Frequency Of Iron Deficiency Anemia Research Articles

Coexistence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and Beta Thalassaemia Trait (B-TT)

Background: The WHO estimates that about 7% of the world population are thalassaemia trait and increasing number of cases are being detected. The world population of carrier of b thalassamia is reported to be more than 100 million. Bangladesh also lies in thalassaemic Belt. A conservative world health report estimates that 3% of our populations are carrier of b thalassaemia which means that there are 3-6 million of b thalassaemia are in Bangladesh. To manage thalassaemia and thalassaemia trait, our traditional concept is not to give iron or iron conaining food. But concomitant iron deficiency anaemia in thalassaemia trait patient may be fatal. Those patients should be evaluated by serum ferritin or by the iron profile and treatment should be supplemented with rational amount of iron. Methodology: This cross sectional observational study was carried out on 75 patients from 03 to 59 years of age of both sex of Beta Thalassaemia Trait, in the department of Medicine and Haematology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from January, 2015 to December, 2015. The patients previously diagnosed as Beta Thalassaemia Trait was included in study population. Result: In this study out of 75 Beta Thalassaemia Trait patients, 21 had evidence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and 54 patiens had no evidence of IDA. Thus the frequency of coexistent Beta Thalassaemia Trait and IDA in this study is 28%. The mean Hb concentration was 9.66 gm/dL (±1.54) which is 8.48 gm/dL (±1.43) and 10.12 gm/dL(±1.34) in Beta Thalassaemia Trait with IDA patients and Beta Thalassaemia Trait without IDA patients respectively. So the Hb concentration is significantly lower in b-TT with IDA patients than those without IDA (p-value < 0.001). The mean of Hb A2 level was 4.87(%) (±0.54) which is 4.44(%) (±0.40) and 5.03(%) (±0.50) in Beta Thalassaemia Trait with IDA patients and Beta Thalassaemia Trait without IDA patients respectively. So the Hb A2 level is significantly lower in Beta Thalassaemia Trait with IDA patients than those without IDA (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: From this study, it could be concluded that the frequency of IDA in Beta Thalassaemia Trait is about 28%. The degree of anaemia is more severe and the level of Hb A2 is much lower in Beta Thalassaemia Trait with IDA patients than Beta Thalassaemia Trait without IDA. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2022; 31(2) : 182-186

Understanding Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age and Children in Namibia: A Comprehensive Review

Anemia is one of the leading causes of death globally, not only among children and women; however, there have been records of deaths among men too. Anemia disproportionately affects young children and expecting mothers with increased morbidity and mortality. Who estimates that anemia affects 30% of women aged 15 to 49, 37% of pregnant women, and 40% of children aged 6 to 59 months globally. The goal of lowering anemia among women of reproductive age has not been met, and 25.2% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 are now affected in Namibia. Namibia with a current prevalence rate of 46.1% of children under 5 years, is a severe global public health issue. According to the morphological classification of anemia, normocytic normochromic anemia (86.3%) was the most common kind in Namibia, with a moderate frequency of iron deficiency anemia whereas the highest prevalence of vitamin b12 deficient anemia was found in some regions. Anemia indicates both poor nutrition and poor health and is often categorized based on its cause. Iron deficiency, pregnancy, antiretroviral therapy side effects, and hereditary blood abnormalities increase the risk of anemia. Depending on the hemoglobin levels in the blood, anemia can be either short-term or long-term. For pregnant women and children under the age of 5, mild anemia is defined as a level of hemoglobin concentration between 10.0 and 10.9g/dl, moderate anemia is defined as a level between 7.0 and 9.9g/dl, and severe anemia is defined as a level below 7.0g/dl. Medical professionals follow different standards such as typical treatment recommendations, World Health Organization recommendations, and reference materials while dealing with individuals who have suspected anemia.

Effect of Iron Polymaltose Complex Prophylaxis on Frequency of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia.

To evaluate the effectiveness of national iron prophylaxis policy in 9-12 mo-old infants in Turkey. This study was planned as a cross-sectional study, and it included healthy infants aged 9 to 12 mo who presented to the pediatric outpatient clinic for routine check-ups. Parents were interviewed to identify risk factors for iron deficiency (ID) and gather information on Fe+3- iron polymaltose complex (IPC) prophylaxis usage. Blood samples were collected for hemogram and ferritin analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine risk factors for ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The study included 317 infants. In the non-prophylaxis group, the frequency of IDA was 31.1%, compared to 13.4% in the regular prophylaxis group. Iron deficiency was detected in 25% of individuals receiving regular prophylaxis and 13.1% of those without prophylaxis. The risk factors for IDA were insufficient iron diets (OR 2.45, 95% CI: 1.35-4.45) and not receiving Fe+3 - IPC prophylaxis (OR 2.57, 95% CI: 1.24-5.31). The relationship between Fe+3-IPC prophylaxis and ID did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.253). Fe+3- IPC prophylaxis is associated with a lower risk of iron deficiency anemia, but not iron deficiency.

