French-speaking Part Of Belgium Research Articles

Analysis of admissions to intensive care units that could be supported on an intermediate care unit.

Only one third of European countries use intermediate care units (IMCs). An IMC makes it possible to manage patients who do not require intensive care but who need a higher level of nursing care that cannot be provided on the general ward. In Belgium, there are no national criteria for ICU admission or discharge, and no policies regarding IMC care or for differentiating ICU intensity levels. The aim of our study was to analyse the profile of ICU patients in Belgium on the basis of registered nursing activity in order to quantify the number of ICU days potentially transferable to an IMC. The study was conducted on 310 ICU beds. Patients admitted to the study were recruited during two different one-month periods in 2018 and were included into a prospective database that evaluated nursing workload carried out in 15 hospitals in the French-speaking part of Belgium. The number of ICU days that could be supported on an IMC was defined according to the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) items. A total of 3279 ICU patients for a total of 13 942 ICU days were included. 4987 days (35.8%) were considered as "transferable" to an IMC. The proportion of ICU days transferable to an IMC was highly variable among hospitals, ranging from 20.4% to 59.5% of all ICU days. On the day of ICU admission, 665/2142 (31.0%) of the patients were already identified as transferable to an IMC; this percentage significantly increased on day 2 (972/2066, 47.1%) and day 3 (650/1390, 46.7%). In Belgian ICUs, 35.8% of ICU hospital days, as per recorded NAS, do not necessitate intensive monitoring. These 35.8% of days of ICU hospitalization could be supported on an IMC. In this study, a significant number of days spent in the ICU could be supported on an IMC, this could alleviate the workload of nurses and reduce the occupancy rate of intensive care units.

Misuse of pregabalin: a qualitative study from a patient's perspective.

The misuse of pregabalin has been the subject of increasing concerns for several years. The effects sought are multiple and it is rarely taken as a single drug. The most frequent association is with opioids, which may increase the risk of fatal overdose. In the face of this emerging phenomenon, a better understanding was needed of the misuse situation in Belgium and to identify the people involved. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 20 participants who misuse pregabalin was conducted through all the French-speaking part of Belgium between August 2021 and January 2022. This proceeded to a thematic analysis method with the help of NVivo software. A profile of young users, new immigrants, mainly coming from North Africa emerged. They had in common a challenging or even traumatic migration pathway and precarious living conditions on Belgian territory. Most of them had no stable income. Pregabalin seemed to enable them to cope with their daily situation. All had psychiatric and/or somatic comorbidities for which they did not seem to benefit from adequate medical care. It seemed to lead many of them to use pregabalin as self-medication for anxio-depressive disorders and chronic pain. Pregabalin was never used alone. This study has highlighted a rarely documented profile of pregabalin misuse: self-medication among a group of new immigrants, most of whom have no previous history of opioid-related disorders. Measures should be taken to improve access to health and social care for this population, considering all their biopsychosocial vulnerabilities.

Quel est l’impact du placement intrafamilial sur l’état psychologique des enfants par rapport au placement en famille sélectionnée par les services de placement ?

In the Wallonia-Brussels Federation, although the policy is to favour family placement, out of the 7500 children in care, 3500 children are placed in institutions and 3500 children are placed in foster care, of which only 2000 are followed by a foster care service. There are three types of foster care: intra-family care (in the family with a family relationship with the child), families known as the “extended network” (close to the child or to unrelated parents) and selected families (unknown to the child). The purpose of this article is to identify whether the type of placement influences the psychological state of the children, the quality of the child–host relationship, and the prospects for reintegration into the family of origin. This research was conducted in different placement services in the Walloon-Brussels Federation (French-speaking part of Belgium). We collected data for 572 children (i.e. 30% of the children followed by a foster care service) by questioning the social workers working within the foster care services. Our results show that the children placed in selected families (31%) in our sample are considered by the workers to be doing slightly better than those placed in an intra-family or “extended network” families. In addition, 42% of intra-family placements receive little formal follow-up by services, which intervene mainly in crisis situations. Therefore, the results of our study recommend that intrafamily placements be subject to a structured assessment and more systematic and regular follow-up by foster care services as soon as they become aware of the placement.

