French Reform Research Articles

The Penal Dimension in the French Reform Bill on Civil Liability: Civil Penalty

The Penal Dimension in the French Reform Bill on Civil Liability: Civil Penalty

Did the French reform of the judicial map affect conciliation activities?

In France, the reform of the judicial map, initiated in mid-2007 and completed in 2010, led to a large reduction in the number of courts of first instance, from almost 500 to around 300. This led to an increase of about eight kilometers in the distance litigants should travel to courts in the treated jurisdictions. In this paper, we examine the impact of this reform on conciliation activity. We use a panel data set of courts covering the period 2003–2015 and consider a synthetic difference-in-differences strategy to compare changes in the number of referrals, conciliators, and conciliations between courts affected by the reform and those unaffected. We find that the number of conciliators decreased more significantly in treated courts than in control courts. Evidence is less clear for the number of referrals, showing a slightly higher increase in the courts where distance increased the most. Estimation of a production function shows that the reform had no effect on the number of conciliations once inputs are controlled for.

Profit‐with‐purpose corporations: Why purpose needs law and why it matters for management

AbstractIn this contribution, we present the recent reform of corporate law in France (2017–2019) and discuss its implication at two levels. So far, “purpose” was mainly a managerial concept, and most efforts to make corporations responsible have not changed the legal constitution of the corporation. By contrast, the French reform first revises corporate law and introduces the purpose in the constitution of the corporation; it thus prompts a reexamination of former approaches of the purpose of the corporation. Second, with its two components, a duty of vigilance and the possibility for any company to become “société à mission,” it brings into corporate law some principles to manage the future corporate activities. We argue that it is based on a conceptualization of management that deeply differs from traditional legal representations of management. We show that this shift calls for new research at the intersection of law and management.

John Owen's Lost Huguenot Letters: French Reformed Protestants and the Reception of Congregational English Puritan Ecclesiology and Politics

John Owen (1616–83) was one of the foremost English Puritans of the seventeenth century. His story has been largely limited to events in Britain. The letters examined in this article, translated from the French, reveal Owen's reputation and activity among Huguenots at the end of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. Responding to critics of English religion like Moïse Amyraut, they highlight the largely neglected internationality of Interregnum religion and politics in which Owen participated through epistolary and print culture. They display the apocalyptic themes behind attempts at international Protestant union where ecclesiological debates over the nature of synods, toleration, political sovereignty and Church-State relations were decisive.

Does the opening of an emergency department influence hospital admissions? Evidence from French private hospitals

Although operating an emergency department (ED) can influence general admission activity of hospitals, most articles that analyze hospital care ignore the potential spillover of emergency activity. In this paper, we examine the consequences of a French reform that encouraged the creation of EDs within private-for-profit (PFP) hospitals in order to decrease congestion in EDs. We use administrative panel data on 365 French PFP hospitals observed between 2002 and 2012. Specifications including hospital fixed-effects are estimated to examine the impact of an ED opening on private hospitals’ admission activity, namely inpatient and day-care admissions (ED visits are excluded, but patients admitted following an ED visit are included). We control for shocks that can impact demand for care in hospitals, and we estimate yearly changes before and after the opening. We find that an ED opening is followed by an increase in the number and proportion of inpatient admissions, and by an increase in the length of inpatient stays. A transitory increase in the bed occupancy rate is also observed. In many countries, public and private hospitals compete to some extent. The former provide a public service, while the latter are profit-maximizers that are allowed to specialize in profitable activities. They generally focus on day-care admissions. We provide empirical evidence that private hospitals experience a significant change in the composition of their admissions when they start providing emergency care. Opening an ED creates a new non-selective entryway to private hospitals, resulting in admissions of inpatients with health problems that are more severe. Hence, involving PFP hospitals in the provision of emergency care is likely to make the structure of admissions of private hospitals closer to that of public hospitals.

