Free Travel Research Articles

Evaluating the Attraction of Scenic Spots Based on Tourism Trajectory Entropy.

With the development of positioning technology and the widespread application of mobile positioning terminal devices, the acquisition of trajectory data has become increasingly convenient. Furthermore, mining information related to scenic spots and tourists from trajectory data has also become increasingly convenient. This study used the normalization results of information entropy to evaluate the attraction of scenic spots and the experience index of tourists. Tourists and scenic spots were chosen as the probability variables to calculate information entropy, and the probability values of each variable were calculated according to certain methods. There is a certain competitive relationship between scenic spots of the same type. When the distance between various scenic spots is relatively close (less than 8 km), a strong cooperative relationship can be established. Scenic spots with various levels of attraction can generally be classified as follows: cultural heritage, natural landscape, and leisure and entertainment. Scenic spots with higher attraction are usually those with a higher A-level and convenient transportation. A considerable number of tourists do not choose to visit crowded scenic destinations but choose some spots that they are more interested in according to personal preferences and based on access to free travel.

A Study on Satisfaction of Tamil Nadu Government Free Bus Travel for Women in Madurai City

Abstract: In May 2021, the Tamil Nadu government launched a scheme that made public city and town buses (with certain caveats) free for women. While the rides are completely free (with no restrictions on the number of trips per day or month), the scheme is applicable only on ‘white board’ buses. The white board buses are what are known as Ordinary Bus Routes and represent the most inexpensive category of service that halts at all bus stops on a given route. The state government has provided an annual subsidy of Rs.1,200 crore to state transport undertakings to compensate for the fare box loss due to the scheme. The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister has extolled the scheme as an ‘economic revolution’, enabling women to join the workforce. In the eyes of many though, free transport remains a political gimmick. It’s not unusual to find citizens who question why travel should be free; and why just for women. A free travel scheme though is not unlike free health services or free education. Some services are so closely linked to ‘public good’, that the cost they incur is easily offset by the good that they achieve. Public transport is one of these. In general, women in India struggle to attain financial independence and a promising career. These challenges are multiplied in the case of women from underprivileged communities as they start with little to no education and a higher dependence on men. Much of this is culturally driven. They are also mostly unemployed; and when they do find employment it is within the unorganized sector, earning low wages. In the majority of Indian families, men tend to have access to the household vehicle, while women generally rely on public transport. Considering that the percentage of women undertaking paid work in India is only 21% while the global average is 47%, mobility becomes a life changing factor that could make or break a woman’s access to work opportunities. On the other hand, women who decide to not work outside the house, still rely on public transport to run errands and manage the household. This again incurs a cost.

Does Tamil Nadu’s free bus travel policy impact women’s lives?

Does Tamil Nadu’s free bus travel policy impact women’s lives?

Attitudes of the General Population Towards Covid – 19 Vaccination in Relation to the Intention to Travel

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the measures to address it, have significantly affected various aspects of life and daily routines for everyone. One of the most important measures in combating the pandemic, the production of vaccines, has not only helped in containing COVID-19 but has also served as a launching pad for the development of new treatments and vaccines for other chronic diseases, such as cancer. The implementation of vaccination programs by governments worldwide has resulted in the reduction of restrictive measures taken by countries and increased the movement of citizens who feel greater security between countries. The aim of this study was to correlate vaccination with the intention to travel, in combination with the reasons for resistance put forth by citizens. The study is based on a quantitative cross-sectional analysis and was conducted among individuals with scheduled appointments at the Nea Filadelfeia Health Center, including healthcare workers and the general population. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed in printed form at the health center, and 130 fully completed questionnaires were returned. In the general population, the questionnaires were distributed through an online form, and 132 responses were collected. Age, employment status, the level of concern about COVID-19 infection outside of work, and the opportunities offered by vaccination coverage for free travel were found to be independently related to vaccination status. Specifically, older age was associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination. Those who were employed were 4.26 times more likely to be vaccinated compared to those who were not employed. A greater fear of COVID-19 infection outside of work was associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination. A stronger influence of the possibility of free travel after vaccination was related to a higher likelihood of vaccination.