Theorizing Transregional Cinemas

Theorizing Transregional Cinemas David Pettersen (bio) Niels Niessen. Miraculous Realism: The French-Walloon Cinéma du Nord. Albany: SUNY Press, 2020. 338 pages. $95 hardcover. $33.95 paperback. Niels Niessen's new book Miraculous Realism is a fascinating study of films from the French-speaking part of Belgium (the Wallonia region) and the industrial French north (the city of Lille and the Nord–Pas de Calais region). The book fills an important gap because there is not a significant number of scholarly monographs on Wallonian cinema in English, and regional films within scholarship on French cinema tend to be treated as elements of a national cinema or international auteurist, art house cinema. However, the interest of Niessen's study goes beyond just making a corpus of lesser-known films visible. The book also represents a significant methodological intervention into how to study regional cinemas, especially regions that extend across national borders. Niessen finds inadequate now well-established approaches to studying transnational cinemas, the cinemas of small nations (Mette Hjort), and approaches to large regional cinemas such as those of Europe, so he develops his own "small regions" approach to what he terms the Cinéma du Nord, or Cinema of the North. Miraculous Realism argues that the Cinéma du Nord is a transregional cinema in southern Belgium and northern France that exists as more than just a scholarly category thanks to shared [End Page 377] cultural, linguistic, historical, and industrial reasons. The shared French language is of course the most obvious link, but Niessen makes the compelling case for cultural and historical connections in that these two parts of Belgium and France are working-class rust belt regions that relied on heavy industry such as coal mining. However, they failed to diversity their economies and consequently have struggled in a postindustrial Europe from the 1970s on. Miraculous Realism makes the case for a regional aesthetic tradition in filmmakers such as Robert Bresson and Maurice Pialat and in a common emphasis on secular understandings of humanism and grace that results from the historical importance of Catholicism in the two areas. Niessen also examines how national and regional governments and local media producers have fostered regional media industries within each of the two countries and developed synergies across the national border. I found the book's overall argument for the usefulness of a Cinéma du Nord as a category to be convincing. The risk of such a regionally focused study is that the choice to emphasize lesser-known Belgian and French films could make it difficult to connect with general readers who do not work on those films or their regions. Neissen negotiates this risk directly by structuring the book around two very well-known films, Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne's Rosetta, made in Wallonia, and Bruno Dumont's L'Humanité, filmed in the French north. Both films were released in 1999, and both won awards at the Cannes Film Festival. All three filmmakers have gone on to become recognizable auteurs who have been well discussed by scholars. Miraculous Realism makes the strong case that scholars have much to gain by thinking of these films and filmmakers in terms of a regionally inflected Cinéma du Nord. The book's four chapters are methodologically diverse. Chapter 1 sets out to answer the question of what links Rosetta and L'Humanité through close analysis of both films that tease out how each is a covert passion story underneath a veneer of documentary realism. Neissen argues that both ultimately reflect on what kinds of consolation religion can offer in a secular, postindustrial age. Chapter 2 is split into two parts. The first part presents an economic history of northern France and southern Belgium in which Niessen argues that what links these two areas as a transregion is a shared Catholicism and a similar lack of response to deindustrialization. The second part of the chapter is about histories of cinematic representation of Wallonia, with strong roots in the documentary tradition and in northern France through films that combine local rootedness with audience appeal outside the area. [End Page 378] Chapter 3 focuses on a detailed analysis of the industrial structures of the...

No, an oral presentation is not just something you prepare at home! Elementary teachers’ practices supporting preparation of oral presentations

In elementary school, oral presentations are among teachers’ favorite activities. From the pupil’s perspective, this activity can have a major impact, as the skills it calls for will prove useful later throughout his/her career and life. While instruction for the presentation generally happens in class, the same is not true for the preparatory work, which is mostly carried out at home with or without parental support, thus creating inequalities between students (Sénéchal, 2017). However, teacher support is essential to help elementary school students prepare their oral presentation.
 Our research question is: what kinds of support do teachers offer to students to help them prepare oral presentations? To answer this question, we interviewed 16 teachers from the French-speaking part of Belgium who ask their students to make oral presentations and who say they offer support before the presentation. Their declared practices show a wide variety of types of accompanying support. The practical implications of our study relate to progressive teaching of a complex task, rebalance between time devoted to oral and to written preparation, attention to the speaker and the audience, collection of artifacts, introduction of training modules for teachers, and best practices to be highlighted.