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Infants Consuming Cow's Milk

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in children is a public health issue affecting child morbidity, mortality, and cognitive development. Infants fed cow's milk are at a higher risk of severe IDA due to calcium and iron absorption competition. Objective: To determine the frequency of Iron deficiency anemia among Cow Milk Fed Infants. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Peadiatric wards of Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad and Jamshoro from November 2020 to April 2021. All the full-term infants with age of up to 6 months either gender and having history of cow’s milk consumption and clinically diagnosed to have anemia were included. Infants had 3ml intravenous blood samples taken to get a complete blood picture and ferritin level. All the mothers were interviewed regarding duration of cow’s milk consumption. Data were collected via a predesigned proforma. Results: Total 323 infants were studied to assess the frequency of iron deficiency anemia among cow’s milk infants up to 6 months and the mean age of infants was 4.11 ± 1.31 months. Females were 56.3% and males were 43.7%. Overall average of hemoglobin was 8.92 ± 1.09 g/dl, and overall mean of ferritin level was 90.16 ± 17.71 ng/ml. Frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found to be 18.6%. Conclusions: As per study conclusion overall frequency of iron deficiency anemia was observed to be 18.6% and cow’s milk consumption has been observed as a risk factor of infant’s anemia.

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Presenting with Pallor to Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar

To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in children who present with clinical pallor.The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex, between August 2018 and July 2022. We utilized laboratory information and took blood samples of 5ml to check for haemoglobin and ferritin levels. The criteria for IDA diagnosis were the presence of low haemoglobin levels (<11gm/dl) and low ferritin levels (<30ng/ml). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The study contained 492 children (1 to 15 years).The total number of anaemic was 467 (94.9%) and Iron Deficiency Anemia was found to be present in 28.8% of the patients. Our study concludes that the frequency of iron deficiency is high in children presenting with pallor. Initiatives like National programs incorporating short-term measures like iron supplements and long-term ones like fortifying wheat flour could decrease the burden of IDA.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Under One Year of Age

Objective: To determine the association of Iron Deficiency Anemia with demographic factors in children under one year of age.
 Study design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Medical Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jan to Oct 2020.
 Methodology: All children of less than one year of age, of either gender who attended Out Patient Department with the complaint of acute illness like upper respiratory tract infections were consecutively enrolled. The detailed analysis for haematological parameters, means corpuscular volume <70 fl, serum ferritin <30 mcg/L, and transferrin saturation <16% were performed.
 Results: Of three hundred and fifty-four children, the frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia was found to be in 200(56.5%). The frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia in children more than 8 months of age was higher (70.6%) in comparison to children less than 8 months of age (29.4%). Multiple variables were found to significantly contribute to Iron Deficiency Anemia, the father's educational status, the mother's educational status and socioeconomic status. At the same time, Iron Deficiency Anemia was significantly lower among children with first or second childbirth orders and in breastfed infants.
 Conclusion: A higher proportion of Iron Deficiency Anemia was noted among children under one-year-old who complained of acute illness.

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Ischemic Stroke

Objective: To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in ischemic stroke. Methods: Total 200 patients with ischemic stroke were included. Investigations including Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), MeanCorpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) serum iron level, and serum ferritin level, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), White Blood Cell (WBC) count andplatelets count (PC) were done. CT scan of brain was also done.Mean±SD were evaluated for quantitative variables which were distributed normally. However, median with inter-quartile range were evaluated for quantitative variables which were non-normally distributed. Data was compiled using SPSS version 25. To check normality of data, Shapiro-Wilk test was applied. To compare the association of qualitative variables, Chi-square test was used. Pvalue ?0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: In our study, out of 200 patients having ischemic stroke, 156 (78%) patients were found with iron deficiency and 44 (22%) did not have iron deficiency. Total 164 (82%) patients were anemic and 36 (18%) did not have anemia. The results showed significant mean ranks for Ferritin (p<0.001), Iron (p<0.001), Hemoglobin(p<0.001), Mean Corpuscular Volume(p<0.001), Mean Cell Hemoglobin(p<0.001), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration(p<0.001), and Total Iron Binding Capacity(p=0.005) with respect to iron deficiency, however White Blood Count (p=0.417) and platelet counts (p=0.511) did not have significant mean rank with respect to iron deficiency. As far as anemia is concerned, significant mean ranks was observed for Ferritin (p=0.002), Iron (p<0.001), Hemoglobin (p<0.001), Mean Corpuscular Volume (p<0.001), Mean Cell Hemoglobin (p<0.001), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (p<0.001). However, white blood count (p=0.270), platelet counts (p=0.320), and Total Iron Binding Capacity (p=0.535) did not have significant mean rank. .A significant association of iron deficiency with anemia (p<0.001) was also observed Conclusion: Study results show thatsignificant number ofischemic stroke patients have iron deficiency anemia.

