Frequency-domain Model Research Articles

Frequency-Domain Thermal Coupling Model for Power Module With Multi-Paralleled Chips

Frequency-Domain Thermal Coupling Model for Power Module With Multi-Paralleled Chips

Frequency-Domain Modeling of Correlated Gaussian Noise in Kalman Filtering

Frequency-Domain Modeling of Correlated Gaussian Noise in Kalman Filtering

Research on the pressure fluctuations and hydraulic resonance phenomena in the high-pressure pipelines of marine common rail systems

Increasing injection pressures in marine high-pressure common rail systems can lead to reliability issues due to pressure fluctuations. This study investigates the mechanism of hydraulic resonance caused by these fluctuations. A test bench assessed pressure fluctuations under various conditions and fuel pipe parameters, where hydraulic resonance was observed. Time-domain and frequency-domain analyses were conducted on the test results. The system pipeline was then optimized to eliminate hydraulic resonance. Resultsindicate that pressure fluctuations exhibit both high- and low-frequency coupling. Abnormal fluctuations are caused by hydraulic resonance, triggered by the proximity between the excitation frequency of the high-pressure fuel pump and the first-order natural frequency of the system. Resonance speed is influenced by the fuel pipe's structural parameters and the fuel's hydraulic properties. The frequency-domain model shows high predictive accuracy, identifying the interface between the pump and the pipeline as the most probable failure location. Optimization reduced pressure fluctuations at the pump end and the common rail by 73 % and 35.7 %, respectively, and eliminated hydraulic resonance at the original resonance speed. The maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude at the pump end decreased from 410 bar to 167 bar, a 59.3 % reduction. The research methodology presented in this paper provides a theoretical foundation for the structural design of the high-pressure pipeline in high-pressure common rail systems.

DPSNN: Spiking neural network for low-latency streaming speech enhancement

Abstract Speech enhancement (SE) improves communication in noisy environments, affecting areas such as automatic speech recognition, hearing aids, and telecommunications. With these domains typically being power-constrained and event-based, and often requiring low latency, neuromorphic algorithms -- particularly spiking neural networks (SNNs) -- hold significant potential. However, current effective SNN solutions require a long temporal window to calculate Short Time Fourier Transforms (STFTs) and thus impose substantial latency, typically around 32 ms, which is too long for applications such as hearing aids. Inspired by the Dual-path Recurrent Neural Networks (DPRNN) in deep neural networks (DNNs), we develop a two-phase time-domain streaming SNN framework for speech enhancement, named Dual-Path Spiking Neural Network (DPSNN). DPSNNs achieve low latency by replacing the STFT and inverse STFT (iSTFT) in traditional frequency-domain models with a learned convolutional encoder and decoder. In the DPSNN, the first phase uses Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks (SCNNs) to capture temporal contextual information, while the second phase uses Spiking Recurrent Neural Networks (SRNNs) to focus on frequency-related features. In addition, threshold-based activation suppression, along with L_1 regularization loss, is applied to specific non-spiking layers in DPSNNs to further improve their energy efficiency. Evaluating on the VCTK Corpus and Intel N-DNS Challenge dataset, our approach demonstrates excellent performance in speech objective metrics, along with the very low latency (approximately 5 ms) required for applications like hearing aids.

Phenomenological model of gravitational self-force enhanced tides in inspiraling binary neutron stars

Gravitational waves from inspiraling binary neutron stars provide unique access to ultradense nuclear matter and offer the ability to constrain the currently unknown neutron star equation-of-state through tidal measurements. This, however, requires the availability of accurate and efficient tidal waveform models. In this paper we present henom, a new phenomenological tidal phase model for the inspiral of neutron stars in the frequency domain, which captures the gravitational self-force informed tidal contributions of the time-domain effective-one-body model esum. henom is highly faithful and computationally efficient, and by choosing a modular approach, it can be used in conjunction with frequency-domain binary black hole waveform model to generate the complete phase for a binary neutron star inspiral. henom is valid for neutron star binaries with unequal masses and mass ratios between 1 and 3, and dimensionless tidal deformabilities up to 5000. Furthermore, henom does not assume universal relations or parametrized equations of state, hence allowing for exotic matter analyses and beyond standard model physics investigations. We demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of our model through comparisons against esum, numerical relativity waveforms and full Bayesian inference, including a reanalysis of the binary neutron star observation GW170817. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A novel numerical model for evaluating the high-frequency vibration intensity of the headrace tunnel in pumped storage power station

