Frequency Of Depression In Patients Research Articles

FREQUENCY OF DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C BEFORE STARTING TREATMENT

Introduction: Pre-existing psychiatric illnesses, such as mood and psychotic disorders, are 3–4 times more common and frequently undetected in HCV patients. This could be brought on by a diminished desire to use or access mental and primary health care services, actual or imagined stigma against HCV patients, or denial of their psychiatric symptoms. Comorbid depression can impact the outcome because it is linked to decreased HCV therapy adherence. Objectives: To quantify the prevalence of depression among Hepatitis C patients not receiving treatment. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: Medical Department, Faisalabad Medical University and affiliated Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Study duration: 30th December 2021 to 29th June 2022. Materials & Methods: A total of 310 patients having Hepatitis C infection, with an age range of 20 years to 60 years, were included, while the patients suffering from an additional underlying chronic medical disease like CKD, COPD and diabetes, which can cause depression, were excluded. Demographic data, including age, gender, residence (rural or urban), education of patient (Primary, middle or higher education), marital status (single, married or separated), income of patient and duration of Hepatitis C infection were recorded. The researcher interviewed the selected patients by using Beck Depression Inventory. Results: The study's age ranged from 20 to 60 years, with a mean age of 41.75 + 8.62. Most 163 patients (52.58%) were in the 20–40 age range. 166 (53.55%) of the 310 patients were men, and 144 (46.45%) were women, for a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1. In our study, the frequency of depression in patients with Hepatitis C infection not receiving any treatment was found in 187 (60.32%) patients. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that the frequency of depression in patients suffering from Hepatitis C infection not receiving any treatment is very high.

Cognitive impairment and depression

The commonality of cognitive impairment and depression is discussed. Cognitive symptoms are the main symptoms of depressive disorder and, most often, it is cognitive impairment that reduces the performance and quality of life of depressed patients. The most common cognitive disorders in depressed patients are: attention deficit (both visual and auditory), decrease in the level of short-term and operative memory, difficulties in processing information of any modality, a decrease in the speed of information processing, as well as difficulties in building an activity program and monitoring her execution. A cognitive symptom that requires further discussion is the so-called cognitive distortion – a shift in focus from positive to negative stimuli, as well as incorrect reactions to negative feedback and decision making. A depressive episode develops against the background of dysmetabolic and dysfunctional cerebral changes in the amygdala, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, orbitofrontal and mediobasal frontal cortex. Cognitive impairment in patients who have had depression persists after recovery from depression; according to the figurative expression adopted in the scientific community of specialists studying cognitive impairment in depression, each depressive episode forms permanent “cognitive scars”. Presumably, cognitive dysfunction may be one of the risk factors for the development of a depressive disorder; depression, in turn, is a risk factor for the development of dementia, including in Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular disease: studies have shown that the transformation of severe cognitive impairment associated with depression into dementia in elderly patients can reach 70% in five years. The undoubted commonality of depression and cognitive dysfunction is emphasized by the frequency of depression in patients with cognitive impairment.

Frequency of Depression in Patients Suffering from Non-Epileptic Fits

Introduction: The most prevalent and severe type of mental disease, depression affects 60–70% of adults, primarily between the ages of 15 and 35. Not only are the patients affected by this terrible disorder, but also their care givers and families. It has long been known that depression often manifests as a variety of psychosomatic conditions, one of which is non-epileptic fits, which are typically more common in children and women than men. Therefore, the majority of patients who present to a psychiatric emergency room, outpatient department, or ward having non-epileptic fits have underlying depression. This was one of the few studies conducted on the prevalence of depression in patients experiencing non-epileptic fits in Pakistan, particularly in province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study Design and Study Area: In the psychiatry department of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Duration of Study: The duration of study was 06 months i.e. from 30th march, 2015 to 30th September, 2015. Materials and Methods: The study included 162 patients who presented to the hospital with non-epileptic fits and had ages ranging from 20 to 40 years. The study excluded non-consenting individuals, those with organic brain disorders, and those who had another psychiatric diagnosis already. On a proforma that was especially created, variables were recorded. The BDI depression scale was used to evaluate the depression screening process. Results: Of 193 patients, 162 met the requirements for study. The patients were estimated to have a mean age of 25.44 years, with a standard deviation of 14.25 years. Only 32 patients (20%) were female, while remaining 130 (80%) patient were male. Majority 88 (56%) individuals were uneducated. 46 people (32%) had education up to the primary level, 14 (8%) were matriculating, and 12 (4%) were graduates. 40 people (25%) were single, 94 people (58%) were wed, and 28 people (17%) were widows or widowers. 30 people (19%) were working and 132 (81%) were unemployed. 62 persons had been seeking care for more than 24 months, compared to 8 who had been doing so for less than 24 months, 20 persons for less than 18 months, 14 patients having duration of illness for less than 12 months and 12 patients of less than 6 months period of illness. Only when non-epileptic fits were linked to the depression (p value 0.004) was statistical significance observed. When depression was compared to the patient's gender, marital status, educational attainment, length of care, and occupation, there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusions: The majority of people who have non-epileptic fits also have depression. Age of onset of non-epileptic fits and depression are significantly correlated, whereas gender, educational level, marital status, occupation, length of illness, and patient's family history are not. Keyword: Psychological distress, depression, non-epileptic fits, KTH.