Implicit and explicit ethnic biases in multicultural primary care: the case of trainee general practitioners

BackgroundGeneral Practitioners (GPs) are the first point of contact for people from ethnic and migrant groups who have health problems. Discrimination can occur in this health care sector. Few studies, however, have investigated implicit and explicit biases in general practice against ethnic and migrant groups. This study, therefore, investigated the extent of implicit ethnic biases and willingness to adapt care to migrant patients among trainee GPs, and the factors involved therein, in order to measure explicit bias and explore a dimension of cultural competence.MethodsIn 2021, data were collected from 207 trainee GPs in the French-speaking part of Belgium. The respondents passed an Implicit Association Test (IAT), a validated tool used to measure implicit biases against ethnic groups. An explicit attitude of willingness to adapt care to diversity, one of the dimensions of cultural competence, was measured using the Hudelson scale.ResultsThe overwhelming majority of trainee GPs (82.6%, 95% CI: 0.77 – 0.88) had implicit preferences for their ingroup to the detriment of ethnic and migrant groups. Overall, the majority of respondents considered it the responsibility of GPs to adapt their attitudes and practices to migrants’ needs. More than 50% of trainee GPs, however, considered it the responsibility of migrant patients to adapt to the values and habits of the host country.ConclusionsThis study found that the trainee GPs had high to very high levels of implicit ethnic bias and that they were not always willing to adapt care to the values of migrants. We therefore recommend that they are made aware of this bias and we recommend using the IAT and Hudelson scales as educational tools to address ethnic biases in primary care.

Acceptability of Community Saliva Testing in Controlling the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned from Two Case Studies in Nursing Homes and Schools.

Current public health debate centers on COVID-19 testing methods and strategies. In some communities, high transmission risk may justify routine testing, and this requires test methods that are safe and efficient for both patients and the administrative or health-care workers administering them. Saliva testing appears to satisfy those criteria. There is, however, little documentation on the acceptability of this method among beneficiaries. This article presents the lessons learned from a pilot study on the use of saliva testing for routine screening of nursing home and secondary school personnel in Wallonia (the French-speaking part of Belgium), conducted in December 2020 to April 2021, respectively. Administrators at the facilities in question seemed to think highly of saliva testing and wished to continue it after the pilot study was over. This result reinforces the criteria (the noninvasive aspect, in particular) supporting a key role for saliva testing in monitoring community spread of the virus. Nevertheless, wider-scale deployment of this particular method will only be possible if the testing strategy as a whole takes a health promotion approach.

The COVID-19 wave in Belgium during the Fall of 2020 and its association with higher education.

Soon after SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019, Belgium was confronted with a first COVID-19 wave in March-April 2020. SARS-CoV-2 circulation declined in the summer months (late May to early July 2020). Following a successfully trumped late July-August peak, COVID-19 incidence fell slightly, to then enter two successive phases of rapid incline: in the first half of September, and then again in October 2020. The first of these coincided with the peak period of returning summer travelers; the second one coincided with the start of higher education's academic year. The largest observed COVID-19 incidence occurred in the period 16-31 October, particularly in the Walloon Region, the southern, French-speaking part of Belgium. We examine the potential association of the higher education population with spatio-temporal spread of COVID-19, using Bayesian spatial Poisson models for confirmed test cases, accounting for socio-demographic heterogeneity in the population. We find a significant association between the number of COVID-19 cases in the age groups 18-29 years and 30-39 years and the size of the higher education student population at the municipality level. These results can be useful towards COVID-19 mitigation strategies, particularly in areas where virus transmission from higher education students into the broader community could exacerbate morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 among populations with prevalent underlying conditions associated with more severe outcomes following infection.

Exploring the diverse career trajectories of general practice graduates in the French-speaking part of Belgium: An interview study

Background Several European countries face a shortage of general practitioners (GPs), in part due to GP attrition. Most studies of GP attrition have focussed on why GPs decide to leave. Yet understanding why GPs decide to remain may also elicit potential interventions to reduce attrition. Objectives This study examined GP graduates’ career trajectories and underlying decisions to elucidate the factors influencing GP attrition. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews of early to mid-career general practice graduates having completed training in Belgian French-speaking universities between 1999 and 2013. We sampled participants from three categories: full-time GPs, part-time GPs, no longer working as GPs. We analysed each participant’s career trajectory and broke it down into major phases. We performed thematic analysis of the factors influencing participants’ trajectories. We compared and contrasted trajectories to develop a typology of career trajectories. Results We identified six types of career trajectories: ‘stable’ (never considered leaving general practice), ‘reaffirmed’ (had considered leaving but made substantial changes whilst remaining), ‘reactional reorientations’ (had left to escape the challenges of general practice), ‘inspired reorientations’ (had left to pursue a different job), ‘reorientations out of loyalty’ (had never wanted to practice as GPs and had remained true to their original professional aspirations) and ‘mobiles’ (valued change and did not want to set-up practice). Conclusion Reasons GPs leave the profession are multiple. The typology that emerged indicates that only some of the career trajectories would benefit from interventions to reduce attrition such as improving working conditions and providing psychological support for GPs.

