Frequency Of Leisure Activities Research Articles

Longitudinal effects of ambivalent and guilt feelings on dementia family caregivers' depressive symptoms.

The world prevalence of people with dementia is increasing. Most of the care received by people with dementia is provided by family caregivers, and this prolonged activity has a significant impact on caregivers' levels of depression. Stressors and frequency of leisure are known predictors of caregivers' depressive levels. The longitudinal impact of caregivers' ambivalent and guilt feelings is unknown. Participants were 177 family caregivers of relatives with dementia who were assessed three times during a 2-year period. In addition to demographic variables, psychological symptoms of the dementias, and frequency of leisure activities, caregivers' ambivalent feelings, guilt, and depressive symptoms were measured. The longitudinal association of changes in these variables with changes in caregivers' depressive symptoms over time was assessed using mixed linear models. Changes over time in the assessed variables predicted 48.05% of variance of changes over time in depressive symptoms. Even when variables strongly associated with increased depressive symptoms were controlled (lower caregivers' age and educational level, higher reaction to BPSD, and lower leisure activities), increases in ambivalence and guilt contributed to an increase of 9.22% of the variance of changes depressive symptoms over a 2-year period. The effects of ambivalent feelings on depression are indirect, mediated by guilt feelings. Cessation of caregiving do not seem to alter these findings. Caregivers' ambivalent and guilt feelings are significant predictors of caregivers' mental health. Caregivers may significantly benefit from early detection of ambivalent and guilt feelings and preventive strategies targeting triggers associated with ambivalent and guilt symptoms.

청년층의 스트레스 군집유형에 따른 코로나19 전후 여가활동유형 차이

Purpose In addition to the recent economic downturn and employment difficulties caused by COVID-19, rapid inflation is increasing the psychological confusion and difficulties of young people. The purpose of this study is to understand the context of young people's lives and obtain implications for preparing individual and customized stress management plans by deriving stress types of young people showing different levels of stress according to their personal socio-economic situation through cluster analysis and verifying differences in leisure activity types before and after COVID-19.
 Methods To this end, 7,278 university students who responded to the main and supplementary surveys in the 3rd and 4th years of the Korea Education and Employment Panel Survey II (KEEP) were subjected to K-means cluster analysis, paired sample T-test, and χ2 test.
 Results As a result, it was divided into three groups, focusing on immediate tasks and interpersonal relationships, which are sub-factors of stress. In addition, due to COVID-19, the frequency of leisure activities that were highly utilized by an unspecified number of people or had high face-to-face contact was significantly reduced, and the frequency of leisure activities that could personally participate was significantly increased. In particular, it was found that participation in exercise increased significantly in cluster types with low stress levels. Finally, it was confirmed that the distribution of these three types was significantly different according to gender, employment status, monthly income, and current education.
 Conclusion Based on the research results, appropriate prescriptions were proposed for each type in providing individualized stress management measures.

대학생들의 여가활동에 따른 제약요인과 여가만족도에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to find the types and frequency of leisure activities that university students have, their leisure constraints, and any average differences between leisure constraints by school year. For the analysis on leisure satisfaction, the leisure satisfaction scale (LSS) developed by Beard and Ragheb(1980) was applied. An empirical analysis was conducted as to whether the psychological, educational, social, relaxational, physical, and environmental factors of leisure activity participants influence leisure satisfaction significantly and positively. The leisure activity frequency of university students was overally low. As a result, psychological/ educational factors, relaxational factors, leisure satisfaction factors, relaxational factors, social factors, lack of time/cost, companion absence, facility shortage and awkwardness were drawn. According to the correlation analysis, five sub factors of leisure satisfaction scale, except for leisure constraints (lack of time/cost & companion absence, and facility shortage & awkwardness), had high correlations. According to the verification of the hypotheses 1 and 2, the mean was not different depending on school years. Therefore, the hypotheses were rejected. The multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to verify the study hypotheses 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5 and to find how psychological/educational, environmental, physical, relaxational, and social factors affected leisure satisfaction. The hypothesis 3-1 ‘psychological/educational factors will affect leisure satisfaction positively’ was adopted. The hypothesis 3-2 ‘environmental factors will affect leisure satisfaction positively was rejected. The hypothesis 3-3 ’physical factors will affect leisure satisfaction positively’ was adopted. The hypothesis 3-4 ‘relaxational factors will affect leisure satisfaction positively’ was adopted. The hypothesis 3-5 ‘social factors will affect leisure satisfaction positively’ was rejected.

