French Breakfast Research Articles

Evaluation of nitrate accumulation, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in leaves of radish cultivars

ABSTRACT Identifying, and evaluating, the nutritional and toxic compounds in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for breeding. This study investigates the quality and health indices in leaves of radish cultivars: Cherry Belle, Champion, French Breakfast, Sparkler, and a local landrace (Isfahan). Difference were observed in contents of dry matter (7.84–11.23%) and ash (1.12–2.05%) in leaves of radish cultivars. Nitrate content in leaves 1780–5234 mg·kg−1 which was 71.2–209.3% of the permissible limit. “Cherry Belle” and the local cultivar had the highest nitrate content. With increased dry matter accumulation in leaves, nitrate content decreased. Cultivars that have a higher photosynthesis capacity, represent more capability in nitrate consumption. The IC50 in leaves was 33.1%. The local landrace had the highest antioxidant capacity and “Cherry Belle” the lowest. The phenolic content and vitamin C in leaves of radish cultivars was 99.9 mg GAE/100 g and 34.25 mg/100 g, respectively. Radish leaves were rich in vitamin C. It is apparently possible to develop cultivars that have higher content of bioactive compounds and lower nitrate accumulation.

Increased bulb yield following seed coating of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) with selected isolates of Trichoderma species in Rhizoctonia solani infected soil

Abstract: Red radish (Raphanus sativus) is highly susceptible to the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which can cause severe crop losses. In a glasshouse experiment, untreated seeds of radish cvs. French Breakfast and Red Round were grown in potting mix where R. solani inoculated wheat-bran was added at rates of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g per 100 g potting mix. Seedling emergence was reduced by one third and two thirds respectively by the two higher inoculum rates, and final plant numbers were ca. 20%, 50% and 80% less than in the uninoculated control. The ability of Trichoderma spp. to increase radish yields by limiting the damage caused by R. solani has long been known but has not been evaluated in New Zealand. Inoculum of each of four Trichoderma spp. isolates LU132 (T. atroviride), LU785 (T. hamatum), LU1437 (T. harzianum) and LU1358 (T. polysporum) was prepared in sterile wheat-bran and 0.5 g wheat-bran was added per 100 g potting mix. In a second glasshouse experiment, R. solani (0.25 g inoculated wheat-bran) was added per 100 g potting mix before untreated seeds of both radish cultivars were sown. Potting mix without either R. solani or Trichoderma served as the control. Maximum seedling emergence did not differ among the treatments for cv. French Breakfast, but was increased by the presence of either isolate LU132 (T. atroviride) or LU1358 (T. polysporum) for cv. Red Round. The presence of isolate LU1347 (T. harzianum) in the potting mix significantly increased plant survival in both cultivars. Each of the four Trichoderma isolates reduced the percentage of diseased plants with isolate LU132 (T. atroviride) providing the strongest response. In a third glasshouse experiment, Trichoderma treated seeds, thiram fungicide treated and untreated seeds of both radish cultivars were sown in naturally R. solani infected soil. The same treatments were used in a field trial at a site known to be infected by R. solani. In the third glasshouse experiment, seed treatment with Trichoderma isolates LU1347 (T. harzianum), LU1358 (T. polysporum) and LU785 (T. hamatum) significantly increased bulb fresh weight in cv. Red Round, but no treatments increased bulb fresh weight in cv. French Breakfast. In the field experiment, bulb yield for the thiram seed treatment did not differ from that of the untreated control. However, seed treatment with isolate LU785 (T. hamatum) increased subsequent bulb yield by 96% for both cultivars, and seed treatment with isolate LU132 (T. atroviride) or isolate LU1358 (T. polysporum) also significantly increased bulb yield (by 85% and 60% respectively) in cv. French Breakfast. A possible explanation for this result was sought by undertaking a fourth glasshouse experiment for radish cv. Red Round only. In this experiment, all four Trichoderma spp. isolates more than doubled bulb yield by producing not only a greater number of bulbs but also larger bulbs than the untreated control. Trichoderma seed coating may provide an alternative to fungicide seed treatment for radish production.

