French Legal Research Articles

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

L’obligation de soins, ce que le thérapeute doit savoir : regards croisés entre justice et psychiatrie

IntroductionMandatory care is part of court-ordered care. This measure was introduced into French Law on November 23, 1958, at the same time as conditional imprisonment with probation. Rarely used by judges in the beginning, mandatory care appears to be ordered more frequently today. Concerning mainly male individuals with personality or substance abuse disorders, therapists will frequently be asked by their patients to implement this measure. Through a review of the legal and health literature, this paper intends to specify how mandatory care is ordered, implemented, applied and ultimately how it ends. MethodsWe conducted a literature review of French legal and health publications between 1958 and 2021. We included sources from several databases such as Science Direct, Persée, Cairn, Dalloz, and Légifrance. We used the keywords “obligation de soin”, “soins pénalement ordonnés”. DiscussionMandatory care is a frequent measure that can be pronounced by French judges at any judicial procedure. No psychiatric expertise is needed contrary to other court-ordered care such as injunction of care. As the magistrate only sets the goals of mandatory care, its organization and extent are determined by the therapist in partnership with the patient. The patient will then have to prove his assiduity to the judge, by asking the therapist to submit certificates of attendance. As the therapist is sworn to respect the professional secrecy towards the magistrate, the judge should transmit all the documents useful for the patient's care. Finally, mandatory care can be terminated at the behest of the patient, the district attorney, or the Executive Magistrate. ConclusionIt seems essential that healthcare professionals understand what mandatory care is and how it is conducted. Moreover, we invite all those involved, from the judicial to the medical system, to promote meeting venues to better identify the limits of each, while, at the same time, respecting one another's professional secrecy.

Interaction between Special and General Meaning of French Legal Terms and Cultural Concepts as a Means of Social Characterization in Marcel Proust’s Novel “À la recherche du temps perdu”

The article deals with the analysis of the interaction between legal terms and cultural concepts in Marcel Proust’s novel “In Search of Lost Time” (“À la recherche du temps perdu”). Our primary concern is to contribute to the studies of the relations between the language of professional communication and general communication language within a literary text, and, therefore, to examine the functioning of legal and general vocabulary in the novel. Much has been done in the field of special terms and neutral lexis classification in professional language, but undoubtedly, just as much remains to be done. The analysis of different types of stylistic devices has been widely presented in specialized literature. It would be reasonable to study French legal terms from the point of view of their polysemy as well as from a larger perspective of the interaction between legal culture and culture in general. What we are aiming at is to establish some correspondences of legal concepts to those of everyday life, and above all, their relations with other allusions in the general culture domain. To attain our aim we should look at the legal concepts we detected within a larger context of their functioning. Our analysis reveals that the writer uses legal terms and legal concepts in order to describe some characters of the novel and to represent certain aspects of the social reality he depicts. Love relationship between Marcel and Albertine is illustrated with some examples from the domains of civil, criminal and financial law, which is not usually associated with such a theme. Multiple allusions to various cultural phenomena of legal culture and of culture in general, namely classical theatre and painting, the history of Ancient Greece and Rome express the author’s irony by contrast.

Penser la GPA (French edition), Daniel Borrillo and Thomas Perroud

France, like many countries around the world, prohibits surrogacy within its borders. Penser la GPA (Thinking about surrogacy) is an examination of the French legal and social response to surrogacy from a variety of angles. This book is immediately relevant to the French: according to a 2018 survey (as referenced on page 14 of the book), a majority of the French population supports surrogacy, and discussions among legislators and activists continue as modifications to the bioethics laws in France are debated. The insight provided in Penser la GPA can inform these ongoing debates. Beyond France, this book is a detailed and nuanced examination of systems and arguments for and against surrogacy that is highly relevant to the broader discussion of surrogacy today. Penser la GPA is not only a valuable insight into the current status of surrogacy in France, but also how France arrived at the current status. The far-reaching discussions of the concerns about surrogacy in France range from legal implications, the rights of women, and the best interests of children. Furthermore, these discussions are often informed by perspectives (in the form of studies, papers, and cases) from outside of France. Anyone who studies or practices surrogacy would benefit from the insight provided in this book.

Civil environmental liability of the government in the French and Iranian legal systems

One of the most important issues of the present age is the issue of the environment and understanding its position and importance in human life. However, the importance of this irreplaceable Capital is such that human health is completely tied to its health as a bed of lifetime. However, it can be claimed that in this age, human and natural environment has been exposed to many serious damages. And environmental damage, many of which is virtually irreparable, threatens human life even more. That in case of damage to the environment, On what basis can the loser be held liable; A noteworthy discussion in the present study, Examining the principles of environmental civil liability in the French and Iranian legal systems, we found that both legal systems, While still embracing the traditional theory of environmental civil liability, Over time, and given the shortcomings of this theory, Steps have been taken towards other theories as the basis for this responsibility. Also, the discussion of environmental obligations and civil liability of governments is a fundamental issue in the field of environmental rights. In this research work، In order to achieve the goals that can be imagined in the field of preserving and supporting this universal gift, it has been examined. Keywords: Environmental Damages, Civil Liability, French Legal System, Iranian Legal System DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/112-22 Publication date :August 31st 2021