Add Bilingualism to the Mix: L2 Proficiency Modulates the Effect of Cognitive Reserve Proxies on Executive Performance in Healthy Aging.

We investigated the contribution of bilingual experience to the development of cognitive reserve (CR) when compared with other, traditionally more researched, CR proxies, in a sample of cognitively healthy senior (60 +) bilingual speakers. Participants performed in an online study where, in addition to a wide inventory of factors known to promote CR, we assessed several factors related to their second language (L2) use. In addition, participants’ inhibitory executive control was measured via the Flanker Task. We used Structural Equation Modeling to derive a latent composite measure of CR informed by traditional CR proxies (i.e., occupational complexity, marital status, current and retrospective socio-economic status, physical exercise, perceived positive support, maximal educational attainment, frequency of leisure activities and extent of social network). We examined whether bilingualism may act as a mediator of the effects of such proxies on cognitive performance therefore assessing the unique contribution of dual language use to CR. First, our analyses revealed facilitatory effects of both L2 age of acquisition and L2 proficiency on the executive performance. Second, our analyses confirmed the moderating role of bilingual experience on the relationship between other factors known to promote CR and cognitive integrity, revealing a strong contribution by bilingualism to CR development. Our findings provide further support to the notion that bilingualism plays an important role in mitigating cognitive decline and promoting successful aging.

Associations between pleasant events, activity restriction, stressors, and blood pressure in caregivers of persons with dementia.

Caring for a relative with dementia is associated with adverse consequences for cardiovascular health. Cognitive and behavioral factors, such as high perceived activity restriction and low frequency of pleasant events have been found to be associated with higher levels of blood pressure, but the role these variables play in the stress and coping process remains understudied. The objective of this study is to analyze the associations between behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, activity restriction, frequency of pleasant events, and mean arterial pressure. Face-to-face interviews and cross-sectional analyses. Social services, healthcare centers, and adult day services of Comunidad de Madrid, Spain. One hundred and two family caregivers of a spouse or parent with dementia. Apart from various sociodemographic and health-related variables, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, activity restriction, and frequency of leisure activities were assessed. In addition, measurement of blood pressure levels was conducted through an electronic sphygmomanometer. The obtained model suggests that there is a significant indirect association between behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and mean arterial pressure through activity restriction and frequency of pleasant events. The findings of this study provide preliminary support for a potential indirect effect between behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and blood pressure, through the effects of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia on the caregivers' levels of activity restriction and frequency of pleasant activities. Our manuscript provides additional support for the pleasant events and activity restriction model (Mausbach et al., 2011; Chattillion et al., 2013), by highlighting the importance of considering caregiving stressors as a source of caregivers' activity restriction in the theoretical framework of the model.

Leisure Activities as a Driver of Personality Development? A Random-Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model Across 13 Years in Adulthood

Repeated experiences and activities drive personality development. Leisure activities are among the daily routines that may elicit personality change. Yet despite the important role they play in daily life, little is known about their prospective effects on personality traits and vice versa. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which within-person changes in leisure activities lead to prospective changes in personality traits, and whether changes in personality elicit prospective changes in leisure activities. We applied random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) to four waves of 13-year longitudinal data (2005−2017) from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) for the sample as a whole (N = 55,790) and for three specific age groups (young, middle-aged, and older adults). We examined between-person associations and within-person auto-regressive effects, correlated change and cross-lagged effects for Big Five personality traits (i.e., openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) with self-reported frequency of leisure activities (i.e., physical activities, socializing, volunteering, political activity, artistic and musical activity, going out) and overall participation in leisure activities. At the between-person level, leisure activities and overall participation were most strongly associated with openness to experience. At the within-person level, we found reciprocal effects of extraversion only with overall participation in leisure activities and socializing. We found unidirectional within-person cross-lagged effects between leisure activities and personality traits and vice versa. Some effects were age-group-specific only. These findings suggest that leisure activities that are associated with certain traits at the between-person level are not necessarily those that trigger change in the respective personality trait. We discuss our findings based on the TESSERA framework for personality development. We conclude that the specificity of an experience or behavior and its corresponding trait is essential for personality development and should be subjected to further research.