Perspectives internationales de la réforme du droit français des sûretés

Abstract A recent French reform, dated 15 September 2021, which entered into force on 1 January 2022, largely modifies the law of guarantees and security interests. It clarifies a certain number of rules, suppresses several security interests that appeared to be obsolete, and reinforces the protection of warrantors without neglecting the interests of creditors. Adopted to promote security, flexibility, and accessibility to French Law, and to enhance the efficiency of secured transactions, the reform has generally been perceived as successful. The purpose of this paper is to present the reform in an international perspective and to try to understand whether it fits the purpose it was assigned: to strengthen the attractiveness of French Law in the comparative landscape. We will demonstrate that, regarding a certain number of international instruments and foreign laws, the answer tends to be affirmative. The French Government might also seize this opportunity to include France in several international projects that it has, so far, stayed away from, such as the ratification of the Cape Town Convention.

:Season of Conspiracy: Calvin, the French Reformed Churches, and Protestant Plotting in the Reign of Francis II (1559–60)

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Nominacja elementów chronologicznych w kalendarzu republikańskim

The republican calendar created during the French Revolution is the most radical reform project of the Gregorian calendar of the modern era. The process of its creation and the structure of its components was based on the French reforms of measures and weights based on the metric decimal system introduced at that time. The number ten forms the basis for dividing the year into months and weeks. The new names of the months and all the days of the year are related to the French agrarian culture and natural phenomena occurring throughout the year in central France.

The Emergence of Pastoral Authority in the French Reformed Church (c. 1555–c. 1572). By Gianmarco Braghi. Bologna Studies in Religious History 1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2021. x + 324 pp. $126 cloth.

The Emergence of Pastoral Authority in the French Reformed Church (c. 1555–c. 1572). By Gianmarco Braghi. Bologna Studies in Religious History 1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2021. x + 324 pp. $126 cloth.

Second Home Taxation: Effects of the 2015 French Reform

Second Home Taxation: Effects of the 2015 French Reform

Season of Conspiracy: Calvin, the French Reformed Churches, and Protestant Plotting in the Reign of Francis II (1559–60). By Philip Benedict. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, volume 108, part 5. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Press, 2020. xii + 224 pp. $37.00 paper.

Season of Conspiracy: Calvin, the French Reformed Churches, and Protestant Plotting in the Reign of Francis II (1559–60). By Philip Benedict. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, volume 108, part 5. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Press, 2020. xii + 224 pp. $37.00 paper. - Volume 91 Issue 3

Evaluation of vascular clinical competences with Objective Structured Clinical Examinations

Since the French reform of the 2nd cycle of medical studies, the evaluation of clinical competences is partly done with simulation. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is the selected method and will represent 30% of the evaluation for residency. This work presents the specificities of OSCEs in vascular surgery and medicine for the 4th year students.

Season of Conspiracy. Calvin, The French Reformed Churches, and Protestant Plotting in the Reign of Francis II (1559–1560) , by Philip Benedict

Season of Conspiracy. Calvin, The French Reformed Churches, and Protestant Plotting in the Reign of Francis II (1559–1560) , by Philip Benedict

The petit effect of campaign spending on votes: using political financing reforms to measure spending impacts in multiparty elections

This paper explores the relation between campaign spending and votes, in France, relying on political financing reforms as a quasi-natural experiment to assess if and how spending affects votes, for both incumbent and challenger candidates in multiparty legislative elections. The French reforms were adopted in the mid-1990s, modifying the fundraising rules in three important ways: (1) spending limits were reduced, (2) legal entities no longer were allowed to fund candidates, and (3) the maximal amount of candidates’ personal campaign spending reimbursed by the State was raised. We study observations on two consecutive legislative elections, one before and one after the reforms. The difference in campaign expenses across elections turns out to be strongly affected by the reforms: candidates from the extreme parties (far left and far right) increased their expenditures substantially, while the candidates fielded by moderate parties reduced them considerably. Focusing on politicians running in both elections, we estimate the impact of spending using first-difference panel data methods and TSLS. Our instrumental variables for the difference in spending are constructed from the regulatory reforms. We find that spending by incumbents did not have statistically significant effects on their vote shares. Spending by challengers is statistically significant but the impact nevertheless is economically small.

