Green Beans Research Articles

Weed Communities of Snap Bean Fields in the United States

Abstract Weeds are one of the greatest challenges to snap bean production. Anecdotal observation posits certain species frequently escape the weed management system by the time of crop harvest, hereafter called residual weeds. The objectives of this work were to 1) quantify the residual weed community in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown for processing across the major growing regions in the U.S., and 2) investigate linkages between the density of residual weeds and their contributions to weed canopy cover. In surveys of 358 fields across the Northwest (NW), Midwest (MW), and Northeast (NE), residual weeds were observed in 95% of the fields. While a total of 109 species or species-group were identified, one to three species dominated the residual weed community of individual fields in most cases. It was not uncommon to have >10 weeds m-2 with a weed canopy covering >5% of the field’s surface area. Some of the most abundant and problematic species or species-group escaping control included amaranth species (such as smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer]), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.). Emerging threats include hophornbeam copperleaf (Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell) in the MW and sharppoint fluvellin [Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.] in the NW. Beyond crop losses due to weed interference, the weed canopy at harvest poses a risk to contaminating snap bean products with foreign material. Random forest modeling predicts the residual weed canopy is dominated by common lambsquarters, large crabgrass, carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata L.), I. hederacea, amaranth species, and A. ostryifolia. This is the first quantitative report on the weed community escaping control in U.S. snap bean production.

Edible Alginate–Lecithin Films Enriched with Different Coffee Bean Extracts: Formulation, Non-Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties

The aim of this study was to analyze the functional properties of newly obtained films based on sodium alginate and lecithin with the addition of antioxidant-rich coffee extracts and to verify their potential as safe edible food packaging materials. In our study, we developed alginate–lecithin films enriched with green or roasted coffee bean extracts. The roasting process of coffee beans had a significant impact on the total phenolic content (TPC) in the studied extracts. The highest value of TPC (2697.2 mg GAE/dm3), as well as antioxidant activity (AA) (17.6 mM T/dm3), was observed for the extract of light-roasted coffee beans. Films with the addition of medium-roasted coffee extracts and baseline films had the highest tensile strength (21.21 ± 0.73 N). The addition of coffee extract improved the barrier properties of the films against UV light with a decrease in the transmittance values (200–400 nm), regardless of the type of extract added. Studies on Caco-2, HepG2 and BJ cells showed that digestated films were non-cytotoxic materials (100–0.1 μg/cm3) and had no negative effect on cell viability; an increase was noted for all cell lines, the highest after 48 h in a dose of 1 μg/cm3 for a film with medium-roasted coffee (194.43 ± 38.30) for Caco-2. The tested films at 20% digestate concentrations demonstrated the ability to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in the RAW264.7 cell line by 25 to 60% compared to the control. Each of the tested films with coffee extracts had growth inhibitory properties towards selected species of bacteria.

Enhancing Green Bean Production on Acid Oxisols Using Basalt Fines in the Cameroon Western Highlands

Rock fines have been proposed as alternative to chemical fertilizers, but their application rates and performances on various crops are still poorly understood. This work aims to test the fertilizing potential of basalt fines for Green beans production on acid Oxisols. A field experiment using a completely randomized block design (CRBD) was conducted on a 60 m² plot.". Treatments were: T0(0), T1(5 t ha₋1 basalt fines), T2(10 t ha₋1 basalt fines), T3(15 t ha₋1), T4(20 t ha₋1 basalt fines), T5(5 t ha₋1 poultry manure), T6 (110 Kg. ha₋1 NPK 14₋23₋14). Fieldwork was followed by laboratory analysis of soils before and after treatment of the experimental units. The main results revealed that T0 was very acidic, but basalt and poultry manure (PM) application reduced acidity while NPK further increased soil acidity. The exchangeable bases and base saturation also increased after treatment with basalt and PM. The yield of green beans was such that T4>T1>T6>T3>T5>T0 >T2. Economically, all treatments were negative except T1 (Benefit-to-cost ratio, BCR=1.35<2), suggesting that none of the treatments can be popularized for green beans production. Nevertheless, production could be increased based on appropriate farming and chemical techniques aimed at reducing soil acidity and boosting nutrient capital reserves. This study addresses a critical need for environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers, aligning with sustainable agriculture goals. To increase its applicability and impact, more focus should be placed on the long-term environmental advantages and real-world uses.