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children a Multi-Center Study

Background: Anaemia, marked by abnormally low levels of haemoglobin and often caused by an absence of iron, remains a severe public health problem in Pakistan. Studies have yet to be done on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in children, making it essential to research the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to understand better how widespread this ailment is amongst the region's pediatric populations. Objective: Determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in anaemic newborns between 6 and 66 months. Materials and Methods: This multi-center study was conducted between February 2022 and February 2023 at the Hayatabad Medical Complex pediatric department in Peshawar. The 180 enrolled children's basic demographic information, including age, gender, and weight, were collected. Operational guidelines for automated analysis of iron deficiency anaemia collected venous whole blood samples.

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Association with Persistent Diarrhea, Weight and Parasitic Infestation in Children, 1-2 Years of Age in Semi-Rural Area of District Sialkot, Pakistan

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common health problem in Pakistan and persistent diarrhea under two years of age is one of its major reasons. Objectives: To determine the frequency of IDA among children 1-2 years of age and to find its association with persistent diarrhea and parasitic infestation. Methods: In this hospital-based study, 345 children 1-2 years of age visiting OPD of Tehsil Headquarter Hospital, with persistent diarrhea were included. Socio-demographic characteristics of children and their parents collected with the questionnaire while total body iron stores determined by checking Hemoglobin (Hb), Serum Ferritin and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) in the blood while parasitic infestation was determined by Ova and Cyst in the stool samples. Chi-square test was used to test association. Results: Out of total children, 55.9% children were bottle fed, weaning was started among 97.7% children at the age of 6 months, 44.9% had weight <8 kg, 53.0% children were anemic, had TIBC >450 µg/dl and serum ferritin level <7 ng/ml. The association of IDA with age, gender, mode of feeding, food allergies and vaccination history were significant while it was insignificant with persistent diarrhea and parasitic infestation. Conclusions: Study concluded that IDA was very frequent among children in less than 2 years of age and among contributing factors, lack of beast-feeding and diarrhea are important. Correlation was significant between IDA with age and feeding mode while association was insignificant with persistent diarrhea and parasitic infestation

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Exclusively Breastfed and Infants Fed on Cow’s Milk

Introduction: Iron is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency in infants and young children around the world despite its importance for healthy brain development. Infants who drink whole cow's milk or other animal milks are at a greater risk of developing iron deficiency anaemia. In our culture, cow's milk consumption is widespread. There were no local studies available on iron deficiency anemia in infants using different types of milk so need for the present study was felt. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of exclusively breastfed and cow’s milk fed infants at 3 month of age and to compare the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in exclusively breastfed and cow’s milk fed infants. Study Design: It was a cross-sectional study. Setting and Duration: Research was conducted at the Medical Outpatient Department of The Children’s Hospital and The Institute of Child Health Lahore from 08/02/2022 to 07/08/2022. Material and Methods: This study involved 220 infants of both genders at 3 months of age presenting for vaccination. Outcome variables were frequency of exclusive breast feeding and iron deficiency anemia. All patients' guardians signed an informed consent form. Results: There were 115 (52.3%) male and 105 (47.7%) female patients in the study group. The Hb of the patients ranged from 7.6 g/dl to 14.5 g/dl with a mean of 11.00±1.98 g/dl while the serum iron level ranged from 41 µg/dl to 115 µg/dl with a mean of 67.94±22.99 µg/dl. Majority of the parents (56.4%) belonged to poor class and 46.4% mothers were illiterate. The frequency of exclusive breastfed infants was 45 (20.5%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of exclusive breast feeding across gender (p=0.873), socioeconomic (p=0.900) and educational (p=0.858) status. 76 (34.5%) Infants had iron deficiency anemia. The frequency of iron deficiency anemia was higher among infants on cow’s milk (37.7% vs. 22.2%) as compared to those on exclusive breast feeding however the observed difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.051). Similar insignificant difference was observed across gender, socioeconomic and educational status groups. Conclusion: The frequency of exclusive breastfed infants was 45 (20.5%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of exclusive breast feeding across gender (p=0.873), socioeconomic (p=0.900) and educational (p=0.858) status. 76 (34.5%) Infants had iron deficiency anemia. The frequency of iron deficiency anemia was insignificantly higher among infants on cow’s milk (37.7% vs. 22.2%; p=0.051) as compared to those on exclusive breast feeding. Similar insignificant difference was observed across gender, socioeconomic and educational status groups. Keywords: Exclusive Breast Feeding, Cow’s Milk Feeding, Iron Deficiency Anemia

