Frequency Of Various Combinations Research Articles

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children

The growing prevalence of overweight and obesity is an urgent problem not only in adults but also in children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and obesity and other forms of nutritional disorders in Russian children. Material and methods. The nutritional status of 17 329 children aged 2-18 years was assessed on the basis of anthropometric data, obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service during the "Sample Survey of the Population's Diet" in 2018. The prevalence of various forms of malnutrition was assessed by the Z-score categories: underweight, stunted growth (short stature), thinness, overweight, obesity. Results. Population mean and median values of Z-scores in all sex-age groups do not exceed ±0.5 in relation to WHO standards, which indicates the applicability of the standards to assessing the nutritional status of Russian children population. High body weight (WAZ>2) occurs in 7.6% of children, underweight in 2.6%. The incidence of short stature in boys and girls is 7.0 and 6.8%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys is 20.4 and 10.4%, respectively, while in girls, 15.4 and 7.6%. In general, in the population of children 2-18 years old, the prevalence of overweight is 18%, and obesity is 9.1%. The index of malnutrition, including the sum of the frequency of various combinations of low Z-scores (<-2), characterizing underweight, short stature, thinness, and their combinations was 8.0%. The multilevel logistic regression showed that overweight and obesity inversely depend on age; the risk of developing these conditions is lower in the city, but higher in male children compared to female children. Conclusion. The population of children 2-18 years old in the Russian Federation is characterized by a low incidence of forms of malnutrition, such as underweight and thinness. However, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher than in European countries.

Cardiovascular comorbidity in the real clinical practice of an ambulatory physician. Comparative register research in the Ryazan region

Aim. To study the structure of cardiovascular comorbidities, the quality of outpatient management and the structure of concomitant pathology in patients with cardiovascular continuum. To compare the obtained results with the results of the pilot stage of the REKVAZA register study (Outpatient Polyclinic Register of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Ryazan Region), conducted in 2012 using similar selection criteria. To evaluate the results of preventive measures for this patient population. Material and methods. We carried out one-stage retrospective analysis of 1 thousand outpatient cards of cardiovascular patients in Ryazan, who visited a general practitioner in 2016. Results. The overall comorbidity of cardiovascular patients reaches 91% and elevates with age increasing. Since 2012, the frequency of various combinations of cardiovascular diseases has increased from 82% to 89,7%, but the frequency of cerebral stroke and myocardial infarction has not changed. Chronic kidney disease has been found to be significantly associated with coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke; type 2 diabetes mellitus — with coronary artery disease and obesity. All patients suffered from hypertension, but only 39,5% reached target blood pressure levels (&lt;140/90 mm Hg) — that is 13,6% more than in 2012. Over the past 4 years, the number of people receiving statins increased from 35,9% to 50,6%, but the proportion of patients who achieved total cholesterol levels &lt;5,0 mmol/l decreased from 51,1% to 31,6%. The frequency of prescription of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants in the total cohort of the surveyed patients decreased from 64,8% to 40,6%. Conclusion. Comorbidity levels among cardiovascular patients are high and it increases with age; the most common are various combinations of cardiovascular diseases. Antihypertensive, antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapy does not fully comply with current clinical guidelines. Insignificant positive changes in the management of patients were noted: compared to 2012, the number of people receiving antihypertensive therapy and the number of patients taking statins increased, but there were no positive changes in case management.

Extrinsic Forces: How they Reprogram Cell Motility

While moving on a culture substrate, a cell can respond to two types of forces. Intrinsic force helps to maintain the cell persistence. Extrinsic force involves repulsive or attractive signals exerted by an external stimulus. Extrinsic is the stronger force, since it can overcome the intrinsic force and cause the cell to change direction. The studies were designed to determine whether these forces are associated with different protrusions. We studied fibroblasts that met a barrier while moving in a chemokinesis system. The prevalence of various protrusions was determined after movement was halted along the original trajectory. We computed latent factors corresponding to cell features: factor 4 values to filopodia, factor 7 to a nascent neurite, and factor 5 values to centrifugal mass displacement. The data showed that as cells moved further and further from the barrier, they had progressively lower values of factor 5 (R2 = 0.25). Factor 4 values rose slightly, whereas factor 7 values showed little tendency to change with distance from the barrier. A different experimental system, designed to investigate intrinsic force in epithelial cells, was also studied. Here, the frequency of various combinations of factor 4, factor 5, and factor 7 differences was obtained by using different treatments. In table 1, there are 10 combinations of changes (1 is increment, 0 is no effect, and −1 is decrement). The single most common effect of treatment was an enhancement of factor 5 values without a corresponding change in factor 4 or factor 7 values. The results, taken together, suggest that the protrusion associated with exploratory motility is factor 5. As in guidance model systems, factor 4 may be representative of persistence. Learning how the protrusive features are regulated may help investigators to understand persistence.

GEOTAIL observations on the reconnection process in the distant tail in geomagnetically active times

A statistical study is made on the reconnection process in the distant tail by using the GEOTAIL observations at x≈ −150 Re and −95 Re in geomagnetically active times with Kp≥3. Occurrence frequencies of various combinations of the field polarity and the convection direction suggest that at least 75% of the reconnection of open field lines occurs inside 150 Re and at least 39% occurs inside 95 Re. At 150 Re the convection of closed field lines constituting the viscous‐like cell is at most 25% of the convection generated by the reconnection of open field lines. The reconnection rate of open field lines varies across the tail and is a few times higher near the tail axis than at the flanks.

Directional wind-chill data for planning sheltered microclimates around buildings

The concept of a wind-chill index has found considerable application in terms of human comfort outdoors and various calculation methods have been proposed. The possible use of wind-chill and analogous indices in building design, landscape work and settlement planning is discussed. Planners and building designers need to consider directionality when deciding how to control wind effects around buildings. Ways of presenting directional information about the frequencies of various combinations of wind and temperature such as “wind-chill roses” are illustrated. Directional wind-chill data can help in determining the built form and orientation of buildings, either individually or in groups, as well as in planning wind protection for them using windbreaks and shelterbelts. Ways of assessing the benefits of using wind protection of different densities, spacings and heights (in terms of reduced wind-chill) are described.