Free Labour Market Research Articles

РАЗВИТИЕ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РЫБНОЙ ОТРАСЛИ ВОЛГО-КАСПИЙСКОГО БАССЕЙНА КАК ФАКТОР ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ТРУДОВЫХ МИГРАНТОВ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ ХХ в.

The creation of a free labor market in the post-reform period contributed to the intensification of entrepreneurial activity and the growth of industrial enterprises in all sectors of the economy of the Russian Empire. The development of rich natural resources in the outlying and sparsely populated regions of the country was impossible without a significant number of free labor. In the Volga-Caspian fishing Region, the development of entrepreneurial activity in the post-reform period coincides with the increase in the number of labor migrants who came here for seasonal work and moved to permanent residence. The territorial scope of the study is the Volga-Caspian fishing Region, most of which was administratively part of the Astrakhan Province. The purpose of the study is to analyze entrepreneurial activity in the fishing industry of the Volga-Caspian Region as a factor for attracting labor migrants to the region in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Achieving the goal includes solving its constituent tasks: to characterize the demographic dynamics in the Astrakhan Province in the post-reform period; to analyze the state package of measures to stimulate small business and its effectiveness; show the development of large capital in the Volga-Caspian fishing Region; to identify the main types of migration flows to the Volga-Caspian fishing Region. The methodological apparatus of the study is represented by the theory of modernization, as well as a complex of special historical and general scientific methods. The paper, based on statistical data and office documentation, shows that the development of entrepreneurial activity in the fishing industry contributed to the growth in the number of migrants from other regions of the country; the contribution of labor migrants to the work of fisheries and the processes of colonization of the outlying region is characterized; shows the difficulties faced by the fishing population in the post-reform period, and the effectiveness of government measures to support it.

Sloboda kretanja radnika i Otvoreni Balkan

The concept of Open Balkan emerged four years ago among high-ranking officials of Balkan countries, driven by the aspiration for increased cooperation in economic and other vital areas. The collaboration between Serbia, North Macedonia, and Albania aims to tackle socio-economic challenges, fostering regional cooperation for better state integration and the joint use of resources to combat unemployment and economic issues. This initiative has led to various agreements and acts forming the legal framework, mirroring the European Union’s values of unrestricted movement of people, goods, capital, and services. Key areas include establishing a single market, recognizing diplomas and qualifications, introducing administrative benefits in employment, and streamlining work permits. Facilitating free labor market access reduces emigration and aligns labor supply and demand across sectors. The construction of a unified labor market involves implementing an electronic system for identifying and applying for freelance jobs within the regional Union, serving as a potent tool for migration control and addressing labor shortages in specific professions.

Employability skills, quality of life, and body composition on employment modalities in individuals with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities.

Background: The inclusion of individuals with intellectual disabilities into the labour market is a challenge in advanced societies, with only a very reduced percentage of these individuals being able to access the free labour market. Whilst some progress has recently been made, there is still a need to further explore the different conditioning factors. Method: A total of 125 users belonging to the three employment modalities of Occupational Workshops (OW), Occupational Centers (OC) and Supported Employment (SE), participated in this study. Differences between modalities were determined for employability, quality of life, and body composition. Results: Employability skills were higher for SE compared to OW and OC; the index of quality of life was higher for OC and SE groups compared to OW; no differences were found in body composition between groups. Conclusions: The quality-of-life index was higher for participants performing remunerated employment modalities and employment skills increased when work was more inclusive.

Reward Strategy and Employee Commitment: Moderated by Empowerment

Organizational commitment also termed as employee commitment continues and remains to be an important element in any sector in the economy. Interest in triggers and stimulants of employee commitment has ramped up among researchers and organizations due to intensified competition for highly skilled and talented staff brought about by free labor market. The study set to find out the effect of reward strategy on employee commitment. Secondly, it also sought to establish the moderating effect of employee empowerment on reward strategy and employee commitment. Social exchange theory in this study illustrates the connection between reward strategy and employee commitment through the reciprocity principle. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire on a sample of 394. Regression analyses was used to test the hypotheses. The results were that reward strategy applied by the commercial banks had a positive significant effect on employee commitment. Further, it was established that employee empowerment had a moderating effect on reward strategy and employee commitment therefore validating the aims of the study. From these findings, organizations should leverage on reward strategy and empowerment to bolster and strengthen commitment in their employees. The implications, recommendations and conclusion have been comprehensively discussed in the study. Keywords : Reward Strategy, Employee commitment, Empowerment, Moderation. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-22-10 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