Assessment of Character Association in Pole Type French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes

The present investigation was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Vijayapura during Rabi 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications. To study the association studies in 32 pole type French bean genotypes. The correlation studies revealed that pod yield per plant was found positively and significantly associated with number of pods per plant (rg=0.668 and rp=0.620), pod length (rg= 0.526 and rp =0.431), average 10 pod weight (rg= 0.657 and rp = 0.660), number of pods per cluster (rg=0.373 and rp= 0.344) and number of clusters per plant (rg =0.365 and rp= 0.345) at both genotypic and phenotypic level. The direct selection for these traits would be rewarding for improvement of pod yield per plant in pole type French bean.

Economic-ecological assessment of multi-crop small-scale model farms in the Republic of Armenia (piloting results from Gegharqunik region)

Background: Biogenic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are major pollutants of Lake Sevan's water, causing eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Untreated wastewater, sewage, agriculture, fish farming, and other activities are significant sources of these pollutants. Vegetable cultivation, heavily reliant on mineral fertilizers and chemicals, and livestock breeding contribute substantially to nitrogen pollution in the lake. However, improved vegetable growing practices, including small-scale agriculture using organic fertilizers, natural soil improvers, and eco-friendly bio-liquids as growth stimulants, can enhance the socio-economic conditions for farmers in the Lake Sevan basin. These practices promote environmentally friendly, water-saving land-use methods, reducing nitrogen leaching into the lake. Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the socio-economic and environmental benefits of applying innovative agro-technology to small-scale farming in the Lake Sevan watershed (Gegharkunik region). Specifically, the study objectives are to determine the quality characteristics of crops grown in small-scale farms and compare these quality indicators between yields obtained through the proposed technology and traditional cultivation methods. Methods: Field trials of multi-crop systems were conducted on 0.25 ha land plots in four variations across four different locations in the Lake Sevan watershed. The trials were evaluated for various parameters. Nitrate content, dry matter, starch, vitamin C, and sugar levels were determined in potatoes, cabbage, broccoli, beets, and green beans, while fat content was measured in green beans and green peas. Results: Economic efficiency calculations revealed that utilizing the proposed innovative agro-technology in a multi-crop small-scale farm (0.25 ha) yielded a 20-25% increase compared to traditional cultivation with synthetic fertilizers, accompanied by notable environmental benefits. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that small-scale agricultural practices employing the proposed agro-technology have significant socioeconomic and environmental impacts on local farmers. Keywords: Cultivation of non-traditional crops, organic farming, small-scale farming, activities, economic and ecological evaluation, and food quality characteristics.

Quantitative Lipidomics Reveals the Effects of Roasting Degree on Arabica Coffee Beans Lipid Profiles

Lipids in coffee beans undergo morphological changes and migration during the roasting process, but the impact of roasting intensity on lipid profiles remains unclear. The lipidomics characteristics of coffee beans with different degrees of roasting (unroasted green beans, light roast, medium roast, and dark roast) were compared using ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). A total of 571 lipid metabolites were identified, encompassing 25 species of fatty acyls (FA), 142 species of glycerophospholipids (GP) across 12 subclasses, 42 species of sphingolipids (SP) across four subclasses, 360 species of glycerolipids (GL) across ten subclasses, and two species of prenol lipids (PR). GL content was found to be the highest, followed by FA and GP. Through multivariate analysis, 160 lipids were identified that exhibited significant differences among beans with different degrees of roasting. GP content was significantly influenced by the degree of roasting (p<0.05), with diverse dynamic evolution observed through K-means cluster analysis. These findings have important implications for understanding lipid transformation and its effect on the flavor profile during coffee roasting.

Risk Management of Green Bean Farming Production in Gluranploso Village, Gresik District

Green beans are the most important food crop in Indonesia and production continues to increase to meet domestic demand. However, production is still insufficient due to several risks faced by farmers. This research analyzes the risk management of green bean production in Gluranploso Village using the Coefficient of Variation (KV) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) methods. The results showed that yield variation was relatively low with a KV value of 17%, indicating good yield stability. The FMEA analysis identified four main sources of risk affecting production: seed aspect with an RPN value of 5.808, weather with an RPN value of 7.04, pests and diseases with an RPN value of 12.936, and technical aspects with an RPN value of 47.88, particularly delays in pest and disease control spraying. In addition, the market aspect is also a source of risk with the largest value in the increase in production input prices at 12.288. These sources require special attention in risk management. The study concludes that the implementation of appropriate risk management strategies, focusing on the identified key risk sources, can help farmers improve yield stability and farm profitability. These strategies include improving seed quality, mitigating weather risks, controlling pests and diseases, and improving technical procedures in cultivation and market risks. Thus, effective risk management can be key in increasing the productivity and sustainability of green bean farming in Gluranploso village.