Analysis of push and pull factors influencing the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia

The study explored the push and pull factors driving Ugandan domestic workers to migrate to Saudi Arabia. The research paradigm employed was social constructivism, where individuals seek to understand their world and develop meanings based on their experiences. A qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design was utilised. Data was collected from a sample of eighteen (18) respondents through unstructured interviews to identify the factors contributing to the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia. Thematic analysis was conducted during data analysis. The migration factors were presented in concept maps created using Nvivo 10.0. The study uncovered that push factors varied from person to person, but major ones included poverty, unemployment, school dropout, family obligations, marital neglect, domestic violence, personal development goals, poor working conditions, work-related challenges, peer influence, and single parenting. Pull factors include the influence of Arabian family culture that promotes the demand for maids, bilateral labour agreements, adventure, attractive job prospects, free travel documents, cost-effective job processes, and an easy migration process. The study concluded that without effectively addressing push factors to provide long-term solutions, the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia will persist. It is recommended that the Government of Uganda take steps to create a conducive environment with satisfying employment opportunities for these young individuals to reduce the number of people seeking jobs outside Uganda. This involves generating employment opportunities to regulate internal domestic work and make it highly profitable, thereby encouraging young people to remain in Uganda.

공공서비스의 재무적 지속가능성에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 도시철도 무임수송 대안 제도의 효과 추정

공공서비스의 재무적 지속가능성에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 도시철도 무임수송 대안 제도의 효과 추정

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH OF THE RESULTS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES OF KRYVIY RIH AND STRATEGIC GOALS OF ITS ACHIEVEMENT

Objective. The objective of the study is the substantiation of the goals and principles of state programs of regional development, the identification of influencing factors on the process of developing programs of socio-economic development of the city of Kryvyi Rih, and the development of strategic directions for the effective and efficient implementation of regional development programs. Methods. When preparing the article, general and special methods of scientific research are used, in particular, the method of retrospective analysis and synthesis - to generalize the main theoretical approaches to the formation and implementation of the local socio-economic development program and the order of its development; dialectical method - for a comprehensive study of relations between state administrations and local authorities; graphoanalytical – for a schematic representation of the theoretical and practical provisions of the research; method of system analysis - to determine the priority directions of reforming the socio-economic development program by the local authorities of a specific territorial community. Results. The definition of «local program of economic and social development» is studied, in particular according to the term, as well as the concepts of «regional development program» and «budget programs», which are closely related to the local program of socio-economic development. It is proved that the principles of development of local socio-economic development programs are defined as the expected achievements based on the results of the implementation of a complex of interrelated tasks and measures aimed at solving the most important issues of the development of the united territorial community. Analytical studies of the results of the implementation of the Social Protection Program for certain categories of Kryvyi Rih residents and the dynamics of the total amount of funding under this program for 2018-2022 are out. It is determined that in order to implement the measures of the Program for the Perspective Development of Education in Kryvyi Rih for 2019-2024, free meals are provided to pupils and children from large families in general education institutions of the city, children from student families in preschool institutions of the city, children whose parents were involved or killed or went missing as a result of the events in the East of Ukraine. It is noted that culture, the financing of which is provided for by the legislation of Ukraine from the local budget, is of no less importance for the development of Kryvyi Rih in the humanitarian sphere.. Special attention is paid to the Program for the reimbursement of part of the loans provided by the association of co-owners of apartment buildings and housing and construction cooperatives for the implementation of energy-efficient measures in the housing sector for 2016-2023. It is emphasized that for the purpose of social support of all categories of citizens of Ukraine who are in the territory of the Kryvyi Rih urban territorial community, during the period of martial law in Ukraine, and to increase their social security, free travel in public municipal public transport is introduced in the city. It should be noted that the Strategic Development Plan of the city of Kryvyi Rih for the period until 2025 has been approved at the local level, based on a transformational version of the city's development, which reflects the focus on supporting the positive development vector of all spheres of the city's life, innovative renewal and diversification of the economy. It is emphasized that the chosen Strategy provides for the provision of coordinated joint actions of local executive bodies and local self-government bodies in the conditions of a military/post-war state in order to implement a unified state policy for the development of Ukraine at the district level. The authors formulate strategic directions for effective and efficient implementation of Kryvyi Rih Socio-Economic Development Program for 2023-2025 based on the principles of developing local socio-economic development programs, namely: decentralization of management; development of interregional cooperation; implementation of a system for identifying and assessing priority social problems of a certain territory; optimization of state management structures and procedures; implementation of an active resource strategy by bodies of executive power and local self-government; promotion of public activity and development of various forms of self-organization of the population; raising the level of social culture and education of employees of state administration and local authorities, deputies of all levels.

