Frequency Dictionary Research Articles

Problem utożsamiania liczby porządkowej z rangą w polskich słownikach frekwencyjnych

THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING AN ORDINAL NUMBER WITH A RANKING POLISH FREQUENCY DICTIONARIES The frequency dictionaries listed in the title contain three ranking lists based on the F index (absolute frequency), U index (relative frequency) and D index (measure of uniformity and distribution in styles). There are serious objections to the method used, according to which, when the F, U or D index values are equal, the entry rank (i.e. the number in the list) is decided by the alphabetical order. In case of words with high frequencies, each word is usually assigned a separate rank, because they differ in frequency. With increasingly lower frequencies, the same frequency is shared by a few, a dozen, a few hundred or even thousands of words (for example frequency 2 or 1). Words with the same frequency should have the same rank. In Polish frequency dictionaries, however, their rank differs depending on the alphabetical order. Hence, the ordinal number of a word is made equal to its rank. I believe that such method falls short of scholarly standards, because words with the same frequency differ considerably in rank. For example, in the Polish frequency dictionary (Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej, Kraków 1990), words with frequency 4 are assigned ranks from 8739 (abstrahować) to 10355 (żywot) – a difference of 1616 places on the ranking list. For words with frequency 3, 2 and 1, the differences in the ranking list would be much greater. The ordinal number of words is not equated with their rank in, among others, frequency dictionaries of Slovak and Croatian as well as the Bulgarian dictionary of colloquial speech. Nevertheless, many frequency dictionaries of various languages do equate the number and the rank. Therefore, a discussion involving linguists interested in statistical linguistics is necessary.

Variation in the 1sg.indef: More than you wanted to know

AbstractThe first person singular indefinite or non-definite of Hungarian verbs that end in -ik shows variation between the regular -k suffix and the -m suffix, used otherwise in the definite. This variation is systematic and subject to metalinguistic awareness. Our study relies on previous quantitative work, a frequency dictionary compiled from the new Hungarian Webcorpus, as well as a forced-choice elicitation experiment to assess the role of word frequency, word length, derivational endings, and across-form similarity in shaping this variation. We find that first person singular indefinite variation is largely defined by natural categories: verbs that look similar will also show a similar preference to -k/-m. This pattern is attested in the webcorpus as well as in participant responses in the elicitation task.

Speech Audiometry: The Development of Lithuanian Bisyllabic Phonemically Balanced Word Lists for Evaluation of Speech Recognition

Background and Objectives: Speech audiometry employs standardized materials, typically in the language spoken by the target population. Language-specific nuances, including phonological features, influence speech perception and recognition. The material of speech audiometry tests for the assessment of word recognition comprises lists of words that are phonemically or phonetically balanced. As auditory perception is influenced by a variety of linguistic features, it is necessary to develop test materials for the listener’s mother tongue. The objective of our study was to compose and evaluate new lists of Lithuanian words to assess speech recognition abilities. Materials and Methods: The main criteria for composing new lists of Lithuanian words included the syllable structure and frequency, the correlation between consonant and vowel phonemes, the frequency of specific vowel and consonant phonemes, word familiarity and rate. The words for the new lists were chosen from the Frequency Dictionary of Written Lithuanian according to the above criteria. Word recognition was assessed at different levels of presentations. The word list data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effect model for repeated measures. Results: Two hundred bisyllabic words were selected and organized into four lists. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the four sets of words. The interaction of the word list and presentation level was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Monaural performance functions indicated good inter-list reliability with no significant differences between the word recognition scores on the different bisyllabic word lists at each of the tested intensities. The word lists developed are equivalent, reliable and can be valuable for assessing speech recognition in a variety of conditions, including diagnosis, hearing rehabilitation and research.

ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ЛИНГВИСТИКА В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН: ОСНОВНЫЕ ВЕХИ