The Effect of Administration of Green Bean Juice (Phaseolus Radiates) on Hemoglobin Levels of Public Women with Anemia at The Pratama Cahaya Clinic Lubuk Pakam

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the concentration of hemoglobin in them decreases from normal levels. This study aims to determine hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers before giving green bean juice and hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers after giving green bean juice. In conducting this research, the research used a quantitative research design with a one-group pretest-posttest design model, that is, before it was carried out, observations were made on the sample and after treatment, observations were made again. The data collection technique was carried out using a total sampling technique. Based on the research results, the probability of the test results listed in the table shows that the resulting probability is 0.000. This means that the probability &lt; level of significance (? = 0.05) so that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between the hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers with anemia before giving green bean juice (Pretest) and the hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers with anemia after giving green bean juice (Posttest). The conclusion that can be drawn is that giving green bean juice (Phaseolus Radiates) affects the hemoglobin levels of postpartum mothers with anemia at the Pratama Cahaya Lubuk Pakam Clinic in 2024.

Performance of French Bean Genotypes at Late Season Sowing in Sylhet, Bangladesh

Performance of four French bean genotypes were evaluated at late sowing condition in Randomized Complete Block design with three replications at the experimental field of Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh to assess the yield performance of French bean genotypes under late-season sowing conditions in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Seeds of four French bean genotypes including BARI Jharsheem-1, Jharsheem-2, Jharsheem-3 and Local were sown in the main field at 25 November and 25 December 2022. The highest number of pods per plant was found in the genotype BARI Jharsheem-1 (32.14), which was statistically at par with the genotype BARI Jharsheem-2 (30.46). The lowest number of pods per plant was found in the genotype BARI Jharsheem-3 (20.10) which was closer to local genotypes (21.68). The highest pod yield per plant was found in BARI Jharsheem-1 (194.45 g) and the lowest in BARI Jharsheem-2 (125.62 g) which was statistically similar with the remaining two genotypes. The highest yield per decimal was produced by the genotype BARI Jharsheem-1 (95.04 Kg) but the lowest yield per decimal was produced by BARI Jharsheem-2 (61.41 Kg). Significant variation was found of sowing date on yield and yield attributes of French bean except some parameters. Maximum yield per decimal was produced from 25 December sowing (73.57 Kg) than 25 November sowing (68.09 Kg). However, interaction effect showed appreciable amount of green pods from BARI Jharsheem-1 at 25 November (87.17 kg/decimal) and 25 December sowing (102.91 kg/decimal) indicating bright scope during late winter season. The results conclude that among the genotypes, BARI Jharsheem- 1 had the highest pod yield and yield per decimal. Sowing on December 25 produced higher yields (73.57 kg/decimal) than November 25 (68.09 kg/decimal). These findings suggest the potential to improve French bean yield and market availability during late winter through optimized genotype selection and sowing dates.

Response of Green Faba Bean Yield: As Nexus of Water Deficit, P-Fertilizers, and Phosphorus Recovery

Water and fertilizer optimum management in agriculture is important in improving crop productivity, two field experiments were conducted in El-Qanater Horticultural Research Station, Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt, during 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 to study the response of (Vicia faba L.,) Giza 716 faba bean cultivar to three irrigation water levels 100 % of potential evapotranspiration, ET crop (I1), 80 % ET crop (I2) and 60 % ET crop (I3) of irrigation requirements, the effect of applying P-fertilizers no P-fertilization (P0); powdered calcium super phosphate (P1); granular calcium superphosphate (P2) and powdered rock phosphate (P3) all P-sources inoculated by B. megaterium. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Increasing the applied amount of irrigation water from 3172 (I3) to 4229 m3 ha-1 (I2) and (P3) gave the highest values of all growth characters, except plant height and amount of pods/ plant in average values of both seasons. Moreover, the 80% ET crop (I2) and rock phosphate sources treatment increased yield values attributes, and NPK contents of seeds. Also, the highest values of Irrigation Water productivity (IWP) kg m-3 faba bean green pods and seed quality (protein %) occurred with 80% ET crop (I2) of irrigation water level and powdered rock phosphate (P3).