Covid-19 epidemic in the dialysis units of the french speaking part of Belgium : special insight into patients on home dialysis

In the French-speaking part of Belgium, between march and end of may 2020, 284 patients have suffered a Covid-19 infection, 7,9% of the prevalent dialysis population. Some of them have been diagnosed through rt-PCT as they were symptomatic, others, asymptomatic, being diagnosed by swab viral culture. Fifty two patients died (18% of the positive patients). The vast majority of them were patients on hemodialysis, only ten cases have been observed in patients on home dialysis techniques. Primary renal disease were diabetes or renal hypertensive disease in more than 50% of the patients and the most important comorbidities were cardiac ischemic or congestive disease, autonomy problems, cancer and smoking habits.

The intern economy in the cultural industry: an empirical study of the demand side

ABSTRACT Internships are work-based learning experiences, but when they are unpaid and become the standard after formal education, they imply an opportunity cost and could add to the formation of obstacles to the socio-economic mobility that (public) education should seek to attenuate. The present study consists of an evaluation of the intern economy in the French-speaking part of Belgium. Based on data of over 900 available positions in the cultural industry, we examine the demand for internships by organisations and address issues such as substitution and efficacy in the intern economy. We discuss our findings in light of some proposed misconceptions regarding the education-based meritocracy, related to the diminishing role of educational credentials in hiring decisions, the changing role of education in socio-economic mobility, and the overlooked role of employers that prioritise the productive efficiency of their organisations over equal opportunities.

The Impact of Work-Related Rhinitis on Quality of Life and Work Productivity: A General Workforce-Based Survey

The specific burden of work-related rhinitis (WRR) on quality of life (QoL) and work productivity has received little attention. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent WRR affects QoL and work productivity as compared with subjects with rhinitis unrelated to work and those without rhinitis. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among workers randomly recruited at the time of their periodic occupational health visit in the French-speaking part of Belgium. The survey instruments consisted of rhinitis-specific and generic questionnaires: Mini-Rhinitis QoL Questionnaire, Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8, and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment-General Health questionnaire. Eligible participants were categorized into 3 groups: non-WRR (current nasal symptoms not related to work, n= 329); WRR (current rhinitis with ≥2 nasal symptoms at work, n= 161); and controls (no nasal symptom; n= 1155). WRR showed significantly lower scores in all domains of the Mini-Rhinitis QoL Questionnaire compared with non-WRR. Multivariate analysis confirmed that WRR exerted an independent adverse effect on rhinitis-specific QoL. Both WRR and non-WRR were associated with greater impairment in the physical and mental health components of the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 instrument and the overall work productivity compared with controls, whereas these outcomes were more impacted in WRR than non-WRR. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that both WRR and non-WRR had an independent adverse impact on the physical and mental health status and overall work productivity. WRR has an incremental adverse impact on QoL and work productivity that should be addressed in order to reduce the global burden of rhinitis.

Exploring network structure and central items of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.

ObjectivesThe aim of this work is to explore the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) using network analysis in a dataset of 942 university students from the French‐speaking part of Belgium.MethodsWe estimated an Ising Model for the forty items in the questionnaire and explored item interconnectedness with strength centrality. We provide in the supplementary materials the dataset used for the analyses as well as the full code to ensure the reproducibility of our results.ResultsThe NPI is presented as an overall positively connected network with items from entitlement, authority and superiority reporting the highest centrality estimates.ConclusionsNetwork analysis highlights new properties of items from the NPI. Future studies should endeavor to replicate our findings in other samples, both clinical and non‐clinical.

