Free Interchange Research Articles

An Open-Source, Interoperable Architecture for Generating Real-Time Surgical Team Cognitive Alerts from Heart-Rate Variability Monitoring.

Clinical alarm and decision support systems that lack clinical context may create non-actionable nuisance alarms that are not clinically relevant and can cause distractions during the most difficult moments of a surgery. We present a novel, interoperable, real-time system for adding contextual awareness to clinical systems by monitoring the heart-rate variability (HRV) of clinical team members. We designed an architecture for real-time capture, analysis, and presentation of HRV data from multiple clinicians and implemented this architecture as an application and device interfaces on the open-source OpenICE interoperability platform. In this work, we extend OpenICE with new capabilities to support the needs of the context-aware OR including a modularized data pipeline for simultaneously processing real-time electrocardiographic (ECG) waveforms from multiple clinicians to create estimates of their individual cognitive load. The system is built with standardized interfaces that allow for free interchange of software and hardware components including sensor devices, ECG filtering and beat detection algorithms, HRV metric calculations, and individual and team alerts based on changes in metrics. By integrating contextual cues and team member state into a unified process model, we believe future clinical applications will be able to emulate some of these behaviors to provide context-aware information to improve the safety and quality of surgical interventions.

Life on the Margins: Movement Between the ‘Canny’ and the ‘Uncanny’—a Requirement for Psychic Growth

Canny and uncanny, like their German equivalents heimlich and unheimlich, have ambiguous double meanings. The relationship between canny, which means familiar, but also hidden threat, and uncanny which means unfamiliar, but strangely expected knowledge, is explored. The author proposes that the uncanny is derived from the reawakening of oedipal phantasies about parental coupling and the birth of siblings. He suggests that psychic growth requires toleration of the uncanny and free movement between it and canny states, corresponding with the oscillation between states, described by Bion, of Ps and D, where this promotes ‘Being’, through the realization of O. Childhood traumatic losses and oedipal anxieties can prevent this movement. This is illustrated by a woman who feared that the emergence of the uncanny would reveal her to be monstrous, through embodying her phantasy of being the ghost of her mother's dead sister and the damaged child of her parents’ disastrous marriage. She was thus unable to allow this free movement and was condemned to ‘life on the margin’. This is contrasted with extracts from Wordsworth's Prelude where ‘spots of time’, corresponding with screen memories, show how the liberation of the uncanny, and its free interchange with the canny, promotes mourning and growth.

Sustainable fishery: Combating IUU fishing through people's participation to ensure environmental justice

ABSTRACT The world ocean is a continuum that facilitates relatively free interchange among its parts and is of fundamental importance to studying environmental justice. Environmental justice sits within the larger ambit of social justice and equity. The article examines the effects of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing within the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) on sustainability, and damage to the marine ecology, resulting in environmental and distributive injustice to the coastal communities. It also highlights the prevalence of IUU fishing on the high seas and in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the coastal States vis-à-vis existing international fisheries laws. In addition, the article analyses the feasibility of managing the marine environment in the IOR through people’s participation, utilising the tenets of Commander’s Estimate of the Situation (CES), and suggests courses of action (CoAs) to achieve environmental justice. Further, it makes use of three case studies to assess the feasibility of people's participation in achieving sustainable fishing practices.

Modern Socratic Dialogue and Resilient Democracy: Creating the Clearing for an American Bildung

Modern Socratic Dialogue and Resilient Democracy: Creating the Clearing for an American Bildung

Thinking forward: promising but unproven ideas for future intensive care

Progress toward determining the true worth of ongoing practices or value of recent innovations can be glacially slow when we insist on following the conventional stepwise scientific pathway. Moreover, a widely accepted but flawed conceptual paradigm often proves difficult to challenge, modify or reject. Yet, most experienced clinicians, educators and clinical scientists privately entertain untested ideas about how care could or should be improved, even if the supporting evidence base is currently thin or non-existent. This symposium encouraged experts to share such intriguing but unproven concepts, each based upon what the speaker considered a logical but unproven rationale. Such free interchange invited dialog that pointed toward new or neglected lines of research needed to improve care of the critically ill. In this summary of those presentations, a brief background outlines the rationale for each novel and deliberately provocative unconfirmed idea endorsed by the presenter.

All welcome at annual meeting of EPMA Hard Metals Group

Taking place during the EPMA's 2015 Reims Conference but unrecorded in the formal Proceedings; the annual open meeting of the European Hard Materials Group (EHMG) is noted for its free interchange of ideas, technical updates and reports of current research projects. As usual, MPR reports in depth on this important event.