Analysis of The Feasibility of Revitalization of The Type a Amplacing Terminal and The Performance of The Sisingamangaraja Road Section, Medan

The main objective of this research is to analyze and find out if the investment plan is profitable in the future so that it is feasible or not to be implemented. Apart from that, this research also aims to analyze the Operational Performance of the Sisingamngaraja Road Section which includes: Side Obstacles, Free Flow Speed, Travel Speed and Time, and Service Level. The data used in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews and observations. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from related agencies or services such as the Medan City Transportation Department. The analytical method used in this research uses two analytical tools, namely investment feasibility analysis and road segment performance analysis. The research results obtained from the Net Present Value for the next 10 years are IDR. 60,400,000. shows that it is feasible to revitalize the Amplas Type A Terminal. This can be proven from the investment acceptance criteria and the NPV method, namely if the calculation results show that the value is positive then the investment is worth implementing. From the calculation results, the IRR of 30.5% shows that the interest rate will equal the present value of the investment. With present value, the value of net cash receipts in the future. As a criterion for acceptance of this method, if the calculated interest rate is greater than the desired interest rate, the investment is accepted. In this case the interest rate is 20%, so the IRR of 30.5% is said to be feasible for the revitalization of the Amplas Type A Terminal. The Profitability Index (PI) is 1.10 (accepted) because PI > 1. From the results of the Payback Period calculation, the Payback period for the revitalization of the Amplas Type A Terminal is 22.2 years. This means it is shorter than the economic investment period, namely 35 years, so the Payback Period criteria for the revitalization of the Amplas Type A Terminal can be accepted because it is lower than the useful life period. The performance of the section on Jalan Sisingamngaraja by determining the size of the road capacity and traffic volume is known to still have problems with congestion during peak activity hours.

FREE FARE PUBLIC TRANSPORT AS A DETERMINATE ON PUPILS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR AND PREFERENCES IN THEIR DAILY TRAVELS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY – THE CASE OF GDYNIA (POLAND)

The concept of influencing changes in transport behavior towards sustainable mobility, which is gaining popularity in the 21st century, is free public transport (FFPT). It is estimated that the number of cities in which attempts were made to introduce FFPT exceeds 100. Most of them are located in Europe, especially in France and Poland. FFPT has mostly been restricted to specific city areas or market segments in the hope of increasing demand for public transport services. Because of this, a number of publications on free fare results refer to specific cases in cities. The main aim of this article is to examine the impact of free fares on the behavior and transport preferences of pupils in Gdynia, Poland. On the basis of the study of preferences and transport behavior of the inhabitants of Gdynia, carried out earlier by the team in 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2018, a preliminary description of the behavior and transport preferences of students was prepared. The research of the pupils was conducted twice: before and after the introduction of free travel entitlements. The results of the research carried out, and the data analysis, confirmed that FFPT had no impact on demand for public transport services or the travel behavior of pupils. According to the authors, the lack of positive effects of FFPT on travel behavior in the segment of students, or even more broadly, for achieving the purposes of sustainable mobility, results from the interaction of the following factors: specificity of students' travel behavior determined by the schedule of school activities, pupils' positive attitude to cars as urban transport means, not covering all means of public transport services of FFPT in Gdynia (the city rail is not covered by FFPT), short period of time since FFPT has been introduced. The results of the presented studies could not be verified due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors emphasize that before introducing FFPT, politicians should rely on the analysis of anticipated changes in the behavior of residents and the impact of FFPT on the economy of public transport, sustainable mobility goals and political and social results. This article complements the current knowledge on the results related to the introduction of FFPT for a selected group of residents.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