The article analyzes the development of applied linguistics within the framework of Bashkir linguistics, as well as the formation of this field. Most researchers working in the field of applied linguistics consider it to be a multidisciplinary field that encompasses all existing research. However, there is still no clear definition of what constitutes this term. In the article, applied linguistics is defined as referring to areas that involve the use of mathematical methods, computer-aided text processing, and the creation and analysis of linguistic databases. These areas have been active fields of research at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for over 30 years. The first steps towards this goal in the Bashkir linguistics were taken by the group “Automation of Lexicography”, which was founded in 1991. During its 11-year existence, the team developed frequency dictionaries for the language in the works of classical Bashkir literature by D. Yulty, as well as frequency dictionaries on different styles of Bashkir, primary school textbooks, and other materials. Due to the widespread adoption of computer technologies, which required the creation of standards for software, localization, support for operating systems, and promotion of the Bashkir language online, a laboratory for linguistics and information technology has been established on the basis of this group. The laboratory successfully completed these tasks: they presented standards for keyboard layouts and code tables; they participated in the localization of Lexicon, FineReader, Mozilla, Disco Commander and Chameleon programs; and they created national fonts and implemented language support for Windows and Linux operating systems. These works were the foundation for the full functionality of the language in the digital world. On their basis, the laboratory developed a terminological database operating on the internet, an information system for the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language, and corpus projects on prose, journalist and folklore texts in the Bashkir language. Based on these latter projects, certain issues regarding the syntactic structures of proverbs and sayings in the national language have been investigated. In order to continue dialectological research and to create a database of dialects of the national language, the laboratory was transformed into the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology in 2022. Today, the department continues to work on corpus projects of the Bashkir language and collects expedition materials for a geographic information database on regional dialects. Based on these materials, a great deal of scientific work is carried out to clarify problems of the function of oral Bashkir speech within the media, as well as to determine phonetic and lexico-grammatical characteristics of the Northwest dialect.

Using semantic paradigms as tools for foreign language teaching: theory and practice

Relevance. The relevance of the aforementioned study topic is motivated by the progressive activity of mankind in terms of the development of the information society, the growing demand for foreign language skills and the problem of learning a foreign language, as the large amount of information that needs to be assimilated certainly slows down this process. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using semantic paradigms as tools for foreign language teaching; the existing developments that have been used to date and the results of their use. Methodology. The methodological approach is based on an analytical study of the use of semantic paradigms (examples are given of the use of semantic frequency dictionaries to increase the efficiency and speed of learning a foreign language) as tools for foreign language learning. Results. The main results that were obtained during the study can be considered: the evaluation of the effectiveness of the introduction of semantic paradigms and interaction with native speakers in the context of foreign language learning, the prospects of semantic paradigms in foreign language teaching among higher education representatives, along with the formed conclusions on how the use of semantic paradigms affects the quality of acquired knowledge. Conclusions. The results of this scientific research, as well as the conclusions formulated during its conduct, are of the greatest importance for people who pursue the goal of learning a foreign language for personal and professional purposes and for foreign language teachers who may use effective, non-traditional teaching methods in their practice. Furthermore, psychologists whose work centres on science and theory can broaden the scope of their studies on the example of this investigation.

Ideographic Dictionaries as desiderata of Author Lexicography

This article presents an analytical review of dictionaries created within the framework of ideographic author lexicography as a particular direction of general author lexicography and the most productive in terms of modelling artistic images of the world. An analysis of the scholarly literature dealing with the issues of this direction is also proposed. The aim of the study is to identify the typological features of dictionaries of the selected variety, to characterise the principles of compiling such dictionaries and to identify the approaches proposed in dictionary projects. The main method of the study is dictionary criticism, which includes the description of dictionaries, their analysis and scholarly evaluation. The interest in the ideographic form of the dictionary representation of the author’s language was born in the Russian lexicography at the turn of the twenty-first century. At present, the number of such dictionaries is small in relation to the demand and desirability of their use, which is explained by the general commitment of lexicographers to the traditional alphabetic form of the description of the author’s language. The analysis of the available dictionaries makes it possible to divide them, taking into account the different typological characteristics, mainly into monographic and summary dictionaries (representing the language of one or more authors). The dictionaries of the first group demonstrate the possibility of modelling fragments of the world view of a single author with the inclusion of different lexical arrangements: the entire vocabulary of the French poems of F. Tyutchev; occasional units of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin; figurative nominations in the poetry of A. Gorodnitsky. This makes it possible to predict the expansion of the composition of objects of interpretation in “one-author” ideographic dictionaries. At the same time, the form of a summary dictionary is relevant in the description of figurative means for recreating fragments of a general artistic image of the world. The article emphasises that in order to assess the degree of expression of the ideographic base in author lexicography, it is important to take into account dictionaries of other types that contain an ideographic component (for example, in the form of thematic word lists as part of frequency dictionaries of the writer’s language). The observations made during the analysis of scholarly publications on the subject of the study indicate possible vectors of the development of ideographic author lexicography. One of them relates to the use of the method of poetic ideography developed by scholars of the Ural Semantic School.