High-frequency pressure pulsation induced by the rotor-stator interaction is a frequently observed phenomenon in pumped storage power stations. The propagation of the pulsation can induce severe problems associated with the vibration and noise in the headrace tunnel. Considering this engineering problem, we aimed to develop a numerical model for predicting the vibration identity of the headrace tunnel and to provide boundary condition for investigating the environmental vibrations. In the proposed numerical model, the interactions in the fluid-pipe-surrounding medium system were considered. And the effect of the surrounding medium was decoupled based on the propagation characteristics of P- and S-waves. The established numerical model avoids the need to solve for the dynamics of the entire surrounding medium. The results derived from the proposed time-domain model were compared with those obtained from the frequency-domain model and 3D FSI simulation, which validated the correctness of the proposed numerical model. Simulation results for an actual pumped storage power station revealed that, considering the influence of surrounding rock, the vibration amplitude of the pipe wall was on the order of 10−7m. This amplitude was reduced by over tenfold, indicating that the surrounding rock significantly dampened the vibration intensity of the headrace tunnel.

An improved frequency domain model for floating offshore wind turbines

Abstract A cost- and time-efficient design evaluation tool can assist the FOWT industry in evaluating many different concepts. An open source frequency domain model for FOWT applications shows promising results for the integral, coupled response, but clear differences to higher fidelity time-domain studies are observed. In this work, the hydrodynamic modelling is improved by using a potential flow diffraction code, and the implementation of the floating feedback mechanism has been improved. Attempts have been made to improve the mooring system modelling by implementing a lumped mass approach, and to include the excitation of a turbulent wind spectrum. A good match in the system’s motion responses is obtained in the wave frequent range when compared to time-domain results. At lower frequencies, the excitation from the turbulent wind spectrum remains to be improved on. At higher frequencies, the mooring line modelling is to be improved for reliable results. For both effects, a clear outline is set up to improve in future work. The current model is capable of accurately modelling fully coupled wave-frequent motions in combined wind-wave environments in an efficient manner. When the suggested improvements are incorporated in future work, it is expected that a good match in the low- and high-frequency ranges can be obtained as well, allowing to study the full motion- and mooring tension response. Finally the tool will give developers and designers the opportunity to evaluate a large amount of designs in a cost and time efficient manner.

Support condition identification for monopile-supported offshore wind turbines based on time domain model updating

The soil-structure interaction (SSI), which presents intricate nonlinearities and inevitably varies throughout the structural lifetime, is critical for the structural performance of monopile-supported offshore wind turbines (OWTs). Since its direct monitoring is challenging, a new time domain model updating method for support condition identification of monopile-supported OWTs is proposed in this study. A distributed spring-dashpot model incorporating nonlinear stiffness and damping is used to simulate the SSI. Time-domain responses of the OWT are used to construct the objective function for model updating. Vibration tests on a scaled model of the DTU 10 MW OWT are performed in the laboratory to verify the proposed method. The model updating results based on the test data show that the mean squared error between simulated and measured responses is less than 0.011, significantly smaller than the results obtained by using the traditional frequency-domain model updating methods. These findings demonstrated that the proposed distributed spring-dashpot model can accurately capture the complex nonlinearity in SSI and that the proposed time-domain model updating method can be used to identify the support conditions of monopile-supported OWTs. The methodology is expected to contribute significantly to enhancing the efficiency of the operation and maintanence for OWTs.