Cognitive reserve: a multidimensional protective factor in Parkinson’s disease related cognitive impairment

ABSTRACT We explored the association between cognitive reserve (CR) and Parkinson' s disease (PD) related cognitive deterioration. Forty PD patients and 12 matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. The PD group was balanced for the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. All participants underwent MOCA. CR was measured by the Brief Intelligence Test, and a new comprehensive tool, named Cognitive Reserve Test (CoRe-T), including sections on leisure activities and creativity. Participants with higher CR obtained a better MOCA score irrespective of the group they belonged to. At the same time, irrespective of the CR level, the performance of the HC group was always better in comparison to the PD group. Within the PD group, a higher frequency of leisure activities was associated to be cognitively unimpaired, independently by the severity of motor symptoms and age. CR could help to cope with PD-related cognitive decline. Its multidimensional nature could have important applications in prevention and rehabilitation interventions.

The relationship of obesity predicting decline in executive functioning is attenuated with greater leisure activities in old age

Objectives: We investigated the longitudinal relationship between obesity and subsequent decline in executive functioning over six years as measured through performance changes in the Trail Making Test (TMT). We also examined whether this longitudinal relationship differed by key markers of cognitive reserve (education, occupation, and leisure activities), taking into account age, sex, and chronic diseases as covariates.Method: We used latent change score modeling based on longitudinal data from 897 older adults tested on TMT parts A and B in two waves six years apart. Mean age in the first wave was 74.33 years. Participants reported their weight and height (to calculate BMI), education, occupation, leisure activities, and chronic diseases.Results: There was a significant interaction of obesity in the first wave of data collection with leisure activities in the first wave on subsequent latent change. Specifically, obesity in the first wave significantly predicted a steeper subsequent decline in executive functioning over six years in individuals with a low frequency of leisure activities in the first wave. In contrast, in individuals with a high frequency of leisure activities in the first wave, this longitudinal relationship between obesity and subsequent decline in executive functioning was not significant.Conclusion: The longitudinal relationship between obesity and subsequent decline in executive functioning may be attenuated in individuals who have accumulated greater cognitive reserve through an engaged lifestyle in old age. Implications for current cognitive reserve and gerontological research are discussed.

A segmentation study of cinema consumers based on values and lifestyle

The objective of this study is to analyse the segments of cinemagoers in a shopping centre based on their values ​​and lifestyle. Hierarchical segmentation techniques are used to identify different groups of consumers. Specifically, four segments are obtained from a sample of 391 participants, and the variation among the segments in the frequency of leisure activities in the shopping centre is analysed. The results contribute to the body of theoretical and empirical literature regarding the segmentation of customers at shopping centres. The conclusions and recommendations for managers of shopping centres highlight the importance of executing different strategies for each segment.

Análise da Depressão, dos Fatores de Risco para Sintomas Depressivos e do Uso de Antidepressivos entre Acadêmicos do Curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa

RESUMO Introdução A depressão entre estudantes de Medicina tem sido uma condição prevalente, porém as pesquisas têm sido metodologicamente insuficientes quanto à análise dos fatores de risco envolvidos e ao tratamento dessa população. Objetivos Determinar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e de seus fatores de risco, assim como do uso de antidepressivos na amostra analisada. Método Para o screening de sintomas depressivos, foi aplicado o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), e para a adesão medicamentosa, o teste de Morisky-Green-Levine. O teste exato de Fisher unicaudado foi utilizado para variáveis qualitativas e, para as quantitativas, o teste one-way Anova com análise post-hoc pelo teste de Tukey-Kramer. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p < 0,05. Resultados Mostraram-se estatisticamente significativas as associações entre sintomas depressivos e frequência de atividades de lazer, estresse, satisfação com o desempenho acadêmico e falta de apoio emocional. Não mostraram associação com sintomas depressivos as seguintes variáveis: sexo, viver sozinho, parceiro fixo, álcool, tabagismo, drogas ilícitas e série do curso . A satisfação com o desempenho acadêmico e o alto grau de estresse não apresentaram significância estatística ao serem relacionados com as séries do curso. Conclusão As prevalências de sintomas depressivos nos acadêmicos de Medicina da UEPG e da utilização de medicamentos antidepressivos vão ao encontro dos dados referentes a acadêmicos de Medicina de outras instituições brasileiras e internacionais. Apresentam-se como fatores de risco para os transtornos depressivos a frequência das atividades de lazer, o estresse, a satisfação com o desempenho acadêmico e a falta de apoio emocional no ambiente acadêmico. A prevalência de depressão a partir da quarta série tendeu a aumentar, e apenas a sexta série diferiu de modo estatisticamente significativo em relação às demais quanto às médias do escore BDI, o que sugere a hipótese de que o final do curso de Medicina é o período que apresenta maior quantidade de fatores estressores e depressivos para o acadêmico.