What do the most frequent anthroponyms say in the framework of the discipline "Classical Literature"

The article is devoted to the most frequent anthroponymic lexemes that are used within the framework of the discipline "Classical Literature". The subject of the research was the upper part (the first ten in terms of frequency of anthroponyms) of the frequency dictionary, compiled on the basis of textbooks on the specified subject area. Anthroponyms are presented in the article both in a short and in their full version, that is, taking into account cognomen or prenomen. The research methodology consists in a combination of quantitative automated and manual analysis, and contextual analysis was also applied. The scientific novelty of the conducted research lies in the differentiation of thematic and non-thematic anthroponyms and in identifying the reasons for the usage of names in sections and chapters of the textbook that are not devoted to them. In the course of the research, it was found out that the fundamental factor that influences the quantitative indicators of the use of a particular lexeme is the thematic affiliation of a particular textbook. This approach makes it possible to distinguish the center (where the frequency thematic anthroponyms are located) and the periphery (where the infrequent non-thematic anthroponyms are located) of the onomastic space. In addition to this difference, common indicators for all textbooks were also identified. Most of the units (49 from 50) included in the top ten in frequency are used in the content of textbooks not only in the sections devoted to them, but also in others, which deal with other personalities. Such usage of the names of real historical figures suggests an increase in their importance within the framework of the discipline "Classical Literature". In addition, it was possible to identify and classify the reasons for such use of names.

СТИЛЬОВА ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОМОВНИХ ТЕКСТІВ ЗА ЧАСТИНАМИ МОВИ (ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ЛІНГВОСТАТИСТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ)

Вackground. The article describes an experimental linguistic and statistical study of the functional and authorial styles of the Ukrainian language, the formation of a statistical apparatus, and the application of statistical methods in establishing style-distinguishing features of Ukrainian-language media texts based on frequency dictionaries of parts of speech from the Ukrainian Language Corpus and the results of the TextAttributor 1.0 system (http://ta.mova.info). The article's authors are members of the development team of both information systems. Methods. The study used the method of modeling the stylometric structure of the text, the Student's t-test, comparative analysis of empirical data with a confidence interval for the mean square deviation, and the method of graphical representation of the stylometric model. Results. Using the automated tools of the Ukrainian Language Corpus, we calculated absolute and relative frequencies of parts of speech in Ukrainian-language texts, and the statistical behavior of parts of speech was analyzed in terms of relative frequency in functional styles (fictional prose (~ 55 million word usages); media style (~ 40 million word usages)), as well as in 8 text samples of media texts from authorial Telegram channels. The Student's t-test demonstrated that the statistical characteristics of parts of speech could serve as differential probabilities of an author's style. Additionally, the article characterizes a dynamic stylometric model implemented in the TextAttributor 1.0 system. This model attributes media texts based on 18 statistical parameters, 8 of which distinguish the part-of-speech statistical structure of the text. The obtained results indicate that the empirical statistical data of parts of speech, compared with the confidence intervals of the Ukrainian language media style, determine the individual stylistic manner of the author. Conclusions. The linguistic and statistical experiment convincingly shows that parts of speech form the statistical structure of the text, which varies depending on the functional or authorial style. The multi-parameter part-of-speech model substantiated in the study allows each examined text to determine which statistical parameters are neutral and which are differential stylometric probabilities. This model can be a benchmark for linguistic and statistical analysis of texts in other languages.

Перечень лексических комбинаций в макроструктуре частотного авторского словаря: к постановке проблемы

The article examines the informational and functional potential of lexical combinations in the macrostructure of Boris Ryzhy’s Digital Frequency Dictionary, which is currently in the active development stage. To identify lexical combinations in the material of Boris Ryzhy’s poetry, the computer program “Hypertext Search of Satellite Words in Author’s Texts” was used. As a result of the conducted research, recurring groups of words were discovered in different poems, forming the implicit composition of the analyzed poetic corpus. The applied significance of lexical combinations in the focus of authorial lexicography is determined: the obtained information about hidden intertextual connections refines the role of keywords and complements the dictionary’s card file, opening up broad prospects for a multi-dimensional analysis of Boris Ryzhy’s lexical heritage.