Depression in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases; tip of the iceberg andthe most neglected part of management; A cross-sectional study.

Objective: To investigate the frequency of Depression in Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal diseases with particular emphasis on gender and compliance to treatment. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Rheumatology at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Period: August 2020 to February 2021. Material & Methods: A total of 189 patients were assessed with their detailed history, examination, and lab data collected. Depressive symptomatology was evaluated using DSM – 4 criteria . SPSS 26 was utilised for data analysis, and a p-value of<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 131 (69.3%) were female and 58 (31.7%) were male patients. Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis ranked the highest concerning the diagnosis with 128 cases (68.25%). Methotrexate was the most commonly used drug with 134 (70.9%) patients receiving it. A total of 169 (89.4%) patients had Depressive disorder, with females outnumbering males, a finding reaching statistical significance (p=0.04). Conclusion: Undiagnosed Depression is common in patients affected by Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal diseases, especially among the female population. Routine screening for depressive symptoms with subsequent referral to the mental health service may serve detection of this comorbidity and improve patient outcomes.

Frequency of Depression in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To determine the frequency of depression and associated risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Apr 2020.
 Methodology: One hundred and two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting OPD were enrolled in the study.Depression was assessed using the Urdu version of Beck’s Depression Inventory. In addition, smoking status, history of hypertension, duration of diabetes, drug history and HbA1c levels were recorded.
 Results: Of 102 participants 57(55.9%) were males and 45(44.1%) were females. 43(42.2%) showed depression, 28(27.5%) had mild depression, 11(10.8%) had moderate depression and 4(3.9%) had severe depression. 87(85.3%) had poor glycemic control.There was a significant relationship between the duration of diabetes mellitus and depression (r=0.238 p=0.016). The risk of depression was more in patients with hypertension (OR: 2.206, CI: 0.981–4.947, p=0.054), smokers (OR: 2.191, CI: 0.796 – 6.031,p=0.124) and patients on insulin therapy (OR: 1.891, CI: 0.769 – 4.647, p=0.162).
 Conclusion: A significant number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have depression. Concomitant hypertension,smoking and insulin therapy are additional risk factors.

Prevalence of Depression in Migraine Patients: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study from Pakistan

Objective: Aim of current study was to determine the frequency of depression in patients with migraine visiting to Neurology outpatient department. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place of study: Data was collected from different tertiary care hospitals of Pakistan, including Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Ghulam Mahar medical college and United medical and Dental College, Karachi, during period from November, 2021 to April, 2022. Methods: Total 425 patients of both genders had age 18-70 years were included in this study. Included patients had migraine and visited outpatient department of Neurology. After obtaining informed written consent detailed demographics of enrolled cases included age, sex, education status and place of living were recorded. Frequency and severity of depression among all cases were assessed. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: Among 425 patients, 265 (62.4%) were males and 160 (37.6%) patients were females.Mean age of the patients was 29.7±10.50 years with mean BMI 23.7±11.26 kg/m2. 230 (54.1%) were married and 195 (45.9%) were unmarried. There were 215(50.6%) patients educated and 210 (49.4%) cases were non-educated. 180 (42.4%) patients had migraine with aura and 245 (57.6%) patients were without aura. We found that 300 (70.6%) patients had depression among all cases. Among 300 cases of depression, frequency of mild was 75, moderate was 125 and severity of depression was found in 100 cases. Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that since migraine sufferers had a relatively high rate of depression, there may be a connection between migraine and depression. When assessing migraine patients for a favorable prognosis and appropriate illness care, depression shouldn't be disregarded. Keywords: Depression, Migraine, Aura

