diabetes to drug, diet, and lifestyle changes in Erbil city, Iraq.Patients and methodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 288 people with diabetes visiting Layla Qasim Health Center for people with diabetes in Erbil city, Iraq. Data were collected by interviewing the participants and filling out a questionnaire. The survey demonstrated the socio-demographic status, history, information about the participant's condition, frequency of self-monitoring, medication use, the impact of the surroundings and people's concerns, diet, and lifestyle of the participants.ResultsOf 202 participants responded to the questionnaire, 56.9% were female. The mean age was 52.53 ± 13.882 years. 85.6% of the participants were taking the medication regularly, and 78.8% of the participants followed a recommended diet by their doctors. Only 56.4% were exercising, with a majority being male, 70.1%.A strong association was found between gender and doing exercise, educational level and taking the medication regularly, duration of the disease, and following the recommended diet.ConclusionsThe adherence to taking the medication regularly is high, in which single most important cause is following up with their doctors. In contrast, adherence to lifestyle recommendations was suboptimal and essential in managing diabetes. Another reason is that educational level plays a role in understanding the importance of following the recommended lifestyle by the doctor.

Exercise Adherence and Compliance and Its Related Factors Among Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To explore exercise adherence and compliance as well as its related factors among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to provide a basis for clinical intervention strategies. The present study was a cross-sectional study of 205 elderly patients with T2DM who regularly visited a Shanghai community health center from August 2020 to July 2021. Exercise adherence and compliance was measured using an exercise adherence and compliance questionnaire, and potential correlates were explored using multiple linear regression analysis. The mean total score of the exercise adherence and compliance questionnaire was 16.72±5.08. The stepwise regression results revealed that exercise adherence and compliance was positively correlated with self-monitoring (F=3.510, P=0.005), exercise knowledge (r=0.784, P<0.001), exercise willingness (r=0.556, P<0.001), professional support (r=0.426, P<0.001), and self-efficiency (r=0.5, P<0.001). There was a negative correlation between hypoglycemia and exercise adherence and compliance (F=-3.672, P<0.001). Low exercise adherence and compliance was related to low glucose self-monitoring frequency, increased hypoglycemia, less exercise knowledge, less exercise willingness, less professional support, and less self-efficiency. When developing exercise instructions adapted to the cognitive and volitional needs of diabetic patients, it is essential to focus on their daily self-management habits and extrinsic motivation to improve exercise adherence and compliance.

The Efficacy and Frequency of Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose in Non-insulin-Treated T2D Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a useful tool in diabetes management, but its efficacy and optimal application in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients treated without insulin have been controversial. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SMBG in controlling blood glucose levels in non-insulin-treated T2D patients and to determine the optimal frequency and the most appropriate population to benefit from SMBG. Eligible publications from January 2000 to April 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Randomized controlled trials comparing SMBG with no SMBG or structured SMBG (S-SMBG, SMBG with defined timing and frequency of glucose measurements) were included. Meta-analyses and sub-analyses were performed to assess the efficacy, optimal frequency, and most appropriate population for SMBG. Risk of bias was assessed regarding randomization, allocation sequence concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other biases. Twenty-two studies involving 6204 participants were identified, including 17 comparing SMBG with no SMBG and 4 comparing SMBG with S-SMBG. SMBG reduced HbA1c (MD -0.30%, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.17) compared with no SMBG, and S-SMBG performed better than SMBG (MD -0.23%, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.07). Subgroup analyses showed that HbA1c control was better with SMBG at 8-11 times weekly (MD -0.35%, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.20) compared with other frequencies and with lifestyle adjustments (MD -0.37%, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.23) than with no adjustments. No significant differences in HbA1c were observed between baseline HbA1c subgroups (≤ 8% and > 8%, P = 0.63) and between diabetes duration subgroups (≤ 6 years and > 6 years, P = 0.72), respectively. SMBG was effective for controlling HbA1c in non-insulin-treated T2D patients, although lacking detailed monitoring design. Better outcomes were seen with SMBG at 8-11 times weekly and lifestyle adjustment based on SMBG results. PROSPERO (CRD42021285604).