In-Furrow Application of Biologicals for Control of Rhizoctonia Diseases in Snap Bean

Florida ranks first in the production of fresh-market snap bean in the United States. Rhizoctonia diseases, including damping-off and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, are important diseases in snap bean, particularly if there is heavy rainfall during the first month after seeding. Growers usually use seeds treated with fungicides to control soilborne pathogens including R. solani. However, there are concerns about resistance development in R. solani and the impacts of chemicals on the environment. In this study, three biological products (Howler, Theia, and Double Nickel LC) applied as an in-furrow spray at seeding and/or foliar sprays after emergence were evaluated in the field for their efficacy in controlling R. solani on snap bean. When nontreated seeds were used, Howler at 5 lb./acre and Double Nickel LC at 16 fl. oz./acre each applied as an in-furrow spray at seeding significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) reduced disease incidence compared with the untreated control. However, weekly foliar sprays after emergence showed effectiveness in disease reduction only at a high inoculum level. The highest disease reduction of 95.4% was observed in the treatment with Howler at 5 lb./acre in the 2022 trial, and 32.8% for Double Nickel LC was observed at 16 fl. oz./acre in 2023. Both biologicals also significantly increased the pod yield, by 85.6% with Howler in 2022 and doubled by Double Nickel LC in 2023 when compared with the untreated control. Results from these field trials reveal the potential of these biologicals in the control of Rhizoctonia root rot in snap bean production.

Microstructural Modification and Sorption Capacity of Green Coffee Beans.

To enhance the pore structure of green coffee beans (GCB) and detect the sorption capacity and extraction characteristics of flavor compounds before roasting, this study employed several methods: hot air drying (HD), freeze-drying (FD), 3-levels short-time heating with puffing (SH1P, SH2P, and SH3P), and 3-levels microwave with puffing (MW45P, MW60P, and MW75P). These methods were applied to GCBs pre-soaked in water for different times. The effects of these treatments on color change, porosity, microstructure, citric acid sorption capacity, and caffeine and chlorogenic acid extraction yield were investigated. Results indicated that, except for GCBs treated with SH1P, SH2P, SH3P, and MW75P, all other modified GCBs showed minimal color change. GCBs treated with MW60P exhibited favorable pore structures. MW60P treatments significantly improved the extraction yield of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Furthermore, the increased porosity and improved pore size distribution of GCB after MW60P resulted in a significant increase in the sorption of citric acid onto modified GCB. The rate of the sorption reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. In conclusion, MW60P are effective treatments for enhancing the microstructure of GCB, improving sorption capacity, and improving the extraction yield of flavor compounds.

Nitrate Content in Root, Tuber, and Leafy Vegetables in Wet Markets in Hanoi: A Health Risk Assessment

Nitrate (NO3–) is a natural compound occurring in foods, especially plant produces, and are also used as additives in industrially processed foods. This study aims to assessing the nitrate contents and health risk in root, tuber, and leafy vegetables in several wet markets in Hanoi. The results showed that the mean nitrate concentration in root and tuber vegetables, herbs and leafy vegetables ranged from 59 to 1118 mg/kg, from 580 to 1204 mg/kg, and from 122 to 3600 mg/kg, respectively. NO3– content in some vegetables at the local market and supermarket were from 1.2 (green beans) to 2.4 times (cucumber) and from 1.4 (long wax gourd) to 3.7 times (radish) higher than World Health Organization (WHO) standards, respectively. The risk assessment of the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) results shows that the vegetable samples was 23% and 61% in the acceptable value according to WHO for children and adults, respectively. The Hazard Index (HI) shows that, the HI values of nitrate for all samples except for celery were &lt; 1, indicating that health risks for adults associated with nitrate exposure were not significant. On the contrary, 70% of vegetable samples had HI &gt; 1, suggesting adverse effects on children health that consume these vegetables.