Frequency of Depression in Patients with Religious Inclination

Objective: To assess the frequency of depression in patients with religious inclination. Materials & Methods: It was a cross sectional survey conducted in outpatients’ department of Psychiatry of Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal over the period of 6 months. Sample size of 160 cases is calculated having age 40 to 75 years with 95% confidence level, 6% margin of error and taking expected percentage of depression was as 17% in subjects with religious inclination. Non-probability consecutive sampling was used. Depression was assessed according to HADS scale for depressive disorder of any severity. Results: Frequency of depression in patients with religious inclination was recorded in 19.38% (n=31) while 80.62% (n=129) had no findings of the morbidity. Conclusion: However, in observation of the above, we concluded that the frequency of depression in religiously inclined participants is not higher and some other factors i.e. socioeconomic was considerably greater, it may be the associated factor of depression in our study, further research in this field is necessary to validate our findings. Keywords: Depression, morbidity, religious inclination, socioeconomic status

Frequency of depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus in public health facilities in Metropolitan Lima

IntroductionDiabetes is one of the main pandemics in recent years. Its association with depression increases the risk of mortality and morbidity. The coexistence of both diseases leads to poor management of diabetes, which leads to a worse quality of life. ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus and the effect of both pathologies on the quality of life in patients who attend outpatient appointments at public health facilities in Lima and Callao. MethodologySecondary analysis of the Epidemiological Study of Mental Health of depression in diabetic adults. The instrument used to determine the depressive episode was the MINI (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) while quality of life was measured using the Mezzich Quality of Life Index. Diagnosis information of type 1 or 2 diabetes was obtained from the daily medical record (HIS) of care. ResultsThe frequency of depression in the 471 patients with diabetes was 5.8% in the last two weeks. While the annual frequency was 8.6% and 31.8% at some point in life. Being a woman was associated with a greater frequency of depression. Quality of life was lower in patients with diabetes and depression (p < 0.005). ConclusionsThe frequency of depression in patients with diabetes who are treated on an outpatient basis in public health centres is higher than the general population and their quality of life is significantly reduced, which raises the need for considering depression as an additional factor to the burden of morbidity of this condition.

Evaluation of frequency of depression in a subset of population with idiopathic parkinsonism in a tertiary care hospital

Objectives. To determine the frequency of depression in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism presenting to a tertiary care Hospital in Karachi. Material and methods. This case study was conducted at the neurology department Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi (JPMC). The duration of the study was six months from 22nd January 2019 to 2nd June 2019. A total of 114 patients of parkinsonism (idiopathic Parkinson’s disease) were included in this study. Patients were assured of confidentiality. They were given questionnaire with Beck depression inventory while waiting in the neurology outpatient clinic. Questionnaire was taken back after 25 minutes. Patient score more than 9 was diagnosed as depression. The identified depressed patient was offered treatment. Results. Frequency of depression in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease was observed in 48.25% (55/114) cases. Conclusions. It is concluded that our study indicates the burden of depression in Parkinson disease (PD) patients. However, even with stable or mild deficit in motor function, the wide prevalence of depression indicates that it should be suspected and treated. Over the past several years, systematic studies of depression and its treatment have contributed significantly to this most challenging psychiatric problem in PD. Hence, there is a need of policy for screening and prompt treatment of such patients so they could lead to enhance quality of life.

Frequency of depression in patients oFrequency of depression in patients of Chronic Hepatitis C who had not yet received treatmentf Chronic Hepatitis C who had not yet received treatment

Background: Chronic hepatitis C is a common entity which is frequently associated with depression. Aim: To determine the frequency of depression in patients of chronic hepatitis C who had not yet received treatment. Settings: Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine at Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Study design: Cross sectional Descriptive study Methods: Total 217 patients were enrolled. Each patient was interviewed and then marked down by the doctor himself. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) (annexure 2 attached) was applied to determine the presence of depression. Depression was managed as per hospital protocol. The study was conducted from 10th April, 2018 to 9th October, 2018 Results: In this study mean age was 45 years with standard deviation ± 11.33. 62% patients were male, 38% patients were female. More over 57% patients had depression while 43% patients didn’t have depression. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there was a significant association between depression and chronic hepatitis C patients before they have started their treatment, in tertiary care hospital. Keywords: Depression, chronic, hepatitis C