Computational Analysis of Printed Arabic Text Database for Natural Language Processing

A frequency dictionary of printed Arabic text is essential for natural language processing. It includes 1,251 XML files of Arabic documents collected from ten newspapers and magazines from different countries and created as the PATD database. A total of 2,344 articles were created with various structures: open vocabulary, multi-font, multi-size, and multi-style text. From these articles, 1,102,078 tokens, 19,926 sentences, and 1,000,000 words were extracted. This dictionary provides detailed information for each word, including English equivalents, usage statistics, usage distribution, and the most widely used terms. A thematic vocabulary list of the top words on various topics is also provided. This frequency dictionary is a useful resource of modern Arabic vocabulary for various specialists, students, and learners. The frequency dictionary is freely available to interested researchers on the webpage.

Characteristics of Multi-Class Suicide Risks Tweets Through Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Techniques

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the linguistic characteristics connected to specific levels of suicide risks, providing insight into the impact of the feature extraction techniques on the effectiveness of the predictive models of suicide ideation. Prevalent initiatives of research works had been observed in the detection of suicide ideation from social media posts through feature extraction and machine learning techniques but scarcely on the multiclass classification of suicide risks and analysis of linguistic characteristics' impact on predictability. To address this issue, this paper proposes the implementation of a machine learning framework that is capable of analyzing multiclass classification of suicide risks from social media posts with extended analysis of linguistic characteristics that contribute to suicide risk detection. A total of 552 samples of a supervised dataset of Twitter posts were manually annotated for suicide risk modeling. Feature extraction was done through a combination of feature extraction techniques of term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging, and valence-aware dictionary for sentiment reasoning (VADER). Data training and modeling were conducted through the Random Forest technique. Testing of 138 samples with scenarios of detections in real-time data for the performance evaluation yielded 86.23% accuracy, 86.71% precision, and 86.23% recall, an improved result with a combination of feature extraction techniques rather than data modeling techniques. An extended analysis of linguistic characteristics showed that a sentence's context is the main contributor to suicide risk classification accuracy, while grammatical tags and strong conclusive terms were not.

Characteristics of Multi-Class Suicide Risks Tweets Through Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Techniques

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the linguistic characteristics connected to specific levels of suicide risks, providing insight into the impact of the feature extraction techniques on the effectiveness of the predictive models of suicide ideation. Prevalent initiatives of research works had been observed in the detection of suicide ideation from social media posts through feature extraction and machine learning techniques but scarcely on the multiclass classification of suicide risks and analysis of linguistic characteristics' impact on predictability. To address this issue, this paper proposes the implementation of a machine learning framework that is capable of analyzing multiclass classification of suicide risks from social media posts with extended analysis of linguistic characteristics that contribute to suicide risk detection. A total of 552 samples of a supervised dataset of Twitter posts were manually annotated for suicide risk modeling. Feature extraction was done through a combination of feature extraction techniques of term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging, and valence-aware dictionary for sentiment reasoning (VADER). Data training and modeling were conducted through the Random Forest technique. Testing of 138 samples with scenarios of detections in real-time data for the performance evaluation yielded 86.23% accuracy, 86.71% precision, and 86.23% recall, an improved result with a combination of feature extraction techniques rather than data modeling techniques. An extended analysis of linguistic characteristics showed that a sentence's context is the main contributor to suicide risk classification accuracy, while grammatical tags and strong conclusive terms were not.

Characteristics of Multi-Class Suicide Risks Tweets Through Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Techniques

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the linguistic characteristics connected to specific levels of suicide risks, providing insight into the impact of the feature extraction techniques on the effectiveness of the predictive models of suicide ideation. Prevalent initiatives of research works had been observed in the detection of suicide ideation from social media posts through feature extraction and machine learning techniques but scarcely on the multiclass classification of suicide risks and analysis of linguistic characteristics' impact on predictability. To address this issue, this paper proposes the implementation of a machine learning framework that is capable of analyzing multiclass classification of suicide risks from social media posts with extended analysis of linguistic characteristics that contribute to suicide risk detection. A total of 552 samples of a supervised dataset of Twitter posts were manually annotated for suicide risk modeling. Feature extraction was done through a combination of feature extraction techniques of term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging, and valence-aware dictionary for sentiment reasoning (VADER). Data training and modeling were conducted through the Random Forest technique. Testing of 138 samples with scenarios of detections in real-time data for the performance evaluation yielded 86.23% accuracy, 86.71% precision, and 86.23% recall, an improved result with a combination of feature extraction techniques rather than data modeling techniques. An extended analysis of linguistic characteristics showed that a sentence's context is the main contributor to suicide risk classification accuracy, while grammatical tags and strong conclusive terms were not.