A frequency-domain finite element model for simulating high temperature superconductors using the J-A and T-A formulations

Abstract The AC losses, the current density and the magnetic field are important variables to design devices made of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). These variables are often numerically computed using a transient finite element analysis even though the interest may lay in the steady-state regime of the device. The need for solving time-dependent variables has led to improve the computation time with efficient finite element models (FEM) relying on different formulations. These transient FEM are computationally slow and demanding in terms of resources. In the present work, an alternative path is taken with the development of a frequency-domain FEM using a phasor representation to alleviate the computation burden. This model does not have the versatility of the transient models. However, it can generate the initial steady-state conditions for a subsequent transient analysis. It is perfectly adapted to study the steady-state regime of HTS devices operated in AC conditions. In this phasor modelling approach, the Root Mean Square (RMS) resistivity of the superconductor is introduced. It is subsequently approximated by an exponential function introducing a factor to ease its implementation in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics with the most recent and fastest formulations T-A and J-A. The case studies encompass single BSCCO and REBCO tapes as well as a CORC cable or specifically, in the present work, a CORT (Conductor on Round Tube). The results of the time- and frequency-domain FEM simulations are compared against experimental data. The comparison of the models' results is carried out comparing the current density distributions as well as the AC losses. The comparison against experimental data is only conducted on the AC losses. In the present case, it is used to quantify thoroughly the accuracy of the numerical results compared to the measurements. A reasonable agreement between those results and the experimental data was found. 

Cross-Scale Decoupling Kinetic Processes in Lithium-Ion Batteries Using the Multi-Dimensional Distribution of Relaxation Time.

To non-destructively resolve and diagnose the degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), it is necessary to cross-scale decouple complex kinetic processes through the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). However, LIBs with low interfacial impedance render DRT unreliable without data processing and closed-loop validation. This study proposes a hierarchical analytical framework to enhance timescale resolution and reduce uncertainty, including interfacial impedance reconstruction and multi-dimensional DRT analysis. Interfacial impedance is reconstructed by eliminating simulated inductive and diffusive impedance based on a high-fidelity frequency-domain model. Multi-dimensional DRT decouples solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and charge transfer (CT) processes by the reversibility of electrochemical reactions with state of charge (SOC) to characterize electrode kinetic evolution driven by SOC and temperature through timescales and peak area. The findings reveal that reconstructed impedance improves the accuracy of identified time constants by ≈20%. Cross-scale DRT results reveal that SOCs below 10% at 25 °C effectively distinguish electrode kinetics due to the high correlation between cathodic CT and SOC. Kinetic metrics characterize that anodic SEI or CT are different control steps limiting the low-temperature performance of different cells. This work underscores the potential of the proposed framework for non-destructive diagnostics of kinetic evolution.

Effect of uncorrelated sources assumption on railway vibration modelling

In classical railway vibrations studies, wheel-rail contact points are considered as point sources uncorrelated from each other. This approach gives a more reliable source for vibration impact assessment studies along railways which can be based on in situ experimental measurements or on numerical models. This is also related to the fact that the combined wheel-rail roughness that cannot be perfectly known. This postulation allows using a line spectral force density combined with a line transfer mobility. However, all sources are generated by the same system (train, railway and ground) and are in reality correlated in some way. This paper investigates the effect of sources decorrelation on ground vibration estimation. Numerical models in time and frequency domain are used allowing comparisons for several identical configurations. Results are discussed in detail to understand the effect of sources uncorrelation approach.

Frequency-domain analysis of CMOS-driven interconnects utilizing doped multilayer graphene nanoribbons and mixed carbon nanotube bundles

A frequency-domain model is developed to analyze isolated interconnects of multilayer graphene-nanoribbon (MLGNR) and mixed carbon-nanotube bundle (MCB) driven by CMOS gates. The model derived is founded on an equivalent-single-conductor model of MLGNR and MCB that takes thermal considerations into account (i.e. TD-ESC). The model includes the derivation of transfer function of interconnect to estimate its delay and bandwidth performance. The attained results, reveals that among the neutral MLGNR (N-MLGNR), intercalation doped MLGNR (ID-MLGNR) intercalated with FeCl3, MCB and Cu interconnects, FeCl3 ID-MLGNR achieves the best bandwidth efficiency. At a global interconnect length of 1 mm, FeCl3 ID-MLGNR outperforms N-MLGNR, MCB, and Cu in terms of bandwidth with an improved bandwidth value of 12.2 GHz, 7 GHz, and 61.4 GHz, respectively. Further, employing the proposed CMOS-gate-driven model, for FeCl3 ID-MLGNR, bandwidth is improved by nearly 7.52 × at global length (∼1 mm) in relation to the linear resistance model. Additionally, TD-ESC dependency of the proposed model reveals that FeCl3 ID-MLGNR becomes more stable as interconnect resistance increases.

