Frequency Of Young Children Research Articles

Impact of pneumococcal vaccine response on asthma exacerbation frequency in young children.

IntroductionChronic asthma is a heterogeneous disease, and increased eosinophils have been shown to predict increased asthma exacerbations, especially in adults. Recent recommendations suggest the need for supplemental PPV‐23 vaccination in older children with chronic asthma.MethodsTo investigate differences in preschool asthma, our case‐cohort study comprised of 127 children, mean age 47 months (32‐65), with a history of asthma exacerbations requiring more than three courses of systemic steroid bursts and more than six antibiotics courses in the previous year.ResultsAt baseline, mean antibody titer response to Streptococcus pneumoniae was decreased at 2.6 ± 2 out of 14 serotypes, despite prior complete pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) vaccinations. All children were readministered pneumococcal vaccinations with PCV‐13 booster and/or PPSV‐23. Mean postvaccination pneumococcal vaccine (PV) titer response was 16 ± 5 out of 23 serotypes. After contacting 91 parents/caretakers, 75 responded with less frequency of corticosteroids and antibiotic use for asthma exacerbations after PV. This group had baseline eosinophil counts of 211 ± 36/µL, while those without improvement were significantly higher at 371 ± 123/µL,*P < .05. There were no significant differences (P > .05) between the two groups from other baseline measures including demography or atopic status.ConclusionsThis subset of children with exacerbation‐prone asthma had poor antibody titer response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, even with prior complete PCV‐13 immunization. Identification of low antibody responses to PV serotypes may provide a targeted therapeutic approach to reduce wheezing exacerbations in a precise asthma phenotype in children.

Development of the Drooling Infants and Preschoolers Scale (DRIPS) and reference charts for monitoring saliva control in children aged 0–4 years

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a parent questionnaire to quantify drooling severity and frequency in young children (the Drooling Infants and Preschoolers Scale – the DRIPS). To investigate development of saliva control in typically developing young children in the age of 0–4 years. To construct sex-specific reference charts presenting percentile curves for drooling plotted for age to monitor the development of saliva control in infancy and preschool age. Study designThe DRIPS was developed consisting of 20 items to identify severity and frequency of drooling during meaningful daily activities. Factor analysis was performed to test construct validity. A piecewise logistic regression was followed by a piecewise linear regression to construct sex-specific reference charts. ResultsWe obtained 652 completed questionnaires from parents of typically developing children. The factor analysis revealed four discriminating components: drooling during Activities, Feeding, Non nutritive sucking, and Sleep. To illustrate the development of saliva control, eight sex-specific reference curves were constructed to plot the scores of the DRIPS by age group, at the 15th, 50th, 85th and 97th percentile. About 3–15% of the preschoolers in our cohort did not acquire full saliva control at the age of 4 years. ConclusionsWith the DRIPS it is possible to validly compare and visualize the development of saliva control in an individual infant or preschooler and allow clinicians to timely initiate individually targeted interventions if children outperform.

The Effects of Smart-phone Use Experience on Emotion Regulationand Attention Concentration of Young Children

As for the results of this study, young children's smart-phone use experience had significant effects on their emotion regulation and attention concentration. This means that their smart-phone use experience is a negative factor to impede their educational satisfaction, selective and continuous concentration as it brings a decline in their emotion expression, emotion management and emotional coping mechanisms, and attention concentration even during class from the early childhood teachers' side. Especially, increase the frequency of young children’s use of smart-phone declines in their self-emotion expression, emotional management and selective attention concentration. In addition, Young children’s attention concentration is distinguished from Received (January 26, 2016), Review Result (February 11, 2016) Accepted (February 18, 2016), Published (April 30, 2016) 305-764 Dept of Early Childhood Education, Chung-Nam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea email: yskang@cnu.ac.kr (Corresponding Author) 305-764 Dept of Education, Chung-Nam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea email: jgkim426@cnu.ac.kr The Effects of Smart-phone Use Experience on Emotion Regulation and Attention Concentration of Young Children Copyright c 2016 HSST 98 their gender. In general, Girl have higher attention concentration abilities especially selective attention concentration. Consequently, their smart-phone use needs to be controlled at home rather than in child care centers.