EU economic governance and French social legislation

Unlike other EU Member States, France has not been the subject of strict financial surveillance under the infamous Memorandums of Understanding (MoU). Nevertheless, from the very beginning of the economic crisis, France has been under intense scrutiny by the European institutions, mainly within the framework of the European Semester and the Excessive Imbalance Procedure (EIP). This article analyses the impact of these financial surveillance mechanisms on the design of recent French reforms in the fields of labour law and employment policy, with a particular focus on three main issues: the sanctions attached to unjustified dismissals, relations between sectoral collective agreements and firm-level collective agreements and access to unemployment insurance benefits. The analysis suggests that, while the European Commission initially exerted significant pressure towards the implementation of large-scale legislative reforms in the social field, from 2017 onwards it has seemingly eased its pressure on the French government. Inversely, although France initially seemed to strictly conform to the European recommendations, since 2017, the government has gone further, thus engaging in a profound transformation of the French social model. It therefore seems that the most recent French legislative reforms reflect more a political choice than an actual legal obligation stemming from the instruments of the EU Economic Governance.

Season of conspiracy. Calvin, the French Reformed Churches, and Protestant plotting in the reign of Francis II (1559–60). By Philip Benedict. Pp. xii + 224 incl. 2 ills. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Press, 2020. $37 (paper). 978 1 60618 0853

Season of conspiracy. Calvin, the French Reformed Churches, and Protestant plotting in the reign of Francis II (1559–60). By Philip Benedict. Pp. xii + 224 incl. 2 ills. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Press, 2020. $37 (paper). 978 1 60618 0853 - Volume 73 Issue 2

Принципы гражданско-правовой ответственности (продолжение)

The French law of obligations has been undergoing significant changes in the recent years. The French contract law reform came to the end in 2018. The next set of the changes relates to the civil liability issues. A translation of a book written by one of the key French authors in this field, which translation is proposed to divide into several parts and to so make it available for the Russian legal professional community, helps to better explore the material and to clearer understand the main principles which the French approach on the fundamental problems of the civil law liability is based on.

The effects of expanding the generosity of statutory sick leave insurance: The case of a French reform

This study evaluates the impact of the French reform of 11 January 2008 in the private sector, which modified the share of sick leave paid by the employer in addition to the social security benefit. The reform is comprised of two parts: the waiting period until complementary payment is made by the employer, reduced from ten to seven days; and the minimum required tenure to be eligible, reduced from three years to one year.In this study, we use the administrative panel data (Hygie) from 2006 to 2010 along with a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) database. The latter was constructed by the authors in order to collect the parameters of complementary benefits for sick leave. We examined separately the effects of the waiting period part and the tenure part of the reform, using a difference-in-differences strategy with matching.When the waiting period is reduced, the number of sick days’ increase significantly (+ 0.5 days). When the minimum tenure requirement is reduced, there is more impact on sick leave (+ 0.6 days on the number of sick days and + 0.9 pp on sickness probability). The effects of sick pay reform are different between men and women.

Reading and Numerology in the Early French Reform

ABSTRACT French humanists and reformers around 1500 drew upon ancient and twelfth-century practices of reading numerologically, in an effort to recover a rich mode of doing philosophy rooted in Christian scriptures. This article is chiefly exploratory, setting out this programme’s sources, practices, and aims within the circle of Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples, comparing to the influential projects of the Modern Devotion, Marsilio Ficino, and Pico della Mirandola. The article centres on some examples of how this hermeneutic practice looked in action, before closing with the idea that conceptual ambition made it vulnerable to the mounting pressures of the early French reformation.

Women on Boards: Evidence from a French Reform Imposing a 40 Percent Gender Board Quota

Women on Boards: Evidence from a French Reform Imposing a 40 Percent Gender Board Quota