Average‐derivative optimized 21‐point and improved 25‐point forward modelling and full waveform inversion in frequency domain

Average‐derivative optimized 21‐point and improved 25‐point forward modelling and full waveform inversion in frequency domain

A novel framework for low-temperature fast charging of lithium-ion batteries without lithium plating

This paper proposes a novel framework for low-temperature fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without lithium plating. The framework includes three key components: modeling, constraints, and strategy design. In the modeling phase, a new electro-thermal coupled model is introduced, which integrates both frequency-domain and time-domain electro-thermal coupled models. They optimize the bidirectional pulsed current (BPC) heating parameters and charging current, respectively. Terminal voltage boundaries and lithium plating serve as constraints. Terminal voltage is confined within upper and lower limits to prevent battery overcharge and overdischarge. Lithium plating avoidance entails setting a minimum frequency for BPC heating. During charging, lithium plating is mitigated by maintaining negative potential above 0 V. To obtain calculated negative electrode potential, a three-electrode battery is employed to calibrate the electro-thermal coupled model parameters. Subsequently, a novel low-temperature fast charging strategy is devised. This strategy enables intelligent switching between BPC heating and charging, while also synergistically optimizing BPC heating parameters and charging current. The strategy also achieves optimization of both charging speed and energy consumption. Charging the battery SOC from 0.2 to 0.9 in 42 min at −10 °C, without triggering lithium plating, is feasible with this proposed strategy. Compared to strategies focusing solely on current amplitude optimization, heating followed by charging, and traditional methods, this heating strategy exhibits the highest charging speed.

Adaptive QSMO-Based Sensorless Drive for IPM Motor with NN-Based Transient Position Error Compensation

In commercial electrical equipment, the popular sensorless drive scheme for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor, based on the quasi-sliding mode observer (QSMO) and phase-locked loop (PLL), still faces challenges such as position errors and limited applicability across a wide speed range. To address these problems, this paper analyzes the frequency domain model of the QSMO. A QSMO-based parameter adaptation method is proposed to adjust the boundary layer and widen the speed operating range, considering the QSMO bandwidth. A QSMO-based phase lag compensation method is proposed to mitigate steady-state position errors, considering the QSMO phase lag. Then, the PLL model is analyzed to select the estimated speed difference for transient position error compensation. Specifically, a transient position error compensator based on a feedback time delay neural network (FB-TDNN) is proposed. Based on the back propagation learning algorithm, the specific structure and optimal parameters of the FB-TDNN are determined during the offline training process. The proposed parameter adaptation method and two position error compensation methods were validated through simulations in simulated wide-speed operation scenarios, including sudden speed changes. Overall, the proposed scheme fully mitigates steady-state position errors, substantially mitigates transient position errors, and exhibits good stability across a wide speed range.

Unsteady Lifting-Line Theory for Camber Morphing Wings State-Space Aeroelastic Modeling

A novel frequency-domain analytical-numerical model for the aerodynamic solution of camber morphing wings is developed. The model combines an unsteady lifting-line formulation with Küssner–Schwarz aerodynamic theory to provide the pressure distribution and thus the transcendental aerodynamic matrix that relates the generalized aerodynamic forces to the Lagrangian coordinates of a given wing structural dynamics model. The state-space form of the aerodynamic loads is obtained from the rational matrix approximation of the aerodynamic matrix. This, combined with the wing structural dynamics operator, can readily provide the state-space form of the aeroelastic problem. To assess the accuracy of the proposed aerodynamic solution method, numerical investigations are performed. These consist of its application to several conventional wing configurations and wings with camber morphing, followed by the comparisons of the corresponding solutions with the predictions given by a well-validated panel-method solver for potential flows. These results are shown to be in very good agreement, thus demonstrating that the proposed approach can capture the effects due to wing tapering, sweep angle, and camber morphing, while requiring a remarkably lower computational effort. The excellent accuracy of a few-pole finite-state approximation of the aerodynamic matrix is finally proven for a swept wing with camber morphing.