French Legal scheme on food waste and agri-food chain

French Legal scheme on food waste and agri-food chain

French Legal Imaginations from Richelieu to Rayneval

French Legal Imaginations from Richelieu to Rayneval

Erfan Bbakhani. Penal Transaction as an Alternative Mechanism to Public Prosecution; A Comparative Study of Iranian, Belgian and French Legal System

طی سه دهه اخیر شکل های مختلف عدالت کیفری مذاکره ای-توافقی در نظام حقوقی نوشته گسترش یافته است. تمام این سازوکارهای توافقی موجب ساده سازی و سرعت رسیدگی کیفری در پاسخ به عمل مجرمانه می شوند. ظهور این سازوکارها تضمین حقوق طرفین عمل مجرمانه را فراهم می کند و تعقیب عمومی را به سمت قراردادی شدن می برد. اجرای رسیدگی ها جایگزین تعقیب ابتدا با حذف مرحله بحث بر اثبات مجرمیت این امکان را فراهم می آورد تا با حداقل هزینه و با سرعت مرحله رسیدگی انجام شود که متعاقبا موجب تعدیل ازدحام مراجع قضایی و زندان می شود. سپس فراتر از یک منطق کاملا مدیریتی، حل و فصل اختلاف را تضمین می کند که همان هدفی است که متهم و دادستان به دنبال آن هستند. سرانجام موجب دستیابی به پاسخی قابل قبول تر و اجرای بهتر رویه ای کارآمد شده که ماهیتی متمایل به پیش گیری از تکرار جرم و ترمیم بزهدیده خواهد داشت. از این سازوکارها می توان به نهاد توافق کیفری در حقوق فرانسه و بلژیک و نهاد تعلیق تعقیب در حقوق ایران اشاره کرد. در این راستا، تحقیق پیش رو با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی جایگاه این سازوکار را در سه نظام حقوقی ایران، بلژیک و فرانسه مورد بررسی قرار داده است. در پایان این نتیجه حاصل شد که قانونگذار ایرانی با درنظرگرفتن اصل اقتضاء تعقیب، اختیار قانونی بیشتری به دادستان ها بدهد تا این مقام تعقیب در اعمال جایگزین های تعقیب عمومی در خصوص جرایم خرد-کوچک رویکرد انعطاف پذیری پیش گیرد.

КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ ПРАВОВЫХ СИСТЕМ: МИФ ИЛИ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ?

The article examines certain aspects of the competition of legal and jurisdictional systems on the example of systems of common and continental (civil) law. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the report “Civil Legal Traditions in Question: On the Reports of the Doing Business of the World Bank”, prepared in the framework of the Association of Friends of French Legal Culture named after Henri Captain. The examples of export of law on the example of the creation of the MFC “Astana” are considered, a number of Russian laws are analyzed, aimed at increasing, in the opinion of their developers, the competitiveness of the Russian jurisdictional system. At the end of the study, the author notes that the condition for the full “coverage” of all possible corporate disputes by the arbitration agreement is the subordination of the MC and MF to foreign law. Another final thesis of this work is the idea that the living environment for participants in economic relations in Russia should be convenient and comfortable both from the point of view of the legal framework and law enforcement. Also, it is noted that increasing the attractiveness of the Russian jurisdictional system is an extremely urgent task, which determines the formation of conditions for increasing economic stability, intensive development of the social sphere and comprehensive progressive development of the country.

프랑스의 플랫폼 노동에 관한 법제

프랑스의 플랫폼 노동에 관한 법제

Master narratives in French Legal History

Master narratives in French Legal History

Rechazar y retirar el tratamiento al final de la vida: complejidades éticas que involucran a pacientes que carecen de capacidad para tomar decisiones