Examining the Prevalence of Iron-deficiency Anemia in Children with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Admitted to the Pediatric Heart Department of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad between 2011 and 2019: A Cross-sectional Observational Study

Introduction: This study was performed to investigate the frequency of iron-deficiency anemia and some related factors in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease between 2011 and 2019 in Mashhad City, Iran. Method: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted with a consensus method on children under 14 years of age. The samples were diagnosed with cyanotic congenital heart disease in the pediatric heart department of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad and had an oxygen saturation of less than 94%. The information from the patients' files was recorded in the questionnaire. The studied children were divided into five age groups to evaluate iron-deficiency anemia. The mean and lower limit of normal erythrocyte indices were determined, and the patients with anemia were identified based on mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS23 software using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results: Among 250 examined patients, 90 cases were included in the study (54 boys and 36 girls). Angiography was the reason for half of these patients' referral to the hospital. The highest frequency was related to patients with tetralogy of Fallot (40%). The frequency rates of iron-deficiency anemia based on MCV and MCH erythrocyte indices were 10% and 17.8%, respectively. Moreover, 64.4% of patients had increased RDW levels. Cyanosis attacks were reported positive in 85.4% of the studied population. Of note, the frequency of cyanosis attacks was not significantly different in the two gender groups (P<0.494). Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia, especially in children with congenital heart disease, the treatment of this disorder is necessary for all such children and should not be neglected

Association of iron deficiency anemia with febrile seizures: A case control study.

Objective: To determine the association of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with febrile seizures (FS). Study Design: Case Control study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: January 2022 to July 2022. Material & Methods: A total of 30 children of both genders of age 1 to 5 years with febrile seizure and 30 children in control group (febrile without seizures) were included. Three ml blood sample of each patient was taken as sent to the institutional laboratory for assessment of iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 11.5 g/dl). Association of IDA with FS was calculated. Results: Out of 60 patients, 28 (46.7%) were boys and 32 (53.3%) girls with boy to girl ratio of 1:1.1. The mean age in case group was 2.93 ± 1.23 years and in control group was 3.0 ± 1.31 years. Majority of the patients 39 (65.0%) were between 1 to 3 years of age. Frequency of IDA in case group (febrile seizure group) was found in 11 (36.7%) while in control group (febrile disease without seizures) it was found in 4 (13.3%) children (p=0.037, odds ratio=3.76).

Frequency of iron deficiency anemia among children with poor appetite complaint

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children causes both mental and psychomotor impairment. This study was planned to investigate the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children with poor appetite. Complete blood count and ferritin values of children admitted to the pediatric outpatient clinic due to poor appetite were analyzed retrospectively. Cases with a hemoglobin (Hgb) value below -2 SD and a ferritin level below 12 ng/ml according to the age group were considered as IDA. Four hundred and twenty-eight children aged between 6 months and 18 years were evaluated. 210 (49.06%) and 218 (50.94%) of children were male and female, respectively. Children were examined in four groups according to their age: 1) 6 months-2 years (n=193), 2) 3-6 years (n=142), 3) 7-11 years (n=67) and 4) 12-17 years (n=26). Children were divided into three groups according to their ferritin values: Group 1: ≥12 ng/ml (n=299), Group 2: between 6-12 ng/ml (n=95) and Group 3: ≤6 ng/ml (n=34). The rate of IDA was found to be 28.2% in children with a ferritin value of ≤12 ng/ml. The relationship between age and gender to the frequency of anemia was not statistically significant (p≥0.05). IDA is a common hematological disorder that can be seen at any age, especially in children aged 6-36 months. In children with poor appetite, the presence of iron deficiency should be investigated.