The purpose of the article is that its authors have attempted to identify the nature of different types of legal responsibility for the violation of specific socio-economic rights of people with disabilities. For this purpose, through the use of dialectical, comparative legal methods, grouping methods, documentary analysis and analysis, the theoretical-practical and legislative aspects of material (financial), administrative, civil, criminal and disciplinary responsibility for the violation of the rights of persons with disabilities to work, strike, rest, entrepreneurial activity, social protection and social security, housing, health care and rehabilitation and a number of other rights. As a result, specific examples of violations of the social and economic rights of persons with disabilities are given. Emphasis is placed on rare cases of violations of the right to reproductive health of persons with disabilities who wish to become parents, as well as those who are aware of the disability of an unborn child. In this context, the critical situation of persons with disabilities living in prisons, where they are effectively deprived of the right to create a family, is noted. A separate level of violations of the rights of people with disabilities is related to discrimination on the grounds of disability, which manifests itself in all spheres of life of representatives of this category of the population in relation to practically all rights provided for them at the legislative level. The article also mentions frequent cases of violation of the right to an adequate level of social security, to the provision of medicines, to education, to employment, to parking in specially designated places, to free travel on public transport, etc. In connection with such a situation, the institution of responsibility (administrative, civil, criminal, disciplinary and material) for the violation of socio-economic rights of people with disabilities functions. Its grounds and mechanisms of application are defined to varying degrees in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Code of Administrative Offences of Ukraine, as well as the following laws of Ukraine: "On the Fundamentals of Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Ukraine", "On Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities in Ukraine", "On Liability for Offences in the Field of Urban Development" and other regulatory acts. The above conclusions are supported by a series of statistical data on the situation of accessibility of the environment for people with disabilities, their employment, the level of impoverishment of this category of the population, the protection of violated rights before the courts, etc. The value of the proposed article is reduced to the fact that it is a complex scientific work reflecting the author's view of the current state, problems and prospects for development of the field of legal responsibility for violation of socio-economic rights of people with disabilities.

Предприятия, учреждения и организации транспорта как объект общественного контроля: конституционно-правовой анализ

The present article is focused on the constitutional-legal analysis of the need to organize and implement con-trol measures by social structures in relation to enterprises, institutions and organizations of public transport. As a research task the author identified an attempt to justify the position, according to which the activities of these legal entities, which, on the one hand, are, as a rule, transport monopolies, and on the other hand, have the right to exercise certain public powers (for example, in terms of collecting fines from stowaways who have not paid for travel and do not belong to the privileged categories of citizens who have the right to free travel in pub-lic transport), should become an object of attention of the social control subjects on a mandatory basis and in a permanent mode. The article formalizes and explores the main problems that hinder the organization and im-plementation of public control measures in relation to enterprises, institutions and organizations of public transport. Thus, the author has developed and substantiated the system of proposals resolve the above-mentioned problems.

СМАРТ-СІТІ У ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННІ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЛЮДИНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The features of developing a smart city in war conditions are studied. In conditions of danger, the developed infrastructure of the city can help its residents, which is what the “smart city” is focused on in its human-centric approach. The international experience of ensuring the safety and resource-saving of a smart city in emergencies has been studied: initiatives to combine technologies and people; creation of “green” and “smart” construction laboratories; energy resource management system; methods for incorporating technical and social development into improving the quality of life; robotic systems that help to properly use resources in the event of a threat. The role of a smart city in ensuring a person’s social security in the context of a full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine and the features of cooperation between the private and public sectors when launching smart city initiatives is analyzed. The place of small and medium-sized businesses in the provision of services in the first months of the war was found: providing the population with food and medicine, free travel on some routes, free Internet services in shelters, which helped people receive timely notifications and stay in touch with their relatives. We concluded that projects that increase the safety of citizens and provide equipment for shelters or their modernization, as well as energy-saving measures, are extremely important in a war. Therefore, ways to balance between human social security and smart city resource saving in times of war include the following: the use of public-private partnership (when private capital is attracted, part of the budget funds is released and can be directed to the implementation of other strategic and important projects in smart cities), providing benefits to projects to improve human security and energy conservation due to damage to energy infrastructure facilities, as well as social projects aimed at improving living conditions and social adaptation of people.