Validation of the Acoustic Voice Quality Index, Version 03.01, in French

The Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI), version 03.01, is a tool for quantitative assessment of the overall severity of dysphonia. It is based on the recordings of a sustained vowel and part of a text read aloud. For the Dutch sample, 34 syllables must be read aloud to balance the duration of the two tasks. The first part of this study thus aimed to determine how many syllables of a commonly used text in the French-speaking part of Belgium should be used to achieve the same balance. The psychometric qualities of the AVQI have been confirmed by numerous publications in various languages. However, its validation in French relies on a small cohort of patients, who were not native French speakers. Furthermore, version 03.01 of the AVQI has not yet been validated at all on French samples. Hence, the main aim of this study was to assess the criterion-related concurrent validity and diagnostic accuracy of the AVQI 03.01 applied to a sample of native French speakers. For the first part of this study, the optimal part of the text to be used for the AVQI was identified, taking into account both its phonemic contents and its time balance with the sustained vowel. For the validation study, 90 recordings from the University Hospital of Liège's ENT caseload database were used, as well as 30 new recordings of normophonic individuals, composing a control group. Four judges assessed the recordings using the G parameter of the GRBAS scale. Once the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the perceptual ratings was confirmed, the AVQI 03.01's criterion validity was assessed on the French sample. The diagnostic accuracy of the AVQI 03.01 in French was measured, and the cut-off score allowing for the greatest diagnostic precision determined. The most appropriate syllable number of the text to be read aloud was found to be 27, in order to balance the time analyzed for both the sustained vowel and the continuous speech. Regarding the validation study, intra-rater reliability was substantial for each of the four vocologists (κmean = .778, P < 0.0001), and inter-rater reliability was high (W = .895, P < 0.0001). The Spearman correlation between the perceptual judgments and the AVQI 03.01 score was strong (rs = .84, P < 0.0001). The receiver operating characteristic-curve parameters indicated that the ideal cut-off score allowing for the highest diagnostic accuracy of the AVQI, version 03.01, applied to a French sample is 2.33, with a sensitivity of 59.8%, a specificity of 100%, an infinite positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and a negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.4. This study confirms the external validity of the AVQI 03.01 when applied on a French 27-syllable sample. The AVQI 03.01 is a robust, ecologically valid objective measure of overall voice quality. The cut-off score to be used is 2.33. However, clinicians should be cautious when the AVQI score is lower than 2.33. The AVQI 03.01 does not yield a sufficiently low negative likelihood ratio to be sure that this score indeed indicates normophonia. Also, taking into account the limitations regarding the perceptual judgements used in this study, a replication study should be carried out in order to confirm the cut-off score.

Données 2016-2017 incluses dans le registre d'hémodialyse à domicile du RDPLF : comparaison des pratiques en France et Belgique francophone.

En 2013, le RDPLF a inclus un nouveau module afin de récolter et d’analyser les informations liées à l’hémodialyse à domicile (HDD). On peut estimer que ce registre inclut des données pour environ un tiers des patients traités en HDD en France et la quasi-totalité des patients suivis en Belgique francophone. Nous rapportons ici une comparaison des pratiques concernant l’HDD entre nos deux pays à la lumière des données récoltées dans le module HDD en 2016 et 2017. Le but de cette analyse comparative entre la France et la Belgique est de mettre en évidence les différences nationales qui pourraient exister dans la prise en charge des patients en HDD.&#x0D; English abstract :&#x0D; A new module about home hemodialysis (HHD) has been created by the RDPLF in 2013. Though not exhaustive, this module catches up to one third of the French HHD patients and almost all HHD patients from the French-speaking part of Belgium, respectively. We here report on some comparisons between HHD practices within both countries through the 2016 and 2017 annual reports. The aim of this comparative analyis is to highlight some different approaches in both care and management of the dialysis technique itself, mode of vascular access, fistula ponction and dialysis supervision for our HHD patients.&#x0D; Cette revue est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

The Generative Potential of Tensions within Belgian Agroecology

Food crises and ecologization have given rise to a Belgian dynamic that does not behave according to the conventional tripod of agroecology: practitioners, social movement, and scientists. Instead of simply recounting the history of Belgian agroecology, the authors trace the history and dynamics in Belgium), a journey along six strands that weave themselves into a Belgian tapestry: Genetically modified crop commandos, a scientific paradigm shift, hybrid expertise opening the Northern route that intersects with a Southern political route, an original non-institutional dynamic in the French-speaking part of Belgium and an institutional initiative that led to a rift in Flanders. In the following section, we identify, emerging from those six strands, four tensions that create a space of innovations, namely, politically differentiated discourses, land access, fair price, and epistemic tensions. We discuss then the generative potential of the 4 tensions and describe the potential of reconfigurations generated by boundaries organizations, food justice and transdisciplinarity. We conclude that the concept of agroecology continues to have transformative potential in Belgium today. However, no one can predict the course of such a largely non-institutional dynamic.