The Use of Waste Sorbents for Surface Wastewater Treatment to Intensify Plant Growth

The possibility of using sorbents from FOPS® filters, spent in the processes of purification of surface wastewater, is shown to intensify the growth of radish plants of the “French breakfast” variety. The ability of these waste sorbents, introduced into soil-ground substrates (SGS) as structure-forming additives enriched with microelements, was found to significantly stimulate the development of the root system with some slight inhibition of shoot growth. In the course of the experiments, the optimal value of the addition of sorbents spent in the processes of cleaning surface runoff (from roads) to the SGS was determined, which provides the greatest increase in the biomass of the root system of plants used as a test culture. It has been established that the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the leaves and roots of a plant test culture increases with an increase in their content in the spent sorbents, but the actual concentrations of HMs in plants do not exceed the standards for their content in robust feed for animal husbandry. An assessment was made of the use of sorbents spent in water purification processes to create soil used in the reclamation of landfills for the placement of solid municipal waste, industrial dumps, road slopes, as well as in the restoration of forest resources and soil remediation.

Evaluation of the Raphanus Sativus Varieties Response to the Application of Dinitrophenol in Terms of Oxidative Stress Enzymes and DNA Amplification

The oxidative stress at the vegetable organisms represents a complex chemical and physiologic phenomenon which appears as a result of the different influence of biotic and abiotic stressor factors, the negative strong impact of these ones being due to the massive superproduction and to the accumulation of the oxygen reactive species. The present material demonstrate the dinitrophenol phytotoxicity, chemical agent which enters in composition of lots pesticides, on the Raphanus sativus var. sativus species viability, the M�nchen Bier and French Breakfast varieties cropped in lab conditions through antioxidant enzymes� activity modifications, but also to those appeared at the genome�s level.

Lead Absorption by Radish Is Affected by Soil Texture and Cultivar

Lead (Pb) was detected in potential urban garden soil in Claremont Cali-fornia and was absorbed by radish cultivars and giant red mustard in a bioassay of the contaminated soil. Radish cultivars grown in two soils with two lead salts developed the same lead tissue concentrations. In a subsequent study, Cultivar “Rudolf” accumulated less lead nitrate than cultivars “French Breakfast” and “White Beauty”. Cultivar “Rudolf” grew the least biomass likely accounting for its reduced Pb accumulation. All radish cultivars accumulated more lead when grown in clay vs. sand soil and radish Pb accumulation increased when the concentration of lead was increased in either soil type. The solubility of the lead ion used was not associated with Pb uptake by radish.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of breakfast nutritional composition in French schoolchildren aged 9-11 years.

The present study aimed to analyse the nutritional quality of childrens' breakfasts using data collected during a cross-sectional observational study on the prevalence of urinary osmolality in 529 French children aged 9-11 years. Total nutrient intake, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), energy density and solid energy density were calculated from breakfast food and fluid nutritional composition. To identify the main qualitative breakfast patterns, each breakfast item was categorised into 15 solid and liquid food categories and a principal component analysis followed by a cluster analysis was performed. Only 9.8% included skipped breakfast. Breakfast provided, on average, 22.9% of the recommended daily energy intake and 24.7% of the mean adequacy ratio of 23 key nutrients. Four breakfast patterns were identified: 'Sweets breakfast' (40.0% of children), 'Traditional French breakfast' (27.2%), 'Ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) + milk' (18.1%) and 'Dairy and juice breakfast' (9.5%). Nutritionally, the 'RTEC + milk' pattern was the most advantageous. Flavoured milk was the most frequently consumed food (50.5%) and the major component of the 'Traditional French breakfast'. Although breakfast provided a substantial contribution to a range of nutrients, opportunity for improvement, particularly to less nutrient breakfast patterns, should not be overlooked.

First Report of Streptomyces europaeiscabiei Causing Common Scab on Potato in Finland