The Experiences of Women in their 50s and 60s During Overseas Free Travel : Rest, Healing and Self-Recognition

The Experiences of Women in their 50s and 60s During Overseas Free Travel : Rest, Healing and Self-Recognition

The complexity of changes in modal choice: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundChanges in modal choice is argued to be one way to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Increasing modal choices in favour of more environmentally friendly travel modes requires a better understanding of how these choices are actually made. The first aim of this study is therefore to examine how modal choice is related to subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, and habit, both before and after an intervention promoting public transport. The second aim is to examine how modal choice is affected by the intervention. Finally, the third aim is to examine how subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, and habit are affected by the intervention. MethodThe design used is a before- and after-study with free public travel passes as the intervention (30- or 14-days free travel pass). Altogether, 52 travelers – distributed on two intervention groups and one control group – participated in the study. The 30-days free travel pass group constitutes 18 participants, the 14-days free travel pass group constitutes 19 participants while the control group constitutes 15 participants. During the before-period the participants were asked to register their modal choice using a digitalized application downloaded on their smart phones (the TravelVu app), to complete a short app-based questionnaire, and a web-based questionnaire. During the after-period, they were once again asked to register their modal choice and to complete a web-based questionnaire. All data collected were analyzed by variance or correlation analyses using the change between before- and after period as the dependent variable. ResultsThe results show that walking was more common than the use of public transport and car, which in turn were more common than the use of bicycle. Perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, general health, life quality as well as habit were all rated fairly high. Over time, the use of public transport increased while the use of car decreased overall. With increased use of public transport, the perceived accessibility decreased, but on the other hand, the life quality increased. There was no difference in perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, or habit between the three groups, but the participants became overall more satisfied with the standard of their experiences of their everyday travel (cognitive evaluation). At the same time, they became less reflective of their choice of travel mode and less interested in trying out new alternative travel modes during the after- compared to the before period. ConclusionThe intervention did not affect the modal choice or the subjective experiences. Over time, the participants did however increase their use of public transport and their cognitive evaluation of their everyday travel overall, while they decreased their use of car and became less reflective and less interested in trying out new alternative travel modes. These changes might be attributed to their participation in the present study.

Simulation of travel document purchase measures aimed at preventing the spread of COVID-19 – Case study from Slovakia

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on railway services, such as restrictions on transport services, introduction of strict anti-pandemic measures at railway stations, and a ban on free travel. This study simulated passenger flow at the Bratislava railway station before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides an overview of the number of tickets sold, average waiting time of passengers, and time spent by passengers at ticket windows during peak and off-peak hours. The mass-service theory was used as the operational research method. In addition, the user interface of the AnyLogic simulation programme and practical results of the passenger flow simulations at the Bratislava railway station are discussed. The simulation results showed that passenger movement at the railway station was neither synchronised nor systematic. This concurred with the measures implemented during the pandemic that were considered unacceptable. New methods for selling travel documents at Slovak railway stations were proposed, which contribute to better spatial organisation of the stations, faster customer service at ticket windows, and negating infection risks.

THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF SERVICE QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES

The purpose of the study: theoretical and analytical substantiation of factors affecting the level of quality management of services of railway transport enterprises in Ukraine.The article analyzes the main scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the determination of the factors affecting the level of service quality management of enterprises, including railway transport enterprises. This is especially acute during the period of hostilities taking place on the territory of Ukraine. Thus, during the period of hostilities, the number of transportation services increased, especially due to the evacuation of the population and free travel. That is why the development of the potential of transport enterprises, including railway ones, is of crucial importance. The dynamics of changes in the transportation of passengers and cargo by modes of transport are presented in the paper with railway transport as a priority. The category of concepts " product quality" and "quality of services" has been analyzed.The internal (production, socio-psychological, human, organizational) and external (political, economic, social, technological, ecological, cultural, medical-biological) factors that affect the quality of services have been singled out, as well as the factor that affects the level of service quality management of railway transport enterprises, which, according to the authors, includes: reliability, safety, sensitivity, competence, accessibility, sociability, understanding, materiality, as physical parameters of the service, trust, courtesy. An integral indicator of the quality management level of railway transport enterprises is proposed. It has been found that in the future the construction of an integral indicator of the level of service quality management of railway transport enterprises and the determination of its forecast values may form the basis of the development of the state regional development strategy and separately be important for the development plans of railway transport enterprises.