Does Formal Child Care Availability for 0–3 Year Olds Boost Mothers' Employment Rate? Panel Data Based Evidence from Belgium

In 2003, a new multi-annual program aimed at increasing the availability of formal child care for 0-3 year old children was launched in Wallonia, the French-speaking part of Belgium. This paper is interested in evaluating if this increased availability of formal child care resulted in a higher employment rate for women with at least one child under 3. To this end, we use a difference-in-differences approach based on municipality-level panel data, taking advantage of the fact that the increase in availability of formal child care differed greatly across municipalities. We find that the raise in child care availability significantly increased the maternal employment rate, but to a lesser extent than expected, most likely because of a substantial crowding-out effect.

Exploration of Crime-Scene Characteristics in Juvenile Homicide in the French-Speaking Part of Belgium.

This study explores modeling crime-scene characteristics of juvenile homicide in the French-speaking part of Belgium. Multidimensional scaling analysis was carried out on crime-scene characteristics derived from the court files of 67 individuals under 22 years old, who had been charged with murder or attempted murder (1995-2009). Three thematic regions (Expressive: multiple offenders; Instrumental: theft; Instrumental: sex/forensic awareness) distinguished types of aggression displayed during the offense. These themes reaffirm that the expressive-instrumental differentiation found in general homicide studies is valuable when attempting to discriminate juvenile homicides. The proposed framework was found useful to classify the offenses, as 84% of homicides were assigned to a dominant theme. Additionally, associations between crime-scene characteristics and offenders' characteristics were analyzed, but no associations were found, therefore failing to provide empirical support for the homology assumption. Cultural comparisons, as well as the influence of age on the thematic structure are discussed.

Young general practitioners’ professional activities: a survey in the French-speaking part of Belgium

Introduction: This study described the professional activities of graduates of the Advanced Master of General Practice of the Belgian French-speaking universities from 1999 to 2013 and identified factors influencing their situation.Methods: Between November 2014 and June 2015, all graduates were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their professional activities. The first part of the analysis described the respondent’s socio-demographic and professional characteristics. The second part aimed at detecting possible factors influencing GPs’ professional situation.Results: The main results of the study showed that 78.5% of graduates still worked as GPs and 21.5% left and had another activity. The way graduates worked in General Practice was also highly diverse in terms of both working time and types of activities. Only a minority of them were exclusively performing General Practice (8.5%). 45.8% of GPs worked part-time, and were more commonly women and GPs in group practice. This survey confirmed feminisation of the profession and increasing work in associations. Among factors influencing retention in General Practice, preference for specialising in General Practice at time of graduation in medicine and duration of practice influence retention in practice.Conclusion: Our survey put the emphasis on the evolution of practice: job and vocational training planning should not be performed based only on previous generations. There is no one predefined way to practise; the blurred boundaries of General Practice activities do not allow for the drafting of a reference frame that could help workforce planning.

Observer et évaluer la qualité des interactions enseignant.e/enfants à l'école maternelle en Belgique pour soutenir le développement langagier des enfants de 4 ans : une étude exploratoire

Early childhood education is a privileged context for children to develop their language and communication abilities (Dickinson, 2011). More specifically, it is demonstrated that the quality of the interactions between teachers and children plays a protective role on language and communication development for more vulnerable children (Burchinal et al. 2010; Simard et al. 2013). The current study explores the quality of interactions in kindergarten in the French-speaking part of Belgium (second year for children of 4-5 years old). Observations took place in 17 classes, using the CLASS® Pre-K (Classroom Assessment Scoring System®, Pianta et al. 2008). Similar to other international investigations, our results show heterogeneity in the scores of the different classes. But overall, emotional support and classroom organization reach medium to high quality level, while instructional support shows a low average score. Some dimensions of the instructional support vary as a function of the teacher/children ratio and the type of activity. This exploratory study enables a reflection about language development support in early childhood education and raises questions about creative ways to optimize it.