Burden of Depression Among Survivors of Ischemic Stroke of Southern Punjab

Background; Depression is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric disturbances after ischemic stroke. The frequency of depression in stroke patients has varied widely in different populations. Post stroke depression is an important factor limiting recovery and rehabilitation in acute stroke patients. This study was done to ascertain frequency of depression among patients with ischemic stroke in our local population. Objective; To assess the frequency of depression in patients with ischemic stroke in Pakistan. Material and Methods; Consecutive 150 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria was enrolled and this descriptive study was conducted at department of Psychiatry and Neurology OPD, Nishtar Hospital, Multan using non – probability convenient sampling technique. All patients were assessed by single psychiatrist on PHQ-9 scale, for Depression. Results; Of these 150 study cases, 94 (62.7 %) were male patients while 56 (37.3 %) were female patients. Mean age of our study cases was 54.69 ± 7.18 years (with minimum age of our study cases was 44 years while maximum age was 71 years). Of these 150 study cases, 71 (47.3 %) belonged to rural areas and 79 (52.7 %) belonged to urban areas. Monthly family income up to Rs. 50000 was noted in 89 (59.3%) while more than Rs. 50000 was noted in 61 (40.7%). Of these 150 study cases, 83 (55.3%) were illiterate and 67 (44.7%) were literate. Of these 150 study cases, site of lesion in basal ganglia was 61 (40.7%), subcortical in 56 (37.3%) and cortical in 33 (22.0%) and Depression was noted in 77 (51.3%). Conclusion; Very high frequency of depression was observed in our study among patients having ischemic stroke. Depression was significantly associated with gender, occupation, educational level, prolonged duration of illness and site of lesion. Clinicians treating stroke patients should anticipate depressive symptoms and diagnose them to treat them in early stages. Keywords; Ischemic stroke, depression, frequency. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/69-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

Frequency of depression in patients with acne vulgaris treated with short-course low dose oral isotretinoin

Introduction: Acne vulgaris affects individuals of all ages, and isotretinoin is the most effective treatment available for this disease. However, serious adverse effects, including the possibility of depression and suicide, could limit its use. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of depression in patients with acne vulgaris treated with oral isotretinoin.Materials and Methods: Forty acne vulgaris patients treated with oral isotretinoin and 40 age- and sex-matched controls treated with a systemic antibiotic (doxycycline 100-200 mg/day) and atopical retinoid were enrolled in this study. The depression score was measured based on Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) in both groups before and after two months of treatment.Result: The BDI score and the rate of depression were not significantly different between the two groups after the twomonth treatment period. Moreover, we did not find any significant change in BDI score in each group after treatment (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Our study showed that short-course oral isotretinoin therapy does not increase the depression rate among acne vulgaris patients. It should be noted that oral isotretinoin causesa significant clinical improvement in patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris, which could be associated with a decrease in depression scores.

Bedřich Roth: pioneer in sleep medicine

Bedřich Roth was a Czech neurologist who dedicated his professional life to the study of sleep medicine. Shortly after WW2 he initiated a research program with an exclusive focus on narcolepsy and the hypersomnias. At the young age of 38 years, he published his first book. It was in Czech but had extensive English and Russian summaries. In 1967 he spent a study period in Marseille with Professor Henri Gastaut, who was very impressed by this bright and hardworking young neurologist. Dr. Roth, with his colleague Sona Nevšímalová, was the first to publish on the high frequency of depression in patients with narcolepsy and hypersomnia. He was the first person to define Idiopathic Hypersomnia and, along with Allan Rechtschaffen, to document the high frequency of sleep drunkenness in such patients. His many contributions, and his 65th birthday, were celebrated in 1984. Dr. Roth developed Hodgkin's lymphoma and passed away in November 1989. A conference celebrating his life and career took place in Prague in 2009. In 2015 the annual worldwide Idiopathic Hypersomnia Awareness Week organized by Michelle Chadwick celebrated the 35th anniversary of his 1980 book “Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia". Dr. Roth was the first physician to dedicate his entire career to sleep medicine and his publications predated by more than two decades those of all other authors. Bedřich Roth should therefore be considered to be the true father of sleep medicine. He was known widely for his integrity, humility, honesty, and his perseverance to achieve his goals.