The Effectiveness of Competence-Based Training Program in the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) of Job Training Center Pasuruan

In the free labor market, workers are required to have adequate skills in a particular field so that they can be applied in their work. UPT Job Training Center Pasuruan is one of the public organizations or government agencies under the auspices of the Department of Manpower and Transmigration of East Java Province. Its mission is to improve the competence of the workforce and establish partnerships in order to meet the needs of the labor market. The existing data show that the absorption of labor has not been optimal. So, it is necessary to know whether or not the implementation of the program is effective. The methods for data collection were qualitative research methods. With qualitative method, it is stated how effective the implementation of competency-based training programs is and what are the supporting and inhibiting factors in the process of implementing competency-based training programs at UPT Job Training Center Pasuruan. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The effectiveness implementation of training program is measured using three variables according to Sandfort and Moulton (2015); (1) the context which can influence change, (2) open priority programs, (3) face technical and adaptive challenges to create change, applying analytical inquiry and social skills. The inhibiting factors for the program were found to be different types of participants, participants educational background, trainer skills in training participants with disabilities, changes in budget or training packages. The solution to these obstacles requires creativity in applying the supporting factors are resources (human resources, financial resources, facilities and infrastructure), and cultural values.

Social Policy Reform in Albania Stuck in Transition

Abstract This article provides an analysis of social policy regarding social protection of vulnerable groups in Albania, by screening whether the welfare state has responded to the varying needs of socially excluded citizens. The scope is to explore how the consecutive reforms of social policy have addressed the social effects of poverty and social exclusion. The analysis delves into the welfare policy official documents to discover how the vulnerable groups needs are addressed and what is the impact of policymakers, service providers, and service users on social policy shape. Social policy reforms developed after the totalitarian regime and have promoted familialism and gender regime, which have reinforced gender stereotypes of women as primary caregivers and have denied them equal access and full participation in the free labour market. During the transition period, the reforms faced conceptual barriers delaying their application. The minimalist approach of social policy offered insufficient protection to vulnerable citizens from the adversities of life. Social care services for children, elderly and people with disabilities suffer from a persistent lack of funding. The social welfare is offered through few social services provided from civil society. Due to the lack of social care services, the users of the welfare state lack the substantial means for inclusion. The welfare state policies need a reformation to offer decent economic aid and social care services.

Exploring the Causal Relationship between Factors Affecting US Army Recruitment

Every year, United States Army Recruiting Command (USAREC) dedicates considerable resources to recruiting and accessing soldiers. As the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces, the Army must meet a high recruiting quota while competing in the free-labor market for quality recruits. Over the past two decades, the Army’s success in recruiting ebbed and flowed within the broader context of society and global events. While numerous studies have examined the statistical relationship between factors associated with recruitment, these studies are observational and definitively ascribing causality in retrospect is difficult. With this in mind, we apply fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM), a graphical method of representing uncertainty in a dynamic system, to model and explore the complex causal relationships between factors. We conclude our paper with implications for USAREC’s efforts, as well as our model’s limitations and opportunities for future work.

Slavery versus Labor

AbstractSlavery has been a long-lasting and often endemic problem across time and space, and has commonly coexisted with a free-labor market. To understand (and possibly eradicate) slavery, one needs to unpack its relationship with free labor. Under what conditions would a principal choose to buy a slave rather than to hire a free worker? First, slaves cannot leave at will, which reduces turnover costs; second, slaves can be subjected to physical punishments, which reduces enforcement costs. In complex tasks, relation-specific investments are responsible for high turnover costs, which makes principals prefer slaves over workers. At the other end of the spectrum, in simple tasks, the threat of physical punishment is a relatively cheap way to produce incentives as compared to rewards, because effort is easy to monitor, which again makes slaves the cheaper alternative. The resulting equilibrium price in the market for slaves affects demand in the labor market and induces principals to hire workers for tasks of intermediate complexity. The available historical evidence is consistent with this pattern. Our analysis sheds light on cross-society differences in the use of slaves, on diachronic trends, and on the effects of current anti-slavery policies.

Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo

Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo

Egyptian Youths and Economic Responsibility : Opportunities and Challenges A Field Study

The main objective of this study is to know the attitudes of the Egyptian youths towards their economic responsibility and their planning of their practical future in order to encounter the challenges of the global capitalist and its impact on the available opportunities in the labor market. The study aims at identifying the attitudes of the youths towards planning their practical future, revealing the types of the best Self- employment, and identifying the new labor market mechanisms available to them. It also aims at identifying the kinds of micro enterprises they prefer, and detecting the obstacles which encounter them. The study tried to provide a futuristic vision to implement micro-Enterprises. The study is based on the social survey method applied to a sample of 142 students from eleven governmental universities representing the rural sector and the urban one in the Egyptian society. The study also uses the comparative method in displaying and analyzing the data according to the class differences and the rural/urban differences using SPSS. The data were collected using a questionnaire, an attitudes scale and group interviews. In explaining their findings, the study depends on the world system perspective and the human capital. The field study has disclosed two dimensions responsible either for encouraging the youth into the labor market or preventing them from undertaking their economic responsibility; the available opportunities, and the challenges and risks. The findings show the young people's awareness of the free labor market mechanisms. In addition, the findings show the young people's choice of two types of enterprises; a national productive type and a western consumptive one.

Forced Labour in the Industry of the Middle Volga Region in the First Half of the XIX Century

Introduction. Industrial development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century characterized by the existence of various forms and methods of labour organization in the industrial production system. The owners of large enterprises used different practices of attracting labour force, which gave rise to socio-economic and legal heterogeneity of workers. The article considers the importance of compulsory forms of labour organization, which played a significant role in Russian industry until the early 1860s. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes taking place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was used. The need to process a significant array of quantitative data required the use of a statistical method. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature on the topic, the main categories of workers employed in the industry of the Middle Volga region within the boundaries of the Kazan, Penza and Simbirsk provinces were identified, their quantitative analysis was carried out, and some parameters were considered that show the specifics of their social-economic and legal situation. The study showed that the army of forced labor in the industrial sphere of the region in question was represented mainly by possessive workers, as well as serfs, who were reoriented to industrial labor by their owners. During the implementation of the research program, the conclusion was drawn: despite the growth in the use of hired labour in domestic industry in the first half of the 19th century, the Middle Volga region remained one of the regions where the practice of using forced labour in industrial enterprises not only persisted, but also intensified. Discussion and Conclusion. As the study shows, the dynamics of the change in the ratio of forced and civilian labour was multidirectional. In particular, in the industry of the Kazan province, the prevalence of civilian workers was noted, the proportion of which steadily increased throughout the period under study. On the contrary, with regard to the Penza and Simbirsk provinces, there was an increase in the use of forced labor, which was associated with the intensification of industrial entrepreneurship of the nobles. In the sectoral plan, the most active use of serf labor in industry was recorded in the cloth and distillery industries. It should be noted that in the second quarter of the XIX century the practice of using monetary forms of payment by industrial nobles for the labour of their own serfs. In the Kazan province, forced labour was represented mainly by the possessory workers of the Kazan cloth factory. By the early 1850s they were removed from the system of “possession law” and passed into the free estates. The presence of possessional workers was also recorded at metallurgical plants in the Penza province, which continued to remain on the “possession rights” until the early 1860s. In general, we can conclude that a specific feature of Russian industry in the pre-reform period was the extreme limitation of the “legal” free labor market, which led to the preservation of a large role for compulsory forms of labor organization.

Analysis of Regional Wage Difference in Labor Market Discrimination

Based on geographical isolation, dual labor market and other factors, the development of China’s different regional economy has obvious characteristics of differentiation, which can be embodied in the phenomenon of “different salaries for the same work” and “different workers with the same salary”. In order to further analyze its influence, this paper analyzes the regional discrimination in the free labor market with the help of the multiple regression analysis model of regional wage and remuneration in economics, referring to the factors such as region, occupation, expenditure cost and labor market, and on the basis of studying the influence of labor market discrimination, wage difference and human resources on labor remuneration.

The Cost of Financial Misconduct in Non-Profits

I explore the impact of financial crime on non-profit fundamentals, showing that service revenue and employee compensation, the largest sources of non-profit revenue and expenditures, fall in the years following financial misconduct and its disclosure. However, I observe no declines in volunteerism or employment after financial crime. These results do not align well with the reputational damage hypothesis proposed by prior scholarship. Assuming a competitive free market for services and labor, my findings suggest that afflicted non-profits may experience declines as a result of either operational disruptions that follow the discovery and disclosure of crime or some other non-reputational consequences.