Assessment of iron status and iron deficiency anemia in patients with celiac, a single center experience.

This study aimed to assess the status of iron stores and the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in Celiac disease (CD) patients referred to the Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gorgan, Iran. Studies have shown that nutritional deficiencies affect 20-38% of patients with CD due to malabsorption and as a result of a gluten-free diet. In this study, 59 out of 100 CD patients were assessed. The presence and severity of anemia were determined using the concentration of serum hemoglobin according to WHO criteria. The status of body iron stores was also assessed based on serum ferritin levels. Mean and SD of age, duration of disease, serum hemoglobin, ferritin, TIBC, and serum iron were 39.9±11.9 years, 69.8±45.4 months, 12.6±1.99 g/dl, 54.3±55.3 mg/dL, 365.9±49.1 μg/dL, and 84.1±37.1 μg/dL, respectively. 68.42% had no anemia, 19.3% had mild anemia, 8.77% had moderate anemia, and 3.51% had severe anemia. 25.42% of patients had depleted iron stores, 71.19% had normal iron stores, and 3.39% were exposed to iron overload. There was a statistically significant correlation between serum hemoglobin and the duration of disease diagnosis (P=0.037, r=0.302). In this study, 31.58% of CD patients on a gluten-free diet had some degree of anemia. In addition, 25.42% of patients had depleted iron stores. These results suggest that CD patients should be evaluated for iron status, even with a gluten-free diet.

Anaemia in Post-Menopausal Women-A Hidden Hunger

Objective: To determine the factors of iron deficiency anaemia among the post-menopausal women in our population.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug 2019 to Jan 2020.
 Methodology: A total of 300 post-menopausal women were included in this study. Menopausal status was taken as one year after the last menstrual period. Iron deficiency anaemia was diagnosed, based on haemoglobin and ferritin levels. In addition,the relationship of age, age at menopause, comorbid medical illnesses and duration of menopause was assessed with the presence of iron deficiency anaemia among the post-menopausal women participating in this study.
 Results: Out of 300 post-menopausal women studied in the given period, 124(41.3%) had no anaemia, while 176(58.7%) had the iron deficiency anaemia. Furthermore, 225(75.0%) had menopause after the age of forty, while 75(25.0%) had menopause after the age of forty. After applying the binary logistic regression analysis, we found that advancing age, longer duration since menopause and presence of medical comorbidities had a statistically significant association with anaemia in the target population.
 Conclusion: This study showed a high frequency of iron deficiency anaemia among post-menopausal women. In addition, women with longer duration since menopause, advanced age and other medical illnesses were more at risk of having iron deficiency anaemia s compared to other women.

ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED 12-59 MONTHS PRESENTING WITH HISTORY OF PICA

Background: Anemia, being a major public health problem has affected both developed and underdeveloped countries. Pica is common presentation of iron deficiency anemia.
 Objective: To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in children with pica
 Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted at RHC Kot Qazi, Tehsil Lawa, District Chakwal, Punjab, and Pediatrics department, Sahara Medical College, Narowal over a 4-month period. After taking ethical approval, sample size of 277 children aged up to 59 months were enrolled. Preschoolers and school going children of either gender coming to outdoor patient department of Rural Health Centre, Kot Qazi and Pediatrics department, Sahara Medical College, Narowal with history of pica were included. Information gathered included duration of pica, substances consumed and perceived as pica, a detailed dietary history inclusive of age at the time of weaning and amount of milk consumed per day. One cc of heparinized blood sample was collected and sent to laboratory for complete blood count. Data was entered in SPSS and presented as frequency and percentages.
 Results: Of the 277 children with history of pica, 153 (55.2%) were male and 124 (44.82%) were females. The overall mean age of the sample was 47.23 ± 6.169 months. Out of 219 children, 76 (35.15 %) were mildly anemic, 99 (45.60%) were moderately anemic, 32 (14.86%) were severely anemic, while 12 (4.39%) were non anemic. 58 (21.48%) patients didn’t show up with their Hb results.
 Conclusion: Moderate Iron deficiency anemia is found in pre-school children with history of pica.