A few of our favorite unconfirmed ideas.

Medical practice is rooted in our dependence on the best available evidence from incremental scientific experimentation and rigorous clinical trials. Progress toward determining the true worth of ongoing practice or suggested innovations can be glacially slow when we insist on following the stepwise scientific pathway, and a prevailing but imperfect paradigm often proves difficult to challenge. Yet most experienced clinicians and clinical scientists harbor strong thoughts about how care could or should be improved, even if the existing evidence base is thin or lacking. One of our Future of Critical Care Medicine conference sessions encouraged sharing of novel ideas, each presented with what the speaker considers a defensible rationale. Our intent was to stimulate insightful thinking and free interchange, and perhaps to point in new directions toward lines of innovative theory and improved care of the critically ill. In what follows, a brief background outlines the rationale for each novel and deliberately provocative unconfirmed idea endorsed by the presenter.

Palaeoenvironmental implications of geochemistry and radiolarians from Upper Devonian chert/shale sequences of the Truong Son fold belt, Laos

A new locality of Frasnian radiolarian chert and siliceous shale is reported in the Vilabouly area, within the Truong Son fold belt of central Laos, in the eastern part of the Indochina Terrane. Samples from this locality, together with previously described radiolarian–bearing siliceous shale from Ban Phonxai, 100 km further north, have been geochemically analysed. Most of the Ce anomalies from Vilabouly and Ban Phonxai exhibit negative normalized values suggesting deposition in an open–marine basin and in a transition zone between open–marine and continental margin environments, respectively. NASC and chondrite-normalized REE and La/Ce plots and trace element contents support this interpretation. Normalized La/Yb values indicate removal of LREEs relative to HREEs from the water column, suggesting deposition far from terrigenous sources for the Vilabouly samples. The Eu/Eu* values are not pronounced which, with the high values of Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3), indicate minimal hydrothermal influence. Both sections are characterized by a distinctive Frasnian radiolarian and tentaculitid assemblage. The new radiolarian fauna from Vilabouly includes 23 species including Ceratoikiscum sp. cf. C. bujugum, Archocyrtium sp., Astroentactinia cf. stellata, Helioentactinia aster, H. perjucunda, Spongentactinella corynacantha, S. veles, Spongentactinia concinna, S. exquisita, Stigmosphaerostylus profundisulcus, Trilonche davidi, T. echinata, T. elegans, T. hindea, T. palimbola, T. vetusta, Palaeoscenidium cladophorum and others. The tentaculitids, Homoctenus ultimus and Costulatostyliolina vesca, have been previously described from South China and from Ban Phonxai. The similarity of the radiolarian fauna to those from South China, northern Thailand and Western Australia suggests free interchange of species. Based on geochemistry, stratigraphic sequences and structural geology, the radiolarian chert/siliceous shales are interpreted as highstand deposits in pull-apart basins. This was possibly caused by transtension along the NW–SE–trending strike–slip fault of the Thakhek–Danang Shear Zone during the Late Devonian. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ukrainian translatin of English aviation composite terms with original morphemes

The article deals with the translation of aviation terms-compounds with original morphemes from English into Ukrainian. The regularities of structural integration of components in English and Ukrainian aviation terms-composites were found. The types of structural and semantic transformations in translation were analyzed. The material was taken from dictionaries of aviation terms and original scientific texts (sublanguages aviation). Revealed that original morphemes after-, down-, off-, -out, over-, self-, -up are involved in the formation of English aviation terms composites. There is a lack of correlative phonetic equivalents for these morphemes in Ukrainian language and also thanks to their origin these morphemes are polysemantic. These factors make it impossible to use some kinds and techniques of translation. Polysemantic character of original English morphemes defines the complicated semantic structure of lexical units, coexistence of lexical-semantic variants with similar meaning. It requires from a translator not only to involve the wider context, but also to have specialized knowledge in the field of aviation. The correlation of original and borrowed elements finds expression in the presence of two equivalents in the Ukrainian aviation terminology – native (pre-Slavic origin) and borrowing (Greek or Latin origin) morphemes that are close or absolute synonyms. This leads to the formation of the lexemes that have a common root and synonymous prefixes. However, they can not qualified always as terms-variants and can not be used interchangeably. The original and borrowed morphemes in English aviation terminology system are in close synonymous relations, but the free interchange of morphemes in the text is almost impossible for various reasons. In most cases there are some factors that affect the choice of variants. English aviation composite term changes its categorial belonging depending on whether it's used as a standalone term or used as a part of terminological word combination. In English aviation terminology system the synonymy of original and borrowed morphemes creates serious difficulties for a translator. The morpheme anti- can enter into synonymic relations with prefix de-. In some cases they have one and the same Ukrainian equivalent. For example, in the recipient language the term anti-icing has two equivalents – антиобмерзання and протиобліднювальний. Therefore when translating the term anti-icing, the translator makes a choice considering the syntactic context. The search of Ukrainian equivalents to the English aviation composite terms, which include the morphemes, happens taking into account specificity of the terminological units formation in Ukrainian and English. Translator must consider the semantic relation between the constituents, the terms parameters system and the peculiarities of formants which are typical for terminological models.