Ferrotherapy Mistakes in Toddlers in Primary Health Care

Introduction. 20–30% of the world population suffers from iron deficiency anemia. Despite the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic options, the real medical practice in relation to iron deficiency anemia remains on a suboptimal level. As a result, over the past 20 years there is no significant improvement in the iron deficiency anemia frequency in young children. Objective. To analyze the existing care tactic for toddlers with iron deficiency anemia in a primary care setting and to identify the possible ferrotherapy mistakes. Methods. A retrospective study of 135 3-year-old children with anemia in primary health care. The inclusion criteria was: documented low hemoglobin level as recommended by WHO in at least two sequential complete blood tests. Results. Control complete blood count (CBC) was performed within 6 months of anemia detection in 70.4% cases. However, this control was performed during the optimal time only in 15.6% of cases. In 56.3% of cases the fact of ferrotherapy wasn’t documented. The onset of ferrotherapy after the first episode of low hemoglobin detection was in 19.3% of children. 29.6% of children received treatment with iron supplements in an adequate dose. Only in 11.9% of cases the dose of iron was lower than recommended. 30.4% of children had a relapse of iron deficiency anemia and up to 6% had multiple relapses. The average duration of iron deficiency anemia in children during the first three years of life was 6.4 months. Conclusion. In the majority of cases the therapy of the majority of iron deficiency anemia in toddlers was delayed. The biggest problem is the lack of adequate hemoglobin levels monitoring.

The interrelation between sensorimotor abilities, cognitive performance and individual EEG alpha peak frequency in young children

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the interrelation between sensorimotor abilities, cognitive performance and individual alpha peak frequency (iAPF), an EEG marker of global architectural and functional properties of the human brain, in healthy preschool children. Methods25 participants completed a one minute eyes-closed EEG recording, two cognitive tests assessing processing speed and visual working memory and a sensorimotor test battery. ResultsWe found positive correlations between selective sensorimotor abilities and iAPF; however, no significant correlations were observed between iAPF and cognitive performance. Specifically, locomotor skills correlated with iAPF across all cortical regions, except for the occipital cortex. Furthermore, a close relationship was found between sensorimotor and cognitive performance indicating that children with improved sensorimotor abilities were faster and/or more accurate in cognitive task performance. The cumulative pattern of our results indicates that a close relationship exists between sensorimotor and cognitive performance in young children. However, this relationship is dissociated from the iAPF. ConclusionIn contrast to adults, in young children the iAPF is related to locomotor skills and not to cognitive processing speed or visual working memory function. SignificanceThe global architectural and functional properties of the brain are closely related to locomotor skills during development.

Negotiating Boundaries and Bonds: Frequency of Young Children’s Socialization to Their Ethnic/Racial Heritage

This study addressed intergroup differences in how often U.S. families socialized young children to their ethnic/racial heritage using nationally representative survey data gathered as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K).The sample ( N = 18,827) included young White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian, and multiracial children. Among other things, the authors found that families raising young American Indian children were likely to socialize them frequently to their ethnic/racial heritage. Also, most intergroup differences in frequency of ethnic/racial socialization were robust across child gender and parental education.

Exploring the acoustic vowel space in two-year-old children: Results for Dutch and Hungarian

In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in exploring patterns of vowel acquisition in young children. Traditionally, researchers attempt to estimate formant values of vowel realizations via acoustic measurements. However, these techniques have yielded questionable results, due primarily to a low sampling rate of the spectrum caused by a high fundamental frequency in young children’s speech. Additionally, the researcher’s knowledge about the intended vowel quality affects the decision pertaining to vowel formants. A frequency domain band filtering analysis method that minimizes the dependence of the results on F 0 is developed to measure the spectral envelopes in children’s utterances automatically, and is applied to existing utterance data sets of Dutch and Hungarian. One further advantage of the current method is that it selects a maximum of 10 measurement points along the length of the utterance. Data reduction of all filter outputs is achieved via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). By using the first 2 eigenvectors, a reference plane is created. The first two eigenvectors account for 54.2 vs. 58.6% in the Dutch and Hungarian data sets, respectively. Next, a common reference plane for Dutch and Hungarian two-year-olds is constructed by balancing the number of utterances that are analyzed per language. Perceptually judged as being correctly pronounced corner vowels of Dutch- and Hungarian-speaking two-year-old boys were mapped onto this common Dutch–Hungarian reference plane. The band filtering method has shown to be robust with regard to signal-to-noise ratios and to the differences in numbers of measurements.