Trafficking of Women and Children in East Nusa Tenggara Province as the Defeat of Subsistent Community to Market Economy of Migrant Labour

<div>The analytical view exploers in this paper represent the perspective of subsistent farmers in NTT Province when integrated with market economy. It tries to explain why the subsistent community are so vulnerable to become migrant workers and uprooted from their land; it is also attempt to investigate the relation between economic policy on free labour market with death and torture received by migrant workers. While the victims, especially women and children, are publicized and attracted attention from mass media and also social media. However, the publication over the suffering of migrant workers from the margin of Indonesia such as NTT Province, does not get direct impact over the policy makers with the willingness to renew regulation to protect migrant workers. This paper focuses on investigating why the poor migrant women and children are being neglected by policy makers under the neoliberal</div><div>order. It also tries to explain why the subsistent members are easily uprooted from their land and become migrant workers during modernization. It also tries to answer why the are often in position as the losers or victims during globalization. The hope that the State is able to protect the vulnerables is fading away under the domination of pro market policy. Children and women as the silent victims are the evidence of absolute surrender of the subsistent community. State incapacity to protect the most vulnerable citizens is the evidence of the coming of new wave of neocolonialism. This is also a proof the modernization is also part of conquering when</div><div>half-hearted modernization has placed them at the bottom of the pyramid of modernity which is vulnerable to be exploited without the ability to speak and to be listened.</div><div> </div><div><div> </div></div>

Neoliberalism at the borders of transnational policy: political exclusion in Australia’s Reconceptualization of trans-Tasman traditions

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the influence of political traditions on policymaking at the interface of national and transnational governance. It uncovers various dimensions of influence on boundary-setting through policy change, derived from a case study examining how Australia reconceptualised longstanding freedom of residential movement and equal treatment for citizens across the Tasman. These policymaking activities spanned boundaries across policy subsystems at the interface of both domestic and transnational arenas, in response to perceived dilemmas. This paper focuses on the enabling role of neoliberal ideations to effect an agenda driven by more covert motives. In context of bilateral economic integration, conflicting traditions created a dilemma for Australia, which sought to maintain the advantages of the free labour-market whilst minimizing the problem of granting access to social security and citizenship to those perceived to be unsuitable. I find that Australia, in resolving this dilemma, allowed neoliberal conceptions of labour as a commodity, thereby enabling traditions of exclusion and border control, to override longstanding trans-Tasman traditions.

Developing a Code of Ethics amongst Social Workers in Supported Employment: Exploring the Socio-ecological Model

Abstract This study reveals the ethical dilemmas encountered by social workers who mentor workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities that work in the free labour market through supported employment frameworks. The aim of the study is to examine the social workers' ethical dilemmas, while extracting rules of conduct and ethical codes that are unique to supported employment frameworks, through team simulation training. The study included forty-eight social workers who attended nine sessions in the course of one year. The findings, which were analysed using a qualitative methodology, revealed that the dilemmas, rules of ethical conduct and the derived ethical codes ranged from flexible solutions to setting firm boundaries. It emerged that the ethical dilemmas were associated with interactions that take place on all layers of the socio-ecological model. The contribution of the study is in developing an ecological approach to coping with the multidimensional dilemmas that arise in the context of supported employment. The findings will help develop a systemic approach amongst social workers towards coping with the ethical challenges involved in this type of employment.

Road to Free labour Market: The Impact of Abolition of Job Assignment Reform in China

Road to Free labour Market: The Impact of Abolition of Job Assignment Reform in China

ПЕДАГОГІКА ПРАЦІ: ПОЛЬСЬКИЙ РИНОК ПРАЦІ ПІД ВПЛИВОМ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

Experts determine the changes in the labor market and employment as one of the peculiarities of the European integration process of the Republic of Poland. The article indicates trends that led to changes in the labor market and employment, focusing on a concise analysis of the threats and challenges that Polish society faced.It is indicated that trends, challenges and threats, their extensive diagnostics and theoretical understanding became the subject of studies of labor pedagogy. This is a branch of pedagogical knowledge that studies issues of education in conjunction with human professional work, develops qualification frameworks, modular programs of professional learning, professional education programs, practical projects for the further development of professional training, retraining, and improvement of specialists for the free labor market. The new forms of employment, including outsourcing, freelance, competition for the place of work (as the basis for the development of new competencies) relate to positive phenomena in the labor market during the investigated period. The threats that arise in the field of employment have also been reconsidered. In particular, such forms of the functioning of the individual in the work environment as workaholism, mobbing, professional stress, high unemployment level.Studying of the Polish experience of applied approaches in the research of these phenomena has a direct impact on: the formation of the goals of professional education of specialists in the context of Ukraine's Eurointegration course; the development of flexible content in order to adapt to the needs of the modern economy, to the various forms of population's engagement (especially unemployed one) to different types of education and social inclusion.