Jefferson’s Spaces

Jefferson’s Spaces Peter S. Onuf (bio) and Annette Gordon-Reed (bio) “A Rich Spot of Earth”: Thomas Jefferson’s Revolutionary Garden at Monticello. Peter Hatch. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. 263 pp. Jefferson in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates. Kevin J. Hayes. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2012. 210 pp. Martha Jefferson Randolph, Daughter of Monticello. Cynthia A. Kierner. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. 360 pp. Thomas Jefferson presents daunting obstacles to biographers. Historian Merrill Peterson famously called Jefferson “impenetrable,” echoing the complaints of visitors to Monticello who were denied access to the great man’s private suite, or “sanctum sanctorum” (Thomas Jefferson viii). Jefferson customarily diverted his guests’ attention away from himself, inviting them to enjoy the magnificent views, imagine what Monticello might look like if construction were ever completed, and contemplate the statues, paintings, prints, maps, Indian artifacts, and other conversation pieces that filled the house to overflowing. Granddaughter Ellen Randolph called life at her childhood home a “feast of reason,” but there were limits to the feast. Jefferson usually declined to participate in contentious and divisive arguments about politics or other topics that might lead him to express controversial opinions or principles; his manner undoubtedly discouraging [End Page 755] others from doing so. Nor did he bare his soul, even to family members or close friends. “To a disposition ardent, affectionate and communicative,” reported Margaret Bayard Smith, who adored him, “he joins manners timid, even to bashfulness and reserved even to coldness” (Hayes, Jefferson 60). Jefferson’s perceived chilliness was “unfavorable to that free interchange of thoughts and feelings which constitute the greatest charm of social life” (Hunt 386). Surely the “greatest charm” of a modern biography is the secrets it betrays, and modern subjects seem all too eager to tell all. But Jefferson had a gift for turning the conversation away from himself, Smith concluded, “so as to draw forth the powers and talents of each guest” (Bayard Smith). Jefferson has a similar gift with modern biographers, often turning efforts to penetrate their subject’s defenses into righteous self-posturing. The temptation to knock Jefferson off his pedestal and so reveal the hypocrisy of a slaveholder who wrote the script for our democratic creed has been nearly irresistible. The “real” Jefferson must have been a moral monster: his penchant for privacy a mere device to hide a flawed “character” that cannot bear scrutiny. Instead of being his claim to eternal esteem, the eloquent language of the Declaration of Independence—“all men are created equal”—constitutes an everlasting indictment of him. The books under review here suggest that the time is ripe for a less moralistic—and self-congratulatory—approach to Jefferson’s life. Such an approach cannot evade the harsh realities of chattel slavery and white supremacy: no truthful portrait of the master of Monticello can ever successfully extricate him from the slave society that sustained his wealth and influence and made his career as a revolutionary patriot and republican statesman possible. Indeed taking Jefferson seriously on his own terms requires acknowledging the ways in which all aspects of his life made him who he was, and shaped how he presented himself to others, including his family, the people he enslaved, and visitors to his mountain. Jefferson’s family and the enslaved knew all about life in a slave society, of course, understanding that the master had to develop a persona that allowed him to play his designated role. And the visitors to Monticello whose testimony is included in Kevin J. Hayes’s engaging Jefferson in His Own Time were of course well aware that Jefferson exploited large numbers of his fellow human beings.1 They might have wondered whether (and how) the author of Notes on the State of Virginia, with its trenchant denunciations [End Page 756] of slavery, could sustain his faith in the imminence—or at least inevitability—of emancipation, and the topic was occasionally broached in parlor or dining room conversations. But they could have no doubts that, in the meantime, Jefferson lived easily with slavery, or that slave labor was...