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) Among Patients with Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Study Design: Prospective/cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Benazir Bhutu Hospital Rawalpindi during the period from July, 2022 to September, 2022. Methods: Total 105 patients of Helicobacter pylori infection, who ranged in age from 18 to 65 years included. All patients gave their informed written consent after being asked about their age, sex, body mass index, level of education, and place of residence. Blood samples from the subjects were analysed to determine their levels of serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity. H. pylori infection can be found by histopathology, stool antigen testing, a fast urease test, or a urea breath test. The entire data set was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Results: Among all there were majority females. Majority of the patients were illiterate and were from rural areas. 60 (57.1%) had poor socio-economic status. Mean Hemoglobin level was 12.1±0.6 (g/dl) mean serum iron level was 49.8 ±10.33(ug/dl) and mean serum ferritin level was 121.7±42.87 (ng per ml).Frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found in 43 (40.95%) patients. Among 43 cases of IDA, majority of the patients had age >35 years. Conclusion: In this research, we found that patients with helicobacter pylori infection, the majority of whom were adult female patients, had a considerably greater frequency of iron deficiency anaemia. Keywords: Prevalence, H.pylori infection, Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), Females

Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in type 2 diabetes - Insights from tertiary diabetes care centres across India

AimTo study the frequency of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) seen at tertiary diabetes care centres across India. MethodsThis is a retrospective study (January 1, 2017–December 31, 2019), which included 1137 individuals with T2DM, aged ≥18 years, for whom data on glycemic, lipid and haematological parameters were available. Anthropometric measurements were done using standardized techniques. Biochemical investigations included fasting plasma glucose[FPG], post prandial plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipids and serum ferritin and iron wherever feasible. ResultsOf the 1137 individuals included for the study, 117 (10.3%) were categorized as no ‘iron deficiency’ (ID) group [normal hemoglobin: male ≥13 g/dl, female ≥12 g/dl and normal serum ferritin ≥70 μg/L], 123 (10.8%) as ID group [normal hemoglobin and low serum ferritin <70 μg/L)], 447 (39.3%) as IDA group [low haemoglobin: male <13 g/dl, female <12 g/dl and low serum ferritin] and 450 (39.6%) as ‘anemia of chronic disease’ (ACD) group [low hemoglobin and normal serum ferritin]. The percentage of women having ID (57.7%) and IDA (65.3%) was significantly higher than their male counterparts. ID was most prevalent (61.7%) in the individuals with duration of diabetes <5 years whereas ACD was most prevalent (50.5%) in individuals with long standing diabetes (>10 years). Independent risk factors for IDA were female gender (OR 3.3,95% CI:1.75–6.23, p < 0.001), duration of diabetes (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.11, p = 0.028) and FPG (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.018). ConclusionsThere is a need of identifying and monitoring iron status and anemia in patients with T2DM.

FREQUENCY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN NON-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY PATIENTS

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, it’s a significant burden and becomes more prevalent with decreasing GFR. Though, erythropoietin deficiency remains the major cause of anemia in CKD patients due to decreased renal erythropoietin production, yet the frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients has not been well established in Pakistan. Objective: To determine the frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Materials and Methods: 188 pre-dialysis CKD patients of age 18-75 and both genders were included. Patients having obvious causes of anemia were excluded. The percentage of patients with IDA in pre-dialysis CKD was then determined during OPD follow up. Results: Mean age was 46.03±12.24 years. Out of 188 patients, 102 (54.26%) were males with male-female ratio of 1.2:1. The frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients was found in 73 (38.83%) patients. Conclusion: Study concluded that frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients is high and close attention to the causes and its replacement may improve the patient outcome. Keywords: CKD, Pre-dialysis , IDA, anemia

Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

Objective: To gauge the frequency of iron deficiency anaemia among chronic renal disease patients and factors related to the presence of anaemia at our hospital.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of nephrology Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, Nine months, Sep 2019 to May 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Three hundred patients suffering from the chronic renal disease were included in the study. Iron deficiency anaemia was diagnosed based on haemoglobin and ferritin levels. In addition, the relationship between age, gender, duration of chronic kidney disease and stage of chronic kidney disease was assessed with the presence of iron deficiency anaemia among the patients suffering from chronic kidney disease.&#x0D; Results: Out of three hundred patients studied, 139 were males, and 161 were females. Out of 300 patients with chronic kidney disease included in our study, 159 (53.0%) showed the presence of iron deficiency anaemia, while 141 (47.0%) had no anaemia. Chi-square analysis showed that female gender, long duration of illness and more severe illness had a significant association with iron deficiency anaemia among the patients with chronic kidney disease.&#x0D; Conclusion: High frequency of iron deficiency anaemia among the patients of chronic kidney disease in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Routine screening for anaemia should be done, especially on female patients and patients with more severe and long-standing illnesses.