Frequency of depression in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus and comparison of the frequency of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus (type1 &amp; 2). Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Setting: Diabetic Clinic of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi. Period: From 6th June - 5th December 2016. Material &amp; Methods: A total of 200 patients with diabetes mellitus were inducted in the study through Diabetic Out Patient Department at Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi. Patients screening was done by using ICD10-criteria &amp;Beck Depressive inventory (depression diagnosis and severity assessment). Designed proforma was used for demographic details and variables. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Depression frequency and severity was calculated. Chi Square test was applied depression and categorical variables associations. Results: Frequency of depression in the study sample came out to be 57% (114 out of 200 patients). Results concluded that 26 patients have mild depression (13%), 38 (19%) moderate depression, and 24 (12%) with severe depression. There is no significant difference in frequencies of depression in terms of type of Diabetes mellitus i.e. T1DM vs T2DM (39% vs 61%, P value &gt; 0.05). Monthly income and BMI were factors leading to mental distress. Conclusion: Many of the patients with diabetes have co-morbid depression. Screening and appropriate treatment of depression should be part of the management plan of all patients having diabetes.

Frecuencia de depresión y calidad de vida en pacientes con diabetes mellitus en establecimientos de salud pública de Lima Metropolitana

IntroductionDiabetes is one of the main pandemics in recent years. Its association with depression increases the risk of mortality and morbidity. The coexistence of both diseases leads to poor management of diabetes, which leads to a worse quality of life. ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus and the effect of both pathologies on the quality of life in patients who attend outpatient appointments at public health facilities in Lima and Callao. MethodologySecondary analysis of the Epidemiological Study of Mental Health of depression in diabetic adults. The instrument used to determine the depressive episode was the MINI (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) while quality of life was measured using the Mezzich Quality of Life Index. Diagnosis information of type 1 or 2 diabetes was obtained from the daily medical record (HIS) of care. ResultsThe frequency of depression in the 471 patients with diabetes was 5.8% in the last two weeks. While the annual frequency was 8.6% and 31.8% at some point in life. Being a woman was associated with a greater frequency of depression. Quality of life was lower in patients with diabetes and depression (p <0.005). ConclusionsThe frequency of depression in patients with diabetes who are treated on an outpatient basis in public health centres is higher than the general population and their quality of life is significantly reduced, which raises the need for considering depression as an additional factor to the burden of morbidity of this condition.

Assessment of sociodemographic determinants of depression among patients on hemodialysis.

Objectives: Study aimed to assess the frequency of depression in patients on hemodialysis and to see the effect of sociodemographic variables on depression. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Hemodialysis unit of Nishtar Medical University, Multan. Period: July 2018 to December 2018. Material &amp; Methods: After taking ethical approval from Institutional ethical review committee. Total 384 patients with chronic kidney disease between the age range 16-60 years of both genders were included in the study. Patients of mood, psychotic and anxiety disorders before the onset of chronic kidney disease, other chronic disease and any substance abuse were excluded on the basis of history. The demographic data i.e. name, age, sex, locality, education &amp; socioeconomic status and employment status was collected from each patient. In addition to these, duration and frequency of dialysis was also noted. All patients were evaluated by single psychiatrist, using ICD-10 criteria for depression (yes / no). Results: Mean age of the respondents was 49.28 ± 9.64 years in our study. Out of the 384 patients, 235 (61.2%) were male and 149 (38.80%) were females Majority of patients 68.5% belonged to rural area, 86% had monthly family income less than 50,000, 21.6% were unable to read &amp; write and 43.0% were unemployed. Depression was diagnosed in 175 (45.6%) participants and there were 209 (54.4%) patients having no depression. Age (p&lt;0.001), gender (p&lt;0.001), educational level (p&lt;0.001), employment status (p&lt;0.001), and monthly family income was significantly associated with depression in patients on hemodialysis. Conclusion: Study concluded that frequency of depression among patients on hemodialysis was very high and strong association observed between depression and extremes of ages, unemployment, education and poor socioeconomic status.

Frequency of depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Co morbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with higher levels of disease activity, pain, fatigue, work disability, health service use and lower treatment compliance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of depression among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Study Design: Cross sectional, descriptive study. Setting: Pain clinic, Outpatient department, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: Eight months from 10-11-2015 to 10-06-2016. Material &amp; Methods: The total 174 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled through the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Results pertaining to rates were reported as frequencies and percentages. Pearson chi squared test was applied to identify the significant associations between study variables. Results: Among the total 174; (100%) study participants, depression was noted in 116; (66.7%) of participants. Forty-three (24.7%) of study participants were males and 131; (75.3%) were females. Calculated mean age of participants was 48.47 ± 8.09 years. Statistically significant associations of depression were noted with duration, treatment and symptom of rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: A high frequency of the depression was noted among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which was associated with poor outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis. This suggests that the optimal care of rheumatoid arthritis should include detection and management of depression.