The role of principal component analysis in vowel acquisition research

Traditional formant analysis techniques have yielded questionable results, due to a high fundamental frequency in young children’s speech. Therefore, an alternative approach for researching vowel acquisition appears desirable. A band-filtering analysis method was developed that minimizes the dependence of the results on F0 to measure the spectral envelopes in children’s utterances automatically. In PRAAT scripts, first the criteria are set with regard to sound quality (to avoid clipped fragments) and F0 (to avoid vowel fragments with F0 above 425 Hz). Secondly, the spectral envelopes covering a range from 0 to 7 kHz, resulting in 40 filter values per spectrum, are calculated. A matrix is produced, representing intensity in each of the 40 filters. Data reduction is achieved via principal component analysis. Previous research (Pols, 1977) suggests that the first two principal components are related to the F1 and F2 values. Analyses of unlabeled vowel productions in 2-year-old Hungarian- and Dutch-speaking children show that the first two eigenvectors account for 55% of the variability. By using these two eigenvectors, a reference plane is created. Mapping labeled vowel measures onto the plane suggests that children produce language-specific vowel categories at this young age. [Work supported by UW and UvA/ACLC.]

The effect of syntactic complexity upon the speech fluency of adolescents and adults who stutter

Past research has shown that syntactic complexity affects stuttering frequency in young children. This study examined whether syntactic complexity continues to do so during adolescence and adulthood. Twelve persons who stutter ( M age=23 years) produced self-generated sentences within a structured conversational task and prepared sentences within a reaction time task. Analysis of length-matched stuttered and fluent conversational utterances showed no difference in the number of clauses or syntactic constituents per utterance. Similarly, analysis of prepared sentences showed no difference in disfluency rates across the four levels of syntactic complexity associated with the task. Stuttering frequency was significantly less during prepared sentences than it was during length-matched conversational utterances. During the prepared sentence task, speakers articulated syntactically complex sentences more rapidly than syntactically simple sentences. Results suggest that adolescent and adults who stutter can produce various grammatical sentence types with comparable fluency, and do so without employing rate-based compensatory strategies. Educational Objectives: (1) Readers will be able to explain the effects of syntactic structure and speaking task upon the speech fluency and articulation rate of adolescents and adults who stutter. (2) Readers will describe some possible directions for future research into syntax–fluency relationships.

Geographical differences in invasive pneumococcal disease rates and serotype frequency in young children

The development of glycoconjugate vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae that are effective in very young children has renewed interest in identification of which among the more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes are most likely to cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Serotype distribution is thought to vary geographically, even between regions as socioeconomically similar as western Europe and North America. To explain these variations, we note the considerable variation that exists between reported rates of IPD in young children in the USA and west European countries. We postulate that this variation is attributable to different blood-culture rates and practices, and that mild IPD is probably underdiagnosed and under-reported in western Europe. On the basis of a comparison of serotype distributions between the two regions, we also postulate that those serotypes found at similar frequencies in both regions are virulent and rarely cause mild disease. As a result, reported distributions of IPD serotypes, especially when expressed as percentages, might be strongly skewed by the distribution of clinical presentations in a particular study population.

Soy milk decreased chronic constipation in young children

(1998) N Engl J Med 339, 1100; Iacono G, Cavataio F, Montalto G, . et al. . Intolerance of cow's milk and chronic constipation in children. . Oct 15; ....

Management of congenital pediatric cholesteatomas : Pansier, S.C., Levenson, M.J., Edelstein, D.R., Bindra, G.S., Han, J.C. and Dolitsky, J.N., Am. J. Otol. (1989) 10/2 (121–123)

During the past 10 years discrete middle ear congenital cholesteatomas have been detected with greater frequency in young children. The increased recognition of this condition is probably related to the pediatricians' greater awareness of this defect, their improved facility with pneumatic otoscopy, and effective audiometric and tympanometric screening procedures. This early detection while the lesions are small and localized facilitates their surgical removal. Clinically, it would appear that congenital cholesteatomas can be subdivided into two categories according to their anatomic locations. The anterior lesions present as an isolated pearl that arise from an area on the anterior surface of the malleus, are usually associated with normal hearing, and have pneumatized mastoids. The posterior lesions do not seem to originate from a clearly defined anatomic area, have a higher incidence of sclerotic mastoids, and erode the ossicular chain commonly producing a hearing loss. The anterior middle ear cholesteatoma probably arises from a persistent epidermoid formation, a structure that normally is present during fetal development of involutes by the 33rd week of gestation. The origin of cholesteatomas arising in the posterior middle ear space remains more controversial.