Alternative Method for Glyphosate Determination in Unroasted Green Coffee Beans by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

This research proposes an alternative method to detect and quantify glyphosate residues in unroasted green coffee beans by LC-MS/MS. The sample preparation was conducted without derivatization steps, with integrated cleanup, which improves the analytical method's frequency. Validation results were consistent with the requirements of the regulatory guidelines employed. Specificity, linearity (r2 = 0.9991), precision (RSD ≤ 9%), and recovery (92-112%) were ensured, with a satisfactory limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.48 mg kg-1). These data demonstrate that the method is suitable for monitoring glyphosate residues in unroasted coffee beans while offering simplicity and speed in sample preparation. The method was applied to analyze authentic unroasted coffee bean samples, in which two of them were contaminated with glyphosate (<LOQ). These results exhibit the importance of glyphosate monitoring in coffee samples and enhance that the method can be successfully implemented as a tool to guarantee food quality and safety.

Study Report on Optimum Utilisation Plan of Ngoma 22 Irrigation Scheme

The study was conducted in Ngoma 22 irrigation scheme located in Remera and Rurenge sectors of Ngoma District in Eastern Province of Rwanda between November 2018 and January 2019. It was recommended by RAB Board of Directors. The methodology used encompasses the study area, sampling procedures, data collection and analysis tools. The main data collection tool used was FGD which targeted site agronomists and household head farmers producing rice, fruits and vegetables as high value crops in the scheme area. Through pair wise ranking technique most profitable cash crops in the scheme were ranked as follows: (1) tree tomato, (2) maracuja, (3) egg plants, (4) water melon, (5) tomato, (6) irish potatoes, (7) french beans, (8) onions, (9) carrots, (10) cabbages, (11) beetroots. From this point of views, findings from the study show only two most profitable crops: maracuja with 696 Frw/kg followed by tree tomato with Frw 249 Frw/kg. The third ranked cash crop being Irish potato (with a loss of -40 Frw/kg), the fourth is egg plant with a loss of- 177 Frw. The existing paddy rice production has shown a loss of – 270 Frw inspite the water availability all the year-round. Maize and bush bean show respectively losses of -543 Frw/kg and -1743 Frw. Hence it is understandable why farmers in the scheme area have already abandoned maize and beans cultivation. Findings show also water fees (20,000 Frw/season) determined based on maintenance costs and farmers income. For capacity building model, more than one thousand beneficiary farmers in Ngoma 22 Irrigation Scheme need strong farmer organisation for ownership of the scheme and increased profitability. To that effect, they need continued capacity building as stated in the tripartite IMTA: administrative and financial management, record keeping, and conflicts resolution management, integrated water management, operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructures, best agricultural practices for sustainable farmers’ organisations and commercial farming. Key recommendations include fixing minimum prices for agricultural products in relation to costs of production- or setting subsidy prices, increase yield for each crop by meeting all requirements: lime, fertilisers and improvement of irrigation technologies in order to reach automatically increased yield. Farmers should continue to leave out traditional crops and adopt profitable cash crops identified in this study (e.g maracuja and tree tomato). They should also increase the ownership spirit through IWUA and cooperatives performance. They should adopt collective marketing of their products and pay water fees per season.

The carbon footprint of vegetable imports into Aruba: A closer look at sea and air transport

This study aimed to give insights into low-carbon vegetable import strategies for Aruba, a Dutch Caribbean island. Our selected products were potatoes, lettuce, onions, tomatoes, and green beans. The products originated from 13 different countries, and 25 product-country combinations were identified. The system boundaries were from the farm until arrival at the supermarket. We identified actual maritime transport routes, and calculated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of passenger aircrafts flying from Amsterdam to Aruba. Vegetables imported by air had significantly higher GHG emissions (4.2–8.3 kg CO2eq per kg) than products imported by sea (0.4–2.3 kg CO2eq per kg). GHG emissions of road transport generally contributed more than those of other life cycle stages, except when products showed a high contribution of agriculture. Although sea transport was calculated with much detail, it usually did not contribute much to the GHG emissions. We recommend Life Cycle Practitioners to consider aircraft characteristics when calculating GHG emissions of air transport, and to include the weight of the 80 kg AKE container, used for cooled airfreight, when allocating impacts between passengers and freight. For this case study, GHG emissions of specific passenger aircrafts always resulted in lower GHG emissions compared to generic calculations.