An Employer of Last Resort Scheme which Resembles a Free Labour Market

Abstract. The idea that government should act as employer of last resort (ELR) is an old one. That idea is often referred to nowadays as “job guarantee”. Many ELR schemes to date have been confined to the public sector. There is no good reason for that limitation: i.e. the private sector should use ELR labour as well. A second common characteristic of ELR schemes has been that (like the WPA in the US in the 1930s) they involve specially set up projects or schemes as distinct from subsidising temporary employees into work with EXISTING employers. The “existing employer” option is preferable. Once those two common defects in ELR are removed, the result is a system where the unemployed are subsidised into temporary and relatively unproductive jobs with existing employers till better jobs appear. And that in turn is what the unemployed tend to do in a totally free market: a scenario where there are no minimum wage laws and unemployment benefit, and where the unemployed tend to get temporary low paid jobs in both public and private sectors pending the appearance of better jobs. In contrast to a free market, under ELR, take home pay is maintained at socially acceptable levels. Assuming that free markets maximise GDP, it follows that the sort of ELR system advocated here will also maximize GDP. That free market style ELR system actually resembles the ELR system that the UK has at the time of writing, namely the Work Programme. The latter “free market” / Work Programme system is not free of faults, but as long as ELR employees do not displace regular employees to too great an extent, that “free market” ELR system is better than traditional ELR. Keywords. Employer of last resort, Job guarantee, Work project admistration. JEL. J60, J63, J64, J68.

TOWARDS INCOMPLETE MIGRATION: ESTONIAN MIGRATION TO FINLAND

Abstract. For a comprehensive understanding of the changing and complex migration patterns in Europe, both quantitative and qualitative analyses are needed. In this paper we complement the studies on migration patterns of East-West migration by qualitatively analysing Estonian migration to Finland. The aim of the paper is to analyse the migration histories of Estonian migrants in Finland with a focus on the meaning and consequences of these patterns on an individual level but also on the effect of geographical proximity on migration patterns. The results bring forth the individual level gains and losses of migration and show that geographical proximity between the home and host country is conducive to more incomplete migration patterns. Our results also suggest that incomplete migration may have a positive effect for the home country as migrants continue to be consumers in their home country and relieve the pressure on its social system. Keywords: migration patterns, East-West migration, incomplete migration, transnational commuters, Estonia, Finland 1. Introduction The central and eastern European (henceforward the CEE) countries have become a hotbed of the new European migration, changing its nature in several aspects. First, there is an increase of temporary migrants (Fihel et al. 2006), the so-called European citizens who do not know in which country they are going to live in, for example, two or three years. This has been facilitated by the opening of the free labour market for the citizens of the new member states of the EU since 2004. Second, the new technologies as well as accessible and cheap international transportation allow migrants to retain strong ties with the country of origin while building their lives in the host country (Horst 2006, Jordan and Duvell 2003). Third, the concurrence of the former and the latter, e.g. the decreasing restrictions on the free movement of people and progress in technology and transportation have helped increase transnational commuting in Europe. It is becoming less unusual that if people spend their workweek in one country and for the weekend they go back to their families in another. The free movement of people, a distinctive feature of the EU, has significantly changed and diversified the migration patterns of the East-West migrants (Krings et al. 2013). There are several studies on migration patterns of the East-West migrants primarily considering migrants' ties with the country of origin and with the host country, and their intentions to return (Duvell and Vogel 2006, Engbersen et al. 2013). However, less attention has been given to understanding what conditions make migrants follow one or another migration pattern and what the personal costs of migration are. Migration patterns and conditions affecting them differ between migrants originating from the different CEE countries. For example, the study of Engbersen et al. (2013) confirms differences in the most preferred migration patterns between Polish, Romanian and Bulgarian migrants in the Netherlands where Poles are more likely to follow temporary migration patterns and Bulgarians and Romanians more permanent migration patterns. Engbersen et al. (2013) suggest that geographical distance between the origin and destination countries might be behind these differences with migrants from countries closer to wealthier destination countries preferring more temporary migration patterns. Due to Estonia's geographical proximity to Finland and Sweden, Estonian migrants may prefer to follow migration patterns specific to the CEE countries that border wealthier countries. The most popular host country for Estonian migrants is Finland which has been a destination for more than a half of all Estonian migrants (Statistics Estonia 2015). The short distance between the two countries--only 80 km or two hours by ferry--allows commuting and regular, tight contacts with the country of origin. …