Frequency of depression in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Psychiatric support necessity for diabetic patients

Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the risk of depression in T2DM patients in comparison to a healthy control group.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The study sample included 100 patients diagnosed with Type 2 DM who were recruited consecutively from the general internal medicine polyclinic (46 males, 54 females, mean age 55.4±11.9 years) and 100 healthy control subjects who had no known diseases and had presented for routine check-up examinations (60 males, 40 females, mean age 37.6±3.7 years). The participants completed a questionnaire composed of a sociodemographic characteristics section and the Beck Depression Inventory, which probes the depression states of individuals based on self-report. Laboratory results of the participants were recorded.&#x0D; Results: Mean Beck Depression Inventory scores of the patient and control groups, which represent self-reported depression states, were determined as 17±8.5 and 8.5±7.3, respectively. Of the 100 diabetic patients, 8 were determined to have severe depression, 38 moderate depression, 34 mild depression, and 20 minimal depression; whereas, of the 100 healthy controls, 20 were determined to have moderate depression, 18 mild depression, and 62 minimal depression, with no cases of severe depression in this group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study reveals the importance of complementing the conventional patient follow-up procedure with psychiatric support in the management of type 2 DM patients.

Frequency of Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Relationship with Glycemic Control and Diabetic Microvascular Complications.

IntroductionVarious clinical studies have reported that clinical depression is a common co-morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Depression can badly affect the lifestyle of diabetic patients and impair the proper management of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, there exists a need to identify risk factors of depression in diabetic patients especially in relation to various clinical parameters, glycemic control and diabetic microvascular complications.Materials and methodsIt was a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from August 2018 to April 2019. We recruited type 2 diabetic patients and measured their various clinical and hematological parameters. We evaluated depression using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and evaluated its relationship with glycemic control, duration of diabetes, fasting lipid profile and presence of various diabetic microvascular complications.ResultsThere were 100 subjects in the study having a mean age 58.3 ± 12.4 (range: 36 - 71) years with a male to female ratio of 1:1.2. The mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 11.2 ± 9.2 years. The mean PHQ-9 score of the study population was 10.2 ± 8.1. The frequency of depression was found to be 40.0%. Depression was most frequently found in women and in patients between 40 to 60 years of age (60.0%). Depression was more common in patients with dyslipidemia (p-value = 0.0015). Patients with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy were 3.8 times, 4.2 times and 2.1 times more likely to have clinical depression than the patients without these complications. Patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) worse than 7.5% had a significantly higher rate of depression than those whose HbA1c ranged from 6.5 - 7.5 % (p-value = 0.0028). Duration of diabetes mellitus did not significantly affect the frequency of depression in diabetic patients.ConclusionDepression is common in a large number of diabetic patients. Female gender, dyslipidemia, diabetic microvascular complications and impaired glycemic control are significantly associated with depression in diabetic patients.

Depression and its Associated Factors among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Karachi, Pakistan.

IntroductionDepression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be an incapacitating health problem that negatively affects the quality of life. If the depression is not treated, it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of depression in patients with COPD and examine the factors contributing to depression in these patients.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 556 patients with COPD visiting the Pulmonology Clinic of the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2010 to March 2011. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen for depression. SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) was used to enter and analyze data.ResultsOut of the total 556 participants, majority 62.9% were between 60 and 79 years of age and 70.1% of the participants were males. The frequency of depression in COPD patients was 57.2%, and multiple logistic regression analyses indicated being over 59 years (Adjusted odds ratio (ORadj), 2.750; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25 to 6.05, p = 0.039), being male (ORadj, 2.28; 95% CI: 0.89 to 5.14), being retired or unemployed (ORadj, 1.041; 95% CI: 0.41 to 2.62, p = 0.000), using inhaled steroids (ORadj, 3.929; 95% CI: 2.59 to 5.97, p = 0.000), and living alone were significantly associated with depression in COPD patients.ConclusionSeveral risk factors for depression in patients with COPD were identified. Patients with COPD who are elderly, male, retired or unemployed, use inhaled steroids, and patients who live alone have characteristics significantly associated with depression. These factors should be considered by practicing family physicians, pulmonologists, and healthcare workers.