Glueing grids and clouds together: a service-oriented approach

Scientific communities are actively developing services to exploit the capabilities of service-oriented distributed systems. This exploitation requires services to be specified and developed for a range of activities such as management and scheduling of workflows and provenance capture and management. Most of these services are designed and developed for a particular community of scientific users. The constraints imposed by architectures, interfaces or platforms can restrict or even prohibit the free interchange of services between disparate scientific communities. Using the notion of ‘Platform as a Service’ (PaaS), we propose an architectural approach that addresses these limitations so that users can make use of a wider range of services without being concerned about the development of cross-platform middleware, wrappers or any need for bespoke applications. The proposed architecture shields the details of heterogeneous Grid/Cloud infrastructure within a brokering environment, thus enabling users to concentrate on the specification of higher level services.

Coastal lagoons in New South Wales

With the exception of Tasmania, Australia as a whole is deficient in surface waters. There are only a few sizable inland lakes in New South Wales and most of these, certainly the ones around the major population centres along the coast, are water supply reservoirs which are protected and not accessible to the public. There are however, numerous brackish “lakes” along the New South Wales coast many of which are important holiday centres for the population of Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong. These so called “lakes” are in fact coas tal lagoons. A coastal lagoon is defined by Barnes (1980) as a body of brackish or salt water separated from the adjacent sea by a low lying sand or shingle barrier and these coastal “lakes” certainly fit well into this definition. The literature on the Australian coastal lagoons is sparse and partly inaccessible. The Lake Macquarie study by the CSIRO was by far the most comprehensive and resulted in the publication in 1959 of a series of 12 papers on various aspects of the lagoon’s ecology (Baas Becking, Thomson and Wood, 1959; Spencer, 1959; Baas Becking, 1959; Wood, 1959a, b; Davies, 1959; MacIntyre, 1959; Thomson, 1959a,b,c,d,e). Typically lagoons are shallow with sandy bottoms and are usually fed by one or more short streams. Although the normal freshwater input is not great, floods do occur at irregular intervals due to the relatively large catchment areas surrounding the lagoons. The greatly increased hydraulic gradient generated by the extra quantity of water during floods frequently is sufficient to sweep away the sand barriers, allowing free interchange with the sea. Otherwise the sand barriers, which are constantly being reformed, are quite effective barriers and a lagoon may be isolated from the sea for many years at a time. Under normal conditions, there is very little exchange between the sea and the lagoon so that salinity and water level of the lagoon are functions of rainfall and evaporative loss of water. The extent of salinity fluctuation can be very large. In Tuggerah lakes, during the period 1979-1980 the measured salinity ranged from 20ppt to 42ppt (hypersaline). But salinity as low as 5ppt had been recorded at the end of previous floods (Higginson, 1865). The effect of rainfall on salinity changes can be more dramatic in a smaller lagoon. In Narrabeen Lagoon for example, each major fall of rain can cause steep vertical and longitudinal salinity gradients to be developed due to the rapid input of freshwater from the feeder creeks.

History and Significance of the Allied Social Science Associations (ASSA‐II): A Symposium

BY MANY COUNTS, the annual meeting of the Allied Social Science Associations (ASSA), held each year in January in one of the larger cities in the United States, is the most important conference in the world for economists. It draws the largest number of economists at any meeting, it has come to be crucial for the global labor market for economists, and it is where the most broadly based, if not the most profound, substantial discussions on economic topics are to be had. The luminaries of the discipline are hailed there, and as scholars, publishers, colleagues, and friends gather, relations are built, maintained, and, possibly, break down. Many a project starts, culminates, or is salvaged at these meetings. Beginning in the 1930s, formally it has remained somewhat amorphous, as Coats (1985: 1718) has put it, without constitution and bylaws, run mostly by the American Economic Association (AEA). The associations that have gathered underneath the umbrella that ASSA provides have changed substantially over the years, which lends credit to the belief that the lack of formal status may have given it a degree of flexibility that might not have been possible otherwise. Jane Clary in her contribution to this symposium makes the point that this flexibility allows, at least to some extent, the inclusion in the meetings of many different points of view regarding economic theory and policy. Although relations between the representatives of the different associations are largely collegial, they have, at times, also been strenuous. It is interesting to see how an earlier ASSA--the American Social Science Association, ASSA-I, in existence between 1865 