Common scab is an important disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by Streptomyces spp. In Finland, morphological and physiological characterization (5) and comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences have suggested that Streptomyces scabies and S. turgidiscabies are the main causal species (2), but occurrence of S. europaeiscabiei has not been previously studied. In September 2011, potato tubers of cvs. Fambo, Melody, Puikula, Rosamunda, Victoria, and Van Gogh showing symptoms of common scab were collected from 10 fields in southern (Lammi), eastern (Liperi), and western Finland (Isokyrö, Kalajoki, Tyrnävä). Symptoms included superficial, raised, and pitted corky lesions ranging from 3 to 10 mm in diameter. Isolations were made from scab lesions on water agar. Colonies phenotypically characteristic of Streptomyces were transferred to glucose yeast malt extract agar (GYM) after 7 days. Pure cultures were obtained through subsequent transfers to fresh GYM medium, on which the strains produced golden brown colonies and white to grey spores. DNA was extracted from bacteria using the E.Z.N.A. SP Plant DNA Mini Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Inc.). Primers developed for the 16S rRNA gene sequences (4) were used to detect S. scabies and S. turgidiscabies by PCR. Of the 14 strains recovered, nine were assigned to S. scabies, three to S. turgidiscabies, and two remained unidentified. However, S. scabies and S. europaeiscabiei cannot be distinguished by the 16S rRNA gene sequence, but the ITS1 region of the 16S operon sequence amplified by PCR is cleaved by Hpy99I in S. scabies but not in S. europaeiscabiei (1). Altogether, 18 strains were tested, including nine obtained in 2011 and seven Finnish and two Swedish strains isolated and assigned to S. scabies in the mid-1990s (2,4,5). The ITS1 sequence of S. scabies type strain, ATCC49173, was cleaved with Hpy99I, in contrast to all other strains that were consequently assigned to S. europaeiscabiei. To further confirm the identity of the Finnish strains, sequences of atpD, recA, and rpoB genes from three strains (one from 1995, two from 2011) (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ802471 to 79) were found to be 100, 99.8, and 100% identical, respectively, to corresponding S. europaeiscabiei type strain CFBP 4497 sequences (3). Pathogenicity of the S. europaeiscabiei strains isolated in 2011 was confirmed using radish seedling assay (1). All strains prevented or reduced the growth of radish seedlings (cv. French Breakfast) or caused severe necrosis in repeated experiments. No symptoms were observed on the seedlings grown on oat meal agar without bacteria. The pathogenicity of the S. europaeiscabiei strains isolated in the mid-1990s was confirmed using minituber assays (4,5). In addition, two of these strains were tested in a glasshouse experiment and two in a radish seedling assay and shown to be pathogenic. The results suggest that S. europaeiscabiei is an important cause of potato common scab in Finland. In the earlier studies, S. europaeiscabiei may have been mistaken for S. scabies, as the restriction analysis of the ITS1 region was not done.

GLUCOSINOLATE COMPOSITION AND ANTI-CANCER POTENTIAL OF DAIKON AND RADISH SPROUTS

Daikon and radish sprouts contain high levels of glucoraphenin, a glucosinolate which hydrolyses to form sulphoraphene. Sulphoraphene, like sulphoraphane from broccoli, is a potent inducer of phase 2 detoxification enzymes and consequently has potential anti-cancer action. Unlike broccoli however, daikon and radish do not possess epithiospecifier protein, a protein that inhibits conversion of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates, and consequently they may represent more suitable sources of phyto-chemicals with anti-cancer potential. Concentrations of glucoraphenin were highest in the seed, declining exponentially with sprout development. The rate of decline was observed to vary considerably between varieties of daikon and radish, with some varieties maintaining significantly high levels of glucoraphenin. Varieties maintaining a high level of glucoraphenin included 'Cherry Belle' and 'French Breakfast'.

Genetic Structure and Diversity among Radish Varieties as Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses

Twelve amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to estimate genetic diversity among 68 varieties of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The material consisted of open-pollinated varieties, inbred lines, diploid and a few tetraploid hybrid varieties of garden radish [R. sativus var. sativus DC. convar. radicula (DC.) Alef.] and black radish [R. sativus var. niger (Mill.) Pers.]. Two accessions of uncultivated relatives of radish that as weeds cause serious contamination during the process of hybrid radish production were added to the analyses. Polymorphic fragments were scored for calculation of Jaccard's coefficient of genetic similarity (GS). Substantial level of genetic variability (average AFLP-based GS = 0.70; average ISSR-based GS = 0.61) was detected in the available germplasm of cultivated radish. Cluster analyses separated two weedy species from the cultivated germplasm. Within cultivated material, black radish and french breakfast radish types formed separate clusters. Based on AFLP data, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based approach revealed the genetic structure within cultivated radish germplasm and indicated the existence of divergent pools. Although the model-based approach did not separate black radish from french breakfast radish varieties, it offered a clear sub-division within garden radish germplasm. The results of this study may be relevant for hybrid radish breeding.

Genotype x environment interaction in the uptake of Cs and Sr from soils by plants

