Frequency Of Genital Infections Research Articles

Lower Genital Infections: Which Germs Cause? At the Obstetrics Gynecology Service of the Reference Health Center of the Commune of Kalaban – Coro Circle of Kati Mali

Introduction This study was the first at the level of the obstetrics gynecology department of the Reference Health Center (CSRef) of Kalaban-coro Kati Mali. The objective was to determine the profile of the pathogenic germs identified and their proportion in case of imbalance of the vaginal flora in the genesis of lower genital infections in women at the level of our service. Methods: This was a descriptive study of the cross-sectional survey type which took place in the gynecology department of the Reference Health Center (CSRef) in the municipality of Kalaban – coro circle of Kati Koulikoro Mali. The study extended over a period of 12 months from February 2015 to January 2016 and involved patients seen in outpatient gynecology at our Center. The size of our sample consisted of 90 patients who agreed to participate in our study. The data was collected through a previously established survey form. Word processing was processed on World 2007 software and data entry and analysis were performed on SPSS 23.0 fr software. The statistical test used was the Chi2 considered significant when P<0.05. Results: The frequency of genital infections was 10.01%. The most represented age group was 20 to 35 years old with 61.1%. The main germs identified were respectively: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Gram-negative Bacilli with 16.7%, 15.7%, 13.4% and 11.1% respectively. Conclusion: At the end of this study, we found that the most frequent germs of lower genital infections were mainly represented by: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Gram-negative bacilli.

Frequency of Genital Infections According to Body Mass Index in Dapagliflozin-treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Genital infections are associated with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin. Since patients with Type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of genital infections, and obesity is a risk factor for infections, obese patients with Type 2 diabetes could be more susceptible to genital infections when treated with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. This pooled dataset assessed the frequency of genital infections according to baseline body mass index in patients treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg. Data were pooled from 13 studies of up to 24 weeks’ duration (dapagliflozin N=2 360; placebo N=2 295). Frequency of genital infections was compared between three body mass index subgroups (<30, ≥30−< 35 and ≥35 kg/m2). Genital infections were reported in 130 (5.5%) patients receiving dapagliflozin and 14 (0.6%) patients receiving placebo; none of which were serious. Genital infections were more common in women (84/130 [64.6%]) than in men (46/130 [35.4%]) treated with dapagliflozin. In the body mass index < 30, ≥ 30−< 35 and ≥ 35 kg/m2 dapagliflozin-treated subgroups, 38/882 (4.3%), 47/796 (5.9%) and 45/682 (6.6%) patients presented with genital infections, respectively. Although the frequency was low overall and relatively similar between subgroups, there was a trend towards an increase in genital infections in patients with a higher body mass index. This trend is unlikely to be clinically relevant or to affect suitability of dapagliflozin as a treatment option for obese patients with Type 2 diabetes, but rather should influence advice and counselling of overweight patients on prevention and treatment of genital infections.

Dapagliflozin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes presenting with high baseline A1C

ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin 5 and 10 mg/d versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes and high baseline A1C defined as A1C ≥ 9% or ≥ 10%.Methods: A post-hoc analysis was conducted of pooled data from 9, 24-week, placebo-controlled clinical studies investigating dapagliflozin as monotherapy, add-on therapy to other oral antidiabetes drugs or insulin, or initial combination therapy with metformin.Results: At week 24, dapagliflozin 5 and 10 mg/d decreased A1C (≥ 9%: –1.37% and –1.39%, respectively, vs. –0.65% with placebo, both P < 0.0001 and ≥ 10%: –2.13% [P < 0.0001] and –1.59% [P = 0.0003], respectively, vs. –0.82% with placebo), reduced fasting plasma glucose as early as week 1 (P < 0.001 for each dose at all time points for both treatments), and decreased body weight (≥ 9%: P < 0.0001 vs. placebo for both doses; ≥ 10%: P = 0.0065 vs. placebo, 10 mg/d only). Among patients with baseline A1C ≥ 9% who received dapagliflozin 5 or 10 mg/d, 15.7% and 18.9%, respectively, achieved a ≥ 5% decrease in body weight (both P < 0.0001 vs. 3.6% with placebo). Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0074 vs. placebo). Adverse events were generally similar across treatment groups, with the exception of a greater frequency of genital infections and hypoglycemia (mostly minor episodes not requiring third-party assistance) in patients receiving dapagliflozin.Conclusion: In patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes defined as A1C ≥ 9% or ≥ 10%, dapagliflozin provided clinically meaningful improvements in glycemic parameters, body weight, and blood pressure, and was generally well tolerated, making it a good therapeutic option for patients with high A1C.