대학병원 간호사의 감정노동, 의사소통능력, 회복탄력성이 간호업무성과에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 대학병원 간호사의 감정노동, 의사소통능력, 회복탄력성과 간호업무성과 간의 관계를 파악하고 간호업무성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 시도되었다. 자료수집은 경기도 및 대전광역시에 소재한 2개의 대학병원 간호사 250명을 대상으로 2016년 2월 한 달 동안 자가보고 설문지를 통하여 조사하였다. 최종 분석에는 216부의 설문지가 포함되었으며 자료분석은 기술통계, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, 단계별 다중 회귀분석을 사용되었다. 연구결과, 일반적 특성 중 여가활동 빈도에 따라 대학병원 간호사의 의사소통능력(F=3.679, p=.003), 회복탄력성(F=7.909, p<.003), 간호업무성과(F=2.331, p=.044)에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 또한 간호업무성과와 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타낸 변수는 나이(r=.242, p<.001), 근속연수(r=.278, p<.001), 감정노동(r=.211, p=.002), 의사소통능력(r=.585, p<.001) 및 회복탄력성(r=.431, p<.001)이었다. 다중 회귀분석결과, 간호업무성과에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 의사소통능력(<TEX>${\beta}=.581$</TEX>, p<.001)과 근속연수(<TEX>${\beta}=.268$</TEX>, p<.001)로 나타났으며 모형의 설명력은 40.9%(F=75.356, p<.001)로 나타났다. 결론적으로 간호업무성과에 강력한 영향요인은 의사소통능력으로 나타나 간호사들의 간호업무성과를 높이기 위해서는 대학병원 간호사들의 의사소통 능력을 향상시키기 위한 교육 및 직무프로그램 개발이 필요하며 간호사들의 여가활동을 통한 간호업무성과 향상을 위해 조직차원에서의 지원이 필요하다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship amongst emotional labor, communication competence, resilience, and clinical nursing performance of university hospital nurses, and to identify the influencing factors on job performance of clinical nurses who work at two university hospitals. The data was collected using questionnaires from 216 nurses in February 2016. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression using IBM SPSS 22. There were differences in communication competence (F=3.679, p=.003), resilience (F=7.909, p<.003), and nursing performance (F=2.331, p=.044) correlates with the frequency of leisure activity. The significant relationships were found among age (r=.242, p<.001), years of service (r=.278, p<.001), emotional labor (r=.211, p=.002), communication competence (r=.585, p<.001), and resilience (r=.431, p<.001) with nursing performance in university hospital nurses. The result of the stepwise multiple regression indicates that communication competence and years of service predict 40.9% (F=75.356, p<.001) in nursing performance of university hospital nurses. The most powerful predictor was communication competence (<TEX>${\beta}=.581$</TEX>, p<.001), followed by years of service (<TEX>${\beta}=.268$</TEX>, p<.001). In conclusion, to enhance nursing performance for university hospital nurses, it is necessary to develop and utilize educational programs that enhance the communication competence and to develop strategies to support leisure activities for university hospital nurses.

Personalized citizen assistance for social participation (APIC): A promising intervention for increasing mobility, accomplishment of social activities and frequency of leisure activities in older adults having disabilities

BackgroundSocial participation, a determinant of health in older adults, requires innovative interventions. The personalised citizen assistance for social participation (APIC) involves weekly three-hour personalised stimulation sessions targeting significant social and leisure activities difficult to accomplish. Recently adapted for older adults, the APIC’s impact on this population is unknown. ObjectiveThis study explored the impact of APIC on older adults with disabilities. MethodsA mixed-method design including a pre-experimental component was used with 16 participants (11 women) aged 66–91 (79.4±8.7) with disabilities, living at home. They completed functional autonomy, social participation, leisure and quality of life questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews. ResultsAPIC increased older adults’ functional autonomy (p=0.02), accomplishment (p<0.01) and satisfaction (p=0.02) with social participation, and frequency of leisure practice (p<0.01). Post-intervention, participants wished to modify the practice (p<0.01) and frequency (p<0.01) of leisure activities, and difficulties in their social environment diminished (p=0.03). Their attitude toward leisure (p=0.04) as well as their health (p<0.01) and psychological (p=0.03) quality of life improved. Older adults thought APIC helped them resume, maintain, explore and experiment with significant social activities. It also increased their psychological and physical well-being, feeling of control, connectedness, self-esteem and motivation to accomplish activities. Finally, APIC can compensate for an unavailable and crumbling social network. ConclusionAPIC is a promising intervention that leads to new opportunities for older adults to increase community integration and enhance the social component of their lives. It can also optimise how the needs of older adults are met, including utilisation of personal and environmental resources.