AbstractThe soil‐plant transfer factors for Cs and Sr were analyzed in relationship to soil properties, crops, and varieties of crops. Two crops and two varieties of each crop: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Salad Bowl Green and cv. Lobjoits Green Cos, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cv. French Breakfast 3 and cv. Scarlet Globe, were grown on five different soils amended with Cs and Sr to give concentrations of 1 mg kg–1 and 50 mg kg–1 of each element. Soil‐plant transfer coefficients ranged between 0.12–19.10 (Cs) and 1.48–146.10 (Sr) for lettuce and 0.09–13.24 (Cs) and 2.99–93.00 (Sr) for radish.Uptake of Cs and Sr by plants depended on both plant and soil properties. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between soil‐plant transfer factors for each plant type at the two soil concentrations. At each soil concentration about 60 % of the variance in the uptake of the Cs and Sr was due to soil properties. For a given concentration of Cs or Sr in soil, the most important factor effecting soil‐plant transfer of these elements was the soil properties rather than the crops or varieties of crops. Therefore, for the varieties considered here, soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr would be best regulated through the management of soil properties.At each concentration of Cs and Sr, the main soil properties effecting the uptake of Cs and Sr by lettuce and radish were the concentrations of K and Ca, pH and CEC. Together with the concentrations of contaminants in soils, they explained about 80 % of total data variance, and were the best predictors for soil‐plant transfer. The different varieties of lettuce and radish gave different responses in soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in different soil conditions, i.e. genotype x environment interaction caused about 30 % of the variability in the uptake of Cs and Sr by plants. This means that a plant variety with a low soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in one soil could have an increased soil‐plant transfer factor in other soils.The broad implications of this work are that in contaminated agricultural lands still used for plant growing, contaminant‐excluding crop varieties may not be a reliable method for decreasing contaminant transfer to foodstuffs. Modification of soil properties would be a more reliable technique. This is particularly relevant to agricultural soils in the former USSR still affected by fallout from the Chernobyl disaster.

Crispy in the french breakfast

Bien qu’il y ait eu du croquant et du croustillant dans l’alimentation des Français avant l’époque contemporaine (pain, gâteaux, fruits frais ou secs) sa place a augmenté récemment à la suite des changements intervenus dans le petit déjeuner. Le but de cet article est d’analyser historiquement la pénétration et la diffusion du croquant et du croustillant dans le petit déjeuner français. Celle ci s’est faite d’abord dans les villes sous l’influence de modèles étrangers et principalement Anglo-Saxons qui font une place importante au croustillant. Les partisans des nouveaux petits déjeuners à base de lait, de céréales et de fruits ne cherchaient pas seulement à promouvoir le végétarisme mais aussi à lutter contre la « dégénérescence » qui menaçait à leurs yeux la société moderne. Après avoir rappelé la naissance du petit déjeuner français, on étudiera le rôle des modèles étrangers dans l’évolution de la consommation d’aliments croustillants.

Effect of cream cheese consumption on the glycaemic response to the meal in healthy subjects

The effects of the ingestion of 20% fat-cream cheese with a breakfast on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses of male healthy volunteers have been studied in two experiments with 12 subjects each. The results indicate that as few as 100 g cream cheese significantly decrease the maximal glycaemic value and the area under the glucose curve, when compared with a standard french breakfast. Increasing the ingested amount of cream cheese has no further effect on the responses. The possible mechanisms are evoked.

Metabolism of [ 35S]-carbonyl sulphide in perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) and radish ( Raphanus sativus L.)

Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. cv. S24) and radish ( Raphanus sativus L. cv. French Breakfast) were fumigated in the light with 9.9 μg/m 3 of [ 35S]-carbonyl sulphide (COS), and the subsequent fate and distribution of absorbed 35S was investigated. In ryegrass about 17% of the 35S was translocated to the roots within 24 hr of fumigation, but no further redistribution occurred within a further 3 days. With radish, only about 3–6% of absorbed 35S was translocated to the roots within 24 hr of fumigation, during which time 20% was moved to the hypocotyl, while the remainder was associated with the foliage. In ryegrass, but not radish, about 17% of 35S was lost from the plants within 24 hr of fumigation. Although the fate of this lost 35S was not investigated in detail, release from the roots did not appear to be responsible. Separation of the ryegrass tissue into water-soluble and water-insoluble acid-labile fractions and analysis by ion-exchange chromatography showed that the main products of [ 35S]-COS metabolism were SO 4 2−, methionine and glutathione in the water-soluble fraction, together with cysteine in the acid-labile pool. The labelling pattern observed can be explained by the hydrolysis of COS to H 2S and CO 2 (possibly catalysed by carbonic anhydrase), followed by assimilation of the H 2S into the endogenous S pool of the plant.

The Assessment of Plant‐Available Cadmium in Soils

AbstractA study has been made of the amounts of cadmium recovered by a variety of reagents and extraction procedures from soils to which Cd has been added. Correlation of these results with the Cd content of radish plants (Raphanus sativus L. cultivar French Breakfast Crimson (Suttons)) grown in these soils has shown that the most sensitive of several possible indices to Cd uptake by plants is the amount extracted by a 1‐hour shaking with 1/V ammonium nitrate solution at a soil/solution ratio of 1:10 (wt/vol). The greater efficiency of this extractant compared with other proposed extractants is ascribed to the system reflecting the natural pH of the soil which has a marked effect on cadmium availability to plants.