Obtener el consentimiento válido, libre e informado no siempre es fácil. Presupone, por un lado, la divulgación de información justa, clara y apropiada, y, por otro, la capacidad de comprenderla lo más adecuadamente posible y luego tomar una decisión. Entonces, cuando un paciente tiene impedimentos cognitivos en el largo plazo y carece de la capacidad independiente para tomar o comunicar una decisión, y cuando esta decisión se trata del final de su vida, el consentimiento puede ser muy complejo. ¿Cómo hacerlo bien? El presente artículo no ofrece «la» solución, pero analiza el tema en el marco legal y ético francés. El desafío es encontrar una línea divisoria entre la beneficencia, el respeto a la autonomía y el rechazo de la «obstinación irrazonable» (que define lainutilidad en la legislación francesa). La beneficencia podría significar retirar (o retener) los tratamientos médicos en curso (quimioterapia, radioterapia, etcétera) cuando se vuelven cada vez más ineficaces y, además, son agresivos e intrusivos para el paciente (lo que conlleva una disminución de su calidad de vida). Pero cuando el paciente no puede consentir o parece estar en desacuerdo, ¿cómo podemos seguir adelante? La contribución examinará, primero, el valor de la toma de decisiones y del consentimiento del paciente en la atención médica y, luego, el papel que la familia y los cuidadores pueden desempeñar para apoyarlos. Dado que la muerte es un momento único y definitivo, no debemos olvidar que, a menudo, la experiencia de los familiares con el paciente condiciona tanto el proceso de toma de decisiones como su proceso de duelo. Finalmente, se examinarán y discutirán tres situaciones clínicas específicas, en las que se debe tomar una decisión con respecto a la retención y retirada de los tratamientos: cuando un paciente está consciente, cuando está inconsciente y no tiene instrucciones anticipadas, cuando rechaza el tratamiento a sabiendas. La lucha consiste en saber qué es lo que realmente le importa a la persona moribunda, para poder respetar sus deseos.

The Bereaucracies of Company Ownership in France

“A company’s responsibility is to increase profit.” This idea has motivated a lot of entrepreneurs towards company formation. However, for a business to be successful, a person or group of persons must invest time, money, assets, and/or personal skill towards the development of the business idea. As businesses expand and become more profitable, it will be fair for these persons who have invested towards the success of the business to have the absolute freedom to control the business as they wish. For registered companies, this is not the case. The mode of structuring and organising of a company is defined by the French Commercial Code, the French Civil Code and the bylaws of the company . This means that regardless of how much a person has invested, such a person is still subject to rules and guidelines for the running of the company. Arguably, this could be the reason for the growing popularity of other forms of business as compared to registered companies. This paper analyses the bureaucracies associated with the structuring and organising of companies under the French Legal system. It is divided into two parts. The first part of this paper discusses business formation and the corporate standards that affect the running of the business while the second part discusses the purpose of government-imposed regulations to the corporate structure.

Bourdet vs. Quentin de Villiers: Tribadism and Propriety in French Legal Discourse, 1783–1784

Bourdet vs. Quentin de Villiers: Tribadism and Propriety in French Legal Discourse, 1783–1784

Les limites de l’approche fondée sur le risque de la loi du 5 mars 2012 relative aux recherches impliquant la personne humaine, dite « loi Jardé »: Lecture critique des arrêtés du 12 avril 2018

Thanks to the publication of the two decrees of 12 April 2018, and six years after the promulgation of the Jardé law, the scope of the law of 5 March 2012 as well as the different categories of research involving the human person finally appear clearly. Beside interventional research that includes intervention on the person that is not justified by usual care, the contours of two categories of research have been precised: interventional research with minimal risk and minimal burden and “non-interventional” research, whose name is questionable. If the latest decrees have managed to reach a more coherent set of rules, the French legal and regulatory provisions remain complex and incomplete. Complex, in view of the multiplicity of statutory texts adopted since the promulgation of the Jardé law. Incomplete, because the needs for ethical evaluation provided for by the international ethical principles of research are not systematically covered by French law.

Flexibility of Working Time and Protection of Workers in the French Legal System of Working Hours

Flexibility of Working Time and Protection of Workers in the French Legal System of Working Hours

Проблемы определенности соглашений о международной подсудности: сравнительный анализ российского и французского регулирования

Проблемы определенности соглашений о международной подсудности: сравнительный анализ российского и французского регулирования

Recherche en pédiatrie (2) : le consentement en pratique

Ethical and regulatory documents frame informed consent in pediatric research; their application is obligatory but may be complex. In this specific context, pediatric investigators have a central ethical role to play to ensure the strict respect of regulatory and ethical requirements adapted to the French legal, social, and cultural context as well as good clinical practices. This article attempts to shed light on the considerations that can allow researchers to come to terms with industrial and institutional demands while responding to the needs of patients, particularly in the domain of pediatric research.

What Are the Ethical Problems Raised by the Increase of Cognitive Capabilities in the Defence Structure: The French Legal Structure, the Ethical Position of the French Military Health Service

All contemporary discussions concerning the ethics of human experimentation are grounded in the Nuremberg Code (Macklin, 1992) which listed what for many are the basic principles underlying the ethical conduct of human research. By law all scientific researches that use human research volunteers are governed by regulations prescribing the ethical treatment of these volunteers (Jones, 1993). The present purpose concerns what Ethics is in order to discuss about how military researches are directly affected by these regulations. They particularly concern neurosciences and precisely how to improve cognition for military individuals. Main arsenal was discussed according the risk-benefit balance. Furthermore, implications for medical reflexion were proposed. The French law prescribing the ethical principles for conducting research on humans as animals have been successively defined in accordance with European texts (French Public Health Code, 1994, 2004; Favre, Vallet, Renaudeau et al., 2004). All of these have consequences for conducting the French biomedical research for the defence.