The interactions between online shopping and personal activity travel behavior: an analysis with a GPS-based activity travel diary

Accompanying the widespread use of the Internet, the popularity of e-commerce is growing in developing countries such as China. Online shopping has significant effects on in-store shopping and on other personal activity travel behavior such as leisure activities and trip chaining behavior. Using data collected from a GPS-based activity travel diary in the Shangdi area of Beijing, this paper investigates the relationships between online shopping, in-store shopping and other dimensions of activity travel behavior using a structural equation modelling framework. Our results show that online buying frequency has positive effects on the frequencies of both in-store shopping and online searching, and in-store shopping frequency positively affects the frequency of online searching. Frequent online purchasers tend to shop in stores on weekends rather than weekdays. We also found a negative effect of online buying on the frequency of leisure activities, indicating that online shopping may reduce out-of-home leisure trips.

Frequency of leisure activities and depressive symptomatology in elderly people: the moderating role of rumination

The positive effects of leisure activities on depressive symptomatology are well known. However, the extent to which emotional regulation variables moderate that relationship has scarcely been studied, especially in older people. The aim of this study is to analyze the moderating role of rumination in the relation between leisure activities and depressive symptoms. Participants in this study were 311 people, aged 60 to 90 years (mean age: 71.27 years; SD: 6.99; 71.7% women). We evaluated depressive symptomatology, frequency of leisure activities, and rumination. We carried out a hierarchical regression analysis to confirm the moderating role of rumination. We obtained a model that explains 39.4% of the variance of depressive symptomatology. Main effects were found for the frequency of leisure activities (β = -0.397; p < 0.01) and for rumination (β = 0.497; p < 0.01). Moreover, we found a significant effect of the interaction between frequency of leisure activities and rumination (β = 0.110; p < 0.05), suggesting that rumination plays a moderating role in the relation between leisure activities and depressive symptomatology. A risk profile of elderly people may consist of those who engage in low levels of leisure activities but also use more frequently the dysfunctional emotional regulation strategy of rumination.

Prevalence and Correlates of Cognitive Impairment in Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints in Primary Care Centres

Aims: To examine the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment (CI) in adults over 50 years old attending primary care centres with complaints of memory failure. Methods: A sample of 580 individuals aged 50+ years with no previous diagnosis of dementia was assessed by use of the Mini Mental State Examination, the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment-Revised and the California Verbal Learning Test – to evaluate CI-dependent variables – and administration of a questionnaire on memory complaints and other instruments – to measure correlates. Results: The prevalence of CI was 46.20% and positive associations were found for age, gender, level of education, subjective memory complaints, instrumental activities of daily living, reading habits and frequency of leisure activities. In the logistic regression, modelled CI was associated with older age, gender (49.12% women, 39.66% men), instrumental activities of daily living, and reading habits. Conclusion: Almost half of the adults aged 50+ years attending primary care centres with subjective memory complaints were affected by CI. Early evaluation of cognitive functioning is essential to establish adequate preventive and intervention strategies.

Youth Culture, Postmodernism, and Social Divisions: An Exploration of Activities, Restrictions, and Expenditures in the Leisure of Spanish University Students

The aim of this research was to establish whether there are class differences in the leisure patterns of university students in Southern Spain. Social class was operationalized using three indices that combined cultural and economic factors: family sociocultural status (FSCS), family economic level (FEL), and family socioeconomic status (FSES). The results show that there were no important differences in the frequency of leisure activities between social classes. With respect to monthly expenditures and restrictions on leisure activities, differences existed by FEL, but not by FSCS. Therefore, the results indicate a certain homogeneity in youth leisure activities, but also indicate social class divisions within which leisure activities are experienced and consumed. Economic factors are shown as the most influential in these differences among the university student population.