ON THE FREQUENCY OF WORDS IN DERIVATIONAL PAIRS

When studying the frequency indicators of derivative lexemes, hypotheses were put forward about their possible connection with the nature of motivation. However, due to the great laboriousness of manual quantitative analysis, this connection was demonstrated on the material of relatively small samples and for groups of derivative words predetermined by the researcher. Given the availability of data on individual derivational types, there is still no general picture of the correlation of frequency indicators in different word-formational structures. In this paper, the material of the linguistic database “MorphyNetˮ and the “New frequency dictionary of Russian vocabularyˮ is involved in the study. As a result of an automated analysis of more than 50 000 derivational pairs in the Russian language, some types of correlations between the frequency indicators of the source word and of the derived word have been established. Several derivational types have been identified, which are characterized by a certain kind of such correlation. It is concluded that higher frequency rates of the derived word compared to the frequency of the source word may indicate a weakening or modification of the word-formational relations between them.

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF PROPER NAMES IN TEXTBOOKS ON THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE ‘CLASSICAL LITERATURE’

The article is devoted to the frequency analysis of anthroponymic units in textbooks on the discipline ‘Classical Literature’. The analysis of these lexical units was carried out in two stages — first by computer, and then by manual processing of texts. The objective of the research was to identify the lexical features of the text of the subject area, as well as the features of the frequency dictionary of the discipline ‘Classical Literature’, due to the uniqueness of the course under consideration. The article discusses one of the features of the terminological component of the discipline ‘Classical Literature’ — terminological syncretism. The essence of this concept in the discipline under consideration is that on the pages of textbooks on Classical Literature for higher educational institutions, you can find the terminology of other areas of knowledge. Thus, the study of the discipline under consideration presupposes knowledge of the terminological units of such fields of knowledge as history, philosophy, rhetoric, and others. Also, in the course of the research, it was possible to identify the feature of the composition, the specifics of the types and functions of anthroponyms in textbooks on Classical Literature against the background of other disciplines. In addition, the automated frequency analysis of vocabulary made it possible to identify the richest and poorest textbooks in terms of the number of anthroponyms, as well as unique anthroponyms. Automated analysis of anthroponyms in textbooks has both methodological and scientific value. Methodologically this research is important for preparation the lexical minimum of the discipline. And its scientific significance consists in the fact that frequency analysis correlates with the periodization of the object of research and with the point of view of each of the authors on it.

A sparse dictionary representation approach for anti-scattering grid artifact removal in X-ray images

The aim of this work is to introduce a new joint estimation approach for anatomical content and artifacts in digital radiography. Herein, we apply this approach to the anti-scattering grid suppression problem. These grids are generally used in low-dose radiography to improve the image contrast by absorbing the scattered radiation. However, they introduce an irregular stripe pattern in the clinical images which can hinder the diagnosis made by the radiologist.The problem is tackled in a sparse dictionary representation framework with an observation and prior models accounting for the physical model of image contents. Thus, the anatomical content is supposed to be sparsely represented by a Fourier or K-SVD dictionary. Furthermore, the artifact is modeled by a frequency dictionary. In addition, the noise is modeled by a locally stationary Gaussian distribution with zero mean and unknown variance. The joint estimation of all the projections is then performed using two methods: Beam-forming (IAA) and Bayesian (SUBLIM). Moreover, patch-wise processing is applied to avoid models’ errors due to spatial variations of the clinical contents and the artifact.IAA and SUBLIM performance is demonstrated for the anti-scattering grid extraction problem using experimental and real clinical images. The proposed methods remove gridline artifacts while maintaining the image details and avoiding ringing artifacts. In addition, they produce better results compared to the conventional filtering approaches, especially when the metallic materials are present in or on the patients. SUBLIM outperforms IAA in those regions thanks to a better clinical content model and physical noise prior.