Facilitating free travel in the Schengen area—A position paper by the European Association for Biometrics

AbstractDue to migration, terror‐threats and the viral pandemic, various EU member states have re‐established internal border control or even closed their borders. European Association for Biometrics (EAB), a non‐profit organisation, solicited the views of its members on ways which biometric technologies and services may be used to help with re‐establishing open borders within the Schengen area while at the same time mitigating any adverse effects. From the responses received, this position paper was composed to identify ideas to re‐establish free travel between the member states in the Schengen area. The paper covers the contending needs for security, open borders and fundamental rights as well as legal constraints that any technological solution must consider. A range of specific technologies for direct biometric recognition alongside complementary measures are outlined. The interrelated issues of ethical and societal considerations are also highlighted. Provided a holistic approach is adopted, it may be possible to reach a more optimal trade‐off with regards to open borders while maintaining a high‐level of security and protection of fundamental rights. European Association for Biometrics and its members can play an important role in fostering a shared understanding of security and mobility challenges and their solutions.

Infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a systematic review

BackgroundNoncommunicable diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Modifying the risk factors for these conditions, such as physical inactivity, is thus essential. Addressing the context or circumstances in which physical activity occurs may promote physical activity at a population level. We assessed the effects of infrastructure, policy or regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-after (CBAs) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies assessing population-level infrastructure or policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity. We were interested in the effects of these interventions on physical activity, body weight and related measures, blood pressure, and CVD and type 2 diabetes morbidity and mortality, and on other secondary outcomes. Screening and data extraction was done in duplicate, with risk of bias was using an adapted Cochrane risk of bias tool. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we synthesised the evidence based on effect direction.ResultsWe included 33 studies, mostly conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 13 assessed infrastructure changes to green or other spaces to promote physical activity and 18 infrastructure changes to promote active transport. The effects of identified interventions on physical activity, body weight and blood pressure varied across studies (very low certainty evidence); thus, we remain very uncertain about the effects of these interventions. Two studies assessed the effects of policy and regulatory interventions; one provided free access to physical activity facilities and showed that it may have beneficial effects on physical activity (low certainty evidence). The other provided free bus travel for youth, with intervention effects varying across studies (very low certainty evidence).ConclusionsEvidence from 33 studies assessing infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity showed varying results. The certainty of the evidence was mostly very low, due to study designs included and inconsistent findings between studies. Despite this drawback, the evidence indicates that providing access to physical activity facilities may be beneficial; however this finding is based on only one study. Implementation of these interventions requires full consideration of contextual factors, especially in low resource settings.Trial registrationPROSPERO 2018 CRD42018093429.

:The Right to Higher Education: A Political Theory

:<i>The Right to Higher Education: A Political Theory</i>

Odpowiedzialność wobec pasażera za przedwczesny odjazd środka transportu publicznego

The inspiration for this article came from the Court of Justice of the European Union judgment in case C-146/20 Azurair et al. Punctuality is extremely important in public transport. Problems arise not only when buses or trains are delayed, but also when they leave too early. Among the regulations aimed at ensuring punctuality is – in addition to European Union regulations – also Article 62(1) of the Polish Transport Law. This study aims at discussing prerequisites for liability to a passenger for the early departure of means of public transport. Amongst other things, the following questions are taken into consideration: with whom does the passenger conclude the contract and from whom can he claim compensation? can compensation be claimed by a person legally entitled to free travel (100% discount)? can compensation be claimed by a passenger who was in time for departure (albeit early)? The conclusion of this analysis is that, although compensation under Article 62(1) of the Polish Transport Law is rarely claimed in practice, it is a necessary provision. It guarantees those few passengers who have suffered damage as a result of the early departure of the means of transport (and are able to prove this damage) the right to full compensation.