Frequency-Domain Model of Microfluidic Molecular Communication Channels With Graphene BioFET-Based Receivers

Frequency-Domain Model of Microfluidic Molecular Communication Channels With Graphene BioFET-Based Receivers

Frequency response sensitivity to crack for piezoelectric FGM beam subjected to moving load

Since functionally graded material (FGM) is increasingly used in high-tech engineering, free and forced vibrations of FGM structures become an important issue. This report addresses the analysis of frequency response sensitivity to crack for piezoelectric FGM beams subjected to moving load. First, a frequency domain model of a cracked FGM beam with a piezoelectric layer is conducted to derive an explicit expression of the electrical charge produced in the piezoelectric layer under the moving load. It was shown in the previous works of the authors that the electrical charge is a reliable representation of the beam frequency response to moving load and can be efficiently employed as a measured diagnostic signal for structural health monitoring. Then, a damage indicator acknowledged as a spectral damage index (SDI) calculated from the electrical frequency response is introduced and used for sensitivity analysis of the response to crack. Under the sensitivity analysis the effect also of FGM and moving load parameters on the sensitivity is examined and illustrated by numerical results.

Optimized Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Substructure Design Trends for 10–30 MW Turbines in Low-, Medium-, and High-Severity Wave Environments

Floating offshore wind is a promising renewable energy source, as 60% of the wind resources globally are found at depths requiring floating technologies, it minimizes construction at sea, and provides opportunities for industrialization given a lower site dependency. While floating offshore wind has numerous advantages, a current obstacle is its cost in comparison to more established energy sources. One cost-reduction approach for floating wind is increasing turbine capacities, which minimizes the amount of foundations, moorings, cables, and O&M equipment. This work presents trends in mass-optimized VolturnUS hull designs as turbine capacity increases for various wave environments. To do this, a novel rapid hull optimization framework is presented that employs frequency domain modeling, estimations of statistical extreme responses, industry constructability requirements, and genetic algorithm optimization to generate preliminary mass-optimal VolturnUS hull designs for a given turbine design and set of site conditions. Using this framework, mass-optimized VolturnUS hull designs were generated for 10–30 MW turbines for wave environments of varying severities. These design studies show that scaling up turbine capacities increases the mass efficiency of substructure designs, with decreasing returns, throughout the examined turbine capacity range. Additionally, increased wave environment severity is shown to increase the required mass of a given substructure design.

Nonlinear modelling of arrays of submerged wave energy converters

Studies of arrays of wave energy converters (WECs) with respect to power absorption and array interactions are often performed using linear models. However, nonlinear effects can be important and may change power estimates and optimal array designs. In this study, we have compared linear predictions of the behaviour of a shallowly submerged, buoyant point absorber with predictions from the nonlinear model SWASH with a WEC incorporated (WEC-SWASH). The latter was first comprehensively validated against 1:20 Froude scaled measured data from physical experiments. WEC-SWASH predictions of body motions and mean power absorption were generally in good agreement with measurements (absolute bias within 25%), although some discrepancies were observed in the body motions, especially when the device exhibited motion instabilities. The validated WEC-SWASH model was then compared with a linear frequency-domain model, as the latter is well-known and widely used because of its computational efficiency. Model comparisons were carried out for both an isolated WEC and small arrays (up to 5 devices). The mean power estimates from the linear model and WEC-SWASH for two representative wave farms showed good agreement for mild waves, with a difference of less than 5%. However, for larger waves, the disagreement increased to about 75 to 85% between the models (for the two wave farms tested). We found that array interactions for these arrays depend on wave amplitude and not just wave frequency. Furthermore, we discovered that the power take-off coefficients optimized using the linear model were not the optimum coefficients for the nonlinear model (WEC-SWASH).