Human Calicivirus-Associated Diarrhea In Children Attending Day Care Centers

We investigated human calicivirus (HCV)-associated diarrheain children attending day care centers by using stool specimens collected in 1981–1983. We used a screening enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) derived from reagents prepared against the Sapporostrain ofHCV and confirmed positive results with a blocking ELISA an dimmunosorbent electron microscopy. HCV was detected in 11 (2.9%) of 375 diarrheal stools and in none of 86 stools from asymptomatic contacts. This incidence ratewas half that noted for rotaviruses and higher than that noted for Campylobaeter, Salmonella, and Shigella in the original study. HCV was found in stool specimens from children in nine day care centers; HCV-associated diarrhea was sporadic, occurred with greater frequency in young children, and had a summer-fall predominance. Our results indicate that HeV is an important cause of diarrheain day care centers and that frozen stool samples can yield epidemiological data on HCV infection.

Developmental Trends in Vocal Fundamental Frequency of Young Children

Developmental trends in vocal fundamental frequency of young children. Robb, M. P., &amp; Saxman, J. H. September 1985, pp. 421-427. In the Discussion section at the bottom of page 426, two lines were omitted in the paragraph. The entire paragraph should read: Taking into account that such a discontinuity in F 0 [might exist between non-intentional and intentional utterances, an interesting trend for the developmental] course of F 0 variability is suggested. The child's transition from meaningless, phonologically undifferentiated babbling to productions of meaningful speech (11-16 months) is a period in which large interutterance variability might be expected. Even within the transition period of larger variability, the function of decreasing interutterance standard deviation across age is apparent and is depicted quite clearly in Figure 1. We cannot, however, rule out the influence of segment duration on the reported F 0 variability values. The decrease in F 0 standard deviation as a function of age was not independent of segment duration decreases, and as such, the influence of one upon the other is not clearly discernible during this early age period.

Hiatus hernia in children.

THE term congenital diaphragmatic hernia tends to be applied to the dramatic herniation of small intestine and other abdominal organs through the foramen of Bochdalek into the left pleural cavity with consequent acute respiratory disturbances. Such children commonly present as acute emergencies during the first few days of life. However, hiatus hernia is also frequently of congenital origin and this is not only a much more common condition but also one that can lead to much more morbidity and even mortality. Hiatus hernia can be defined as a displacement of the cardio-oesophageal junction above the level of the diaphragm, or a protrusion of part of the stomach through the oesophageal hiatus. Both these types of the abnormality have been demonstrated in the newly born and are being demonstrated with increasing frequency in young children. It is difficult to regard similar conditions presenting in older patients as an entirely different disease but at the same time an explanation must be given to the fact that so many of these cases do not present until the patients reach the age of 50-60 years. The diagnosis can only be made positively by demonstrating cardiooesophageal displacement or herniation of the stomach through the oesophageal hiatus; such demonstration may be achieved at necropsy, at surgical exploration or at radiological examination. The reported incidence of the condition thus tends to vary with the enthusiasm of the radiologist and the availability of special equipment but there is no doubt that continuing improvement in radiological techniques have brought to light many more cases of hiatus hernia in children than had previously been demonstrated as well as many more cases occurring in adults. The increased frequency with which supradiaphragmatic pouches of stomach have been demonstrated on radiological examination has led to an acceptance of the idea that gastro-oesophageal reflux in the newly born and young child is probably an early stage of hiatus hernia; indeed it might be that a hiatus hernia was present but had not been demonstrated. Both in adults and children it is increasingly accepted that the actual hiatus hernia is of far less importance than the consequent functional disturbance at the cardio-oesophageal junction leading to free gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophagitis and possibly oesophageal stricture.