THE ROLE OF THE FORMULA COMPONENT IN THE ORGANIZATION OF STYLE AND GENRE OF ZHYRAU POETRY XV-XVIII CENTURIES

In this study, for the first time, the role of formula units in the organization of the style and genre of Kazakh zhyrau oral poetry of the XV–XVIII centuries is explored. The main goal of the paper is to study the poetic technique and formulary of zhyrau oral poetry, to identify and describe their connection with ancient historical and genetic sources: suggestion, magic and rhythmic incantations, as well as a description of their direct function – the organization of the style and genre of oral poetry. Formula-style units were studied for the first time on the material of the heroic poetry of zhyrau of the XV–XVIII centuries. For the first time in scholastic research, the Parry-Lord method of oral theory is also used, which attaches the most basic importance to formulas and poetic technique in the organization of the text.The historical-genetic and structural-semantic methods of studying the text were used, which made it possible to identify the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of the zhyrau art of the XV–XVIII centuries as traditional, but dominant, the types and functions of formulas and formula formations. The practical value of the paper lies in the further development of this method on the material of other carriers of the oral poetic culture of the Kazakh people, in writing the monograph ―Poetic Word in Myth, Rite and Ritual‖, dedicated to the oral poetic culture of the Kazakh people and prepared for publication within the Project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan ―The study of the artistic-defining system, "formal stylistics" and grammar of zhyrau poetry of the XV–XVIII centuries. Frequency Dictionary‖ (under the Program of Grant Financing of Scientific and Technical Projects for 2021–2023 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan), [ИРН AP09261377].

The colorful world of David Samoylov’s poetry

The article deals with the structure and semantics of color elements in the poetic texts by David Samoylov. Colorism manifests itself in three ways: as a color image recreated from the context, as substituted metonymy, and as words denoting color semantics. In this paper, using a continuous sample, the mechanism of manifestations of the basic monochromes “black – white” and the contaminated metatricolor “blue – green – red” is investigated on the basis of a complete collection of Samoylov’s poems. As a result of the article, a frequency dictionary of color elements was created, a semantic and structural analysis of five color images was carried out, and an ideological and thematic complex of the poet’s poetry was determined.

“WHITE” AND “BLACK” IMAGES IN THE POETRY OF M. MAKATAEV

In this article were considered two monochromes ―white‖and ―black‖in the poetic texts of Mukagali Makataev, who isa famous Kazakh poet, writer and translator of the 60sand 70s of the 20th century. A quantitative and qualitative methodsof analysis wereused, a frequency dictionary of color images was developed based on the material from the poetry collection ―МҰҚАҒАЛИ(MUKAGALI)‖ (2012). In addition, a detailed semantic and structural analysis of two monochromes was conducted to determine their role and the way in which the color semantics are represented: as main or additional elements. The generalized structural and semantic analysis revealed that Makataev uses these images as a contrast between darkness and lightness, comparing them and being indecisive in choosing a color. Black and white colors form thematic blocks such as animate/inanimate nature, the theme of moral choices, the theme of creativity, motherland, and love.Both colors reveal in their own way the theme of love and the theme of death through different images. Moreover, we can notice that the semantics of the white color is based on a well-knownand traditional image, while the black color contains the cultural background characteristic of the Kazakh people.

REPETITION IN THE ORAL TRADITION OF ZHYRAU: EXPRESSIVENESS AND FIGURATIVENESS OF THE ARTISTIC IMAGE

The article explores the formulaic nature of epic repetition in the oral tradition of the Kazakh Zhyrau XV–XVIII centuries. It manifests itself in its two main functions – expressive and pictorial. The main purpose of the article is to reveal the aesthetic and functional nature of epic repetition, to identify its features as a technical acceptance, and to trace its initial origins – rhythmed spells, suggestive magical realities, and its primary transformations. In the course of the research, we used historical-genetic, structural-semantic, hermeneutic methods and the method of the oral theory of Parry-Lord (oral tradition). The theoretical value of the methods used lies in the fact that they made it possible to reveal the genetic nature of epic repetition and the peculiarities of its functioning in traditional poetic art. The formulaic and stylistic patterns of various types of sound repetition – anaphora, verbal rhyme, monorym, rediff, etc. – were studied for the first time on the material of the individual author's oral poetry of Zhyrau of the XV–XVIII centuries. The practical value of the article and its justification lies in the writing of the monograph "The Poetic word in myth, ritual and ritual" and the preparation of a "Poetic Dictionary of the frequency of formulaic units" within the framework of the scientific project "Research of the artistic-determinative system, "formulaic stylistics" and grammar of poetry of Zhyrau XV–XVIII centuries. Frequency dictionary" (under the Program of grant financing of scientific and scientific-technical projects for 2021-2023 by the MSHE RK, IRN AP09261377).