Content of Thiocyanate Goiterogen in Radishes as Related to Nutrient Concentration and Sulfur Nutrition1

Abstract Thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content was determined in root and foliage of ‘Burpee White’ and ‘French Breakfast’ radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) grown hydroponically in modified Hoagland’s solution at 2 concentrations (½ × and 2×) and sulfate at 3 levels (1, 4, and 8 meq/liter). Root and foliage of both cultivars grown in ½ × solution contained more SCN− than tissues from plants grown in 2 × solution. Although SCN− content of ‘Burpee White’ roots increased linearly with sulfate level in ½ × solution, SCN− content in corresponding ‘French Breakfast’ roots and in roots of both cultivars grown in 2× solution was not significantly affected by sulfur nutrition. Nutrient concentration altered the synthesis or accumulation of thiocyanate-yielding compounds without affecting growth. Results indicate that the enforcement of regulations governing permissable amounts of toxicants, such as SCN−, in new cultivars may be difficult because of genotype-nutrient interaction which can induce variability in toxicant content.

Effects of feeding by larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (F.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) on the yield of radish and turnip plants

SUMMARYDifferent numbers of larvae of the beetle Phaedon cochleariae (F.) and the moth Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) were fed on the leaves of turnip plants (variety Early Milan White) and radish (variety French Breakfast) growing in a constant‐environment room.Turnips grew more slowly than radish, were less affected by insect feeding and were affected more by Phaedon than by Plutella. Phaedon larvae severed leaf veins and rasped the leaf surface, thus killing more leaf tissue by desiccation than they ate. They remained on and greatly damaged the older leaves and their feeding reduced yield. Plutella larvae fed on leaves of all ages, which they ate cleanly, leaving the veins. They pupated sooner than Phaedon and did less damage to older leaves, which grew larger and lived longer than corresponding leaves on intact plants. This compensatory growth by turnip prevented loss of yield and may have increased it, as indicated by dry weight of the roots.Both species of insect decreased the yield of radish similarly. Loss of yield of turnip caused by Phaedon or of radish caused by both species of insects was negatively and linearly proportional to the number of larvae that fed on the leaves.

Black root disease of radishes caused byAphanomyces raphaniKendr.

Summary Black root of radishes caused by Aphanomyces raphani Kendr. is widely distributed in the Manawatu. The disease has not previously been reported in New Zealand. Symptoms are severe stunting, with blackening and deformity of roots. Symptoms are severe stunting, with blackening and deformity of roots. Sexual reproduction has been observed on PDA, cornmeal agar, and oa tmeal agar. The pathogen remains viable for only a few weeks on PDA, but survives for several months on cornmeal agar. In field tests the variety French Breakfast proved highly resistant

Transmission of radish-mosaic virus by aphids

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction A mosaic disease of the cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus) is common in the vegetable gardens of the San Francisco Bay districts. The disease also occurs on wild radish, which probably serves as a reservoir of the virus. (Tompkins (1939))4 reviewed the literature on mosaic diseases of Raphanus species. He also published the results of studies on host range and properties of the radish-mosaic virus. The virus was found to be readily transmitted by mechanical inoculation. Numerous unsuccessful attempts were made to transmit the virus by means of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), turnip or false cabbage aphid, Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae (Davis), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). (Magistad (1938)) listed daikon (Raphanus sp.) mosaic in the Hawaiian Islands. (Parris (1940)) listed a mosaic on Raphanus sp. in Hawaii. (Dale (1948)) recorded the occurrence of a mosaic disease on three crucifers in Trinidad, British West Indies, one of which was an eastern variety of radish, known locally as moorei and which he suggested may be Raphanus sativus var. hortensis. He found by inoculation tests that the radish (R. sativus) varieties French Breakfast and Burpee’s Red Giant appear to be immune to the virus described in his paper. The virus was transmitted by Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae (Davis). The following is a report of a study undertaken on aphid transmission of the radish-mosaic virus described by (Tompkins (1939)). Tests were made with aphid species that breed on White Icicle radish under natural conditions and with species that have not been reared on this host plant. A comparison was made between transmission of the virus by unfasted infective aphids, and transmission by previously noninfective fasted aphids after short infection-feeding intervals. Other aspects investigated include a comparison of virus transmission, by lots of varying numbers of aphids, with mechanical inoculation; and the retention of the virus.