Effect of Irrigation Frequency and Mulching Materials on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of French Beans under Drylands: Rwamagana-Nyirabidibili case

Effect of Irrigation Frequency and Mulching Materials on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of French Beans under Drylands: Rwamagana-Nyirabidibili case

Impact of partially burnt paddy husk with coir peat on growth and yield of bean (&lt;em&gt;Phaseolus vulgari&lt;/em&gt;s)

French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), recognized as a good source of protein. Growth and yield are low in beans due to unfavorable weather and soil conditions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of partially burnt paddy husk with coir peat on the growth and yield attributes of beans. The experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Design with seven treatments with thirty replicates. Partially burnt paddy husk was prepared in two different methods (methods 1 and 2). The treatments were, soil (T1-control), coir peat: partially burnt paddy husk 3:1 (T2-method 01), 2:2 (T3-method 01), 1:3 (T4-method 01), 3:1 (T5-method 02), 2:2 (T6-method 02) and 1:3 (T7-method 02).The results reveal that there were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) among the tested treatments on growth parameters. However, significant variations (p&lt;0.05) were observed on yield attributes such as number of pods per plant, length and girth of pod and fresh and dry weights of pod. The highest fresh and dry weights of pods were in T1 followed by T3. However, there was no significant variation (p&gt;0.05) between T1 and T3. This study concludes that coir peat: partially burnt paddy husk in 2:2 ratio (T3) could be used as a growth medium for french bean cultivation instead of soil.

Improving yield and irrigation water productivity of green beans under water stress with agricultural solid waste-based material of compacted rice straw as a sustainable organic soil mulch

AbstractThis research aimed at water saving in irrigation by applying deficit irrigation using two strategies, standard drip and partial root drying (PRD), while applying organic and plastic mulch over two growing seasons of green beans. A field experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023, using four irrigation treatments supplying 100% of the irrigation requirement (IRg), 75% IRg, 50% IRg, and 50% IRg—PRD, and four soil mulching treatments: uncovered soil (UC), plastic mulch (PM), rice straw mulch (RSM), and compacted rice straw mulch (CRSM). The combined effect of deficit irrigation strategies and soil mulching showed that the maximum irrigation water productivity (IWP) of 5.56 kg m−3 was achieved under 50% IRg—PRD &amp; CRSM for both growing seasons, followed by 50% IRg—PRD &amp; RSM and 50% IRg—PRD &amp; PM, with 5.19 and 4.96 kg m−3, respectively. The highest yield of 8936 kg ha−1 was achieved with 50% IRg—PRD &amp; CRSM, followed by 8914 kg ha−1 and 8898 kg ha−1 with 100% IRg &amp; CRSM and 75% IRg &amp; CRSM, respectively. The lowest yield of 6009 kg ha−1 was obtained with 50% IRg &amp; UC. The highest soil moisture content was observed under 100% IRg &amp; CRSM. The application of organic mulches was found to be particularly effective in conserving soil moisture due to enhanced infiltration, improved retention capacity, and suppression of weed growth, ultimately fostering optimal crop development and higher yield. The results of soil temperature variations beneath soil mulches showed that CRSM is effective in alleviating plant water stress, lowering the temperature below the cover and reducing water loss through evaporation from the soil surface. The combination of 50% IRg—PRD &amp; CRSM produced plants with enhanced plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, pod length, and green bean weight, as well as the highest vegetative growth indices. Generally, the organic mulching increased soil temperature, soil moisture, IWP, and green bean production.

Genetic Variability in the Physicochemical Characteristics of Cultivated Coffea canephora Genotypes.

The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic divergence and selection gains of the physicochemical grains traits of 68 genotypes of C. canephora most cultivated in the Western Amazon. For this purpose, the following characteristics were evaluated over two harvests: aqueous extract, ash, acidity, pH, protein, ether extract, soluble solids, phenolic compounds, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugars. The genotype × measurement interaction effect was significant for all characteristics, with a predominant simple interaction, resulting in smaller changes in the ranking of genotypes. Out of a total of 45 genotypic correlation estimates, 8 were significant, of which 5 were related to acidity. The dispersion of the first two components associated with reference points shows that the genotypes BRS3193, AS1, AS2, AS3, N16, CA1, and AS7 were closest to the ideal type of higher performance. Selection for the main characteristic of soluble sugars resulted in estimates of genetic progress lower than those observed using selection indices. The genetic materials present high genetic diversity, allowing the selection of reference plants with high levels of sugars (BRS3193, AS3, GJ25, and LB30), proteins (BRS2357), lipids (GJ30), and phenolic compounds in their green beans (BRS3193) and high water solubility (AS2).