Review of Insulin-Dependent and Insulin-Independent Agents for Treating Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Potential Role for Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors

Diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), continues to be a global health care problem. Although the beneficial effects of glycemic control are well established, in the United States, > 40% of adults with diabetes fail to achieve target glycated hemoglobin levels. Antidiabetic drug classes vary with respect to their mechanisms of action, glucose-lowering potential, and safety and tolerability profiles. Antidiabetic drug classes include some agents that depend on the presence or action of insulin for their therapeutic effect. As the disease state of T2DM progresses, patient pancreatic β-cell function declines, and therapies that stimulate insulin secretion or improve insulin sensitivity become less effective for this population. Therefore, the development of additional antidiabetic agents with novel mechanisms of action that can be used alone or in combination with currently approved medications may help patients achieve glycemic control. Agents that have comparable glucose-lowering capabilities but different mechanisms of action may fill treatment gaps or meet the needs of patient subpopulations. For example, inhibitors of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) represent an emerging class of glucose-lowering agents. The SGLT2 inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption by the kidney, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion and caloric loss. In clinical trials, these agents have been shown to improve glycemic control and to reduce body weight in patients with T2DM. Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitors pose a low risk for hypoglycemia and are generally well tolerated; however, their use has been associated with an increase in the frequency of genital infections and, in some studies, urinary tract infections. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors may provide an alternative or an addition to existing therapies for the treatment of patients with T2DM.

An Evaluation of the Relationship between Genital Hygiene Practices, Genital Infection

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between genital hygiene practices and genital infection in a group of university students. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive study conducted with female students residing in Sakarya State Student Dormitory between the 1st of February and 30th of May 2011. State student dormitory of Sakarya city accommodate students who attend Sakarya University. 1653 students reside in this state student dormitory and 1057 (63.94%) of these who were willing to participate constituted the study group. Then interview forms, developed in line with the study purpose, were completed by the students who were supervised during the process. Familial income was graded as poor, moderate or good according to student’s perception. Obtained data were analyzed on computers with the SPSS statistics package software (version 15.0) and chi-square (χ2) test was used for analyses. Results: History of genital infection was identified in 13.0%. Hosiery/cotton underwear was preferred by 93.4% of the students and 38.1% favoured white-coloured underwear. Of the students, 47.2% changed underwear daily and 71.2% used daily pads. “Front to rear” genital cleaning was favoured by 67.8%, 97.6% used “pads” during menstrual periods, 54.1% changed pads 6 times or more a day and 57.3% used “perfumes” for undesirable scent. No relationship was noted between the frequency of genital infections and the departments the students were studying, their years at school, age groups and mothers’ level of education (p>0.05). Likewise, the frequency of genital infections was not significantly related to how frequent the students changed their underwear or how many times they replaced the materials daily during the menstrual period in our study group (p>0.05). The frequency of genital infection was higher among the students who bathed in sitting position or once or less a week, who did not perform genital cleaning and who used daily pads (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study determined a higher frequency of genital infection among the students with improper genital hygiene practices.

Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health among women in an ancient mining area in Brazil

The purpose of this study was to describe the reproductive profile and frequency of genital infections among women living in the Serra Pelada, a former mining village in the Pará state, Brazil. A descriptive study of women living in the mining area of Serra Pelada was performed in 2004 through interviews that gathered demographics and clinical data, and assessed risk behaviors of 209 randomly-selected women. Blood samples were collected for rapid assay for HIV; specimens were taken for Pap smears and Gram stains. Standard descriptive statistical analyses were performed and prevalence was calculated to reflect the relative frequency of each disease. Of the 209 participants, the median age was 38 years, with almost 70% having less than four years of education and 77% having no income or under 1.9 times the minimum wage of Brazil. About 30% did not have access to health care services during the preceding year. Risk behaviors included: alcohol abuse, 24.4%; illicit drug abuse, 4.3%; being a sex worker, 15.8%; and domestic violence, 17.7%. Abnormal Pap smear was found in 8.6%. Prevalence rates of infection were: HIV, 1.9%; trichomoniasis, 2.9%; bacterial vaginosis, 18.7%; candidiasis, 5.7%; Chlamydial-related cytological changes, 3.3%; and HPV-related cytological changes, 3.8%. Women living in this mining area in Brazil are economically and socially vulnerable to health problems. It is important to point out the importance of concomitant broader strategies that include reducing poverty and empowering women to make improvements regarding their health.