Variables modulating depression in dementia caregivers: a longitudinal study

Dementia caregiving has been linked to negative consequences for mental health in caregivers. Although depression seems to be an enduring psychological consequence associated with caregiving, little is known about the longitudinal effects that modulating variables related to coping strategies have on caregiver's changes in depression over time. This study is aimed at investigating whether, in a one-year longitudinal study with 130 dementia caregivers, caregivers' depression scores co-vary with modulating variables such as self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts, frequency of leisure activities, and cognitive reappraisal, after controlling for gender and caregivers' stressors (frequency of disruptive behaviors). Linear mixed models analysis was used to analyze the associations between time-varying values for caregivers' stressors and modulating variables in predicting caregivers' depression. It was found that increases in caregivers' self-efficacy, frequency of leisure activities, and cognitive reappraisal significantly predicted decreases in caregivers' depression over time, even after controlling for gender and frequency of disruptive behaviors. In addition, increases in stressors were significantly related to increases in depression over time. The inclusion of modulating variables significantly contributed to the explanation of the variance in caregivers' depression, adding explanatory power to the variables usually included in the stress and coping model (gender and stressors).

Mechanisms of action of a psychological intervention for dementia caregivers: effects of behavioral activation and modification of dysfunctional thoughts

Different studies show the negative effects on caregivers' health of maladaptive thoughts and the positive effects of engaging in pleasurable activities on distress. The aim of this study is to (a) test the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at training caregivers to flexibilize maladaptive thoughts regarding caregiving and increasing their leisure activities and to (b) analyse the mediator role in the effects of the intervention of caregivers' change in dysfunctional thoughts and behavioral activation. A total of 170 caregivers were contacted and randomly distributed to the intervention condition or to the control group. Depression, behavioral activation, and dysfunctional thoughts were assessed at baseline and post-intervention by 'blinded' interviewers. The intervention consisted in twelve group based sessions in which in addition to cognitive-behavioral techniques, caregivers' were trained in basic principles for caring for a relative with dementia. Significant intervention by time effects were found for depression, dysfunctional thoughts and frequency of leisure activities. Only significant positive effects were found for the intervention group. The regression analysis for testing mediational effects of dysfunctional thoughts and leisure activities on the relationship between participating on the intervention and changes in depressive symptomatology show that mediation is established in both cases. The results of our study contribute to the literature on interventions for dementia caregivers highlighting the positive mediator effect that modifying caregivers' dysfunctional thoughts and increasing their behavioral activation has on caregivers' depressive symptomatology.

예비노년층의 여가활동에 따른 여가만족이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향

The study aims to investigate factors affecting subjective well-being of the pre-elderly. The factors considered were 'leisure activities', 'leisure activities', 'leisure satisfaction' and some 'background variables'. The subjects were 251 pre-elderly persons (<TEX>$50{\sim}60$</TEX> years old) who completed the questionnaire assessing the variables for the study. The results include: 'Life satisfaction' of the pre-elderly is affected with the variables of 'health', 'financial situation', 'leisure activities without their partner', 'leisure activities with family', 'local community leisure activities', 'social satisfaction' and 'psychological satisfaction in leisure activities'. Their emotion is positively influenced by the variables of 'health', 'financial situation', 'leisure activities without a partner', 'leisure activities with family', 'social satisfaction in leisure activities'. and negatively influenced by the variables of 'age', 'health', 'financial situation', 'leisure activities without a partner', 'social satisfaction in leisure activities'. In conclusion, leisure satisfaction and a partner for leisure activities are more important determinants than frequency of leisure activities in pre-elders' subjective well-being.

Healthy Cognitive Aging and Leisure Activities Among the Oldest Old in Japan: Takashima Study

Little is known regarding the normative levels of leisure activities among the oldest old and the factors that explain the age-associated decline in these activities. The sample included 303 cognitively intact community-dwelling elderly persons with no disability in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and minimal dependency in Instrumental ADL (IADL) in Shiga prefecture, Japan. We examined (i) the nature and frequency of leisure activities, comparing the oldest old versus younger age groups; (ii) factors that explain the age-associated differences in frequencies of engagement in these activities; and (iii) domain-specific cognitive functions associated with these activities, using three summary index scores: physical and nonphysical hobby indexes and social activity index. The oldest old (85 years old or older) showed significantly lower frequency scores in all activity indexes, compared with the youngest old (age 65-74 years). Gait speed or overall mobility consistently explained the age-associated reduction in levels of activities among the oldest old, whereas vision or hearing impairment and depressive symptoms explained only the decline in social activity. Frequency of engagement in nonphysical hobbies was significantly associated with all cognitive domains examined. Knowing the factors that explain age-associated decline in leisure activities can help in planning strategies for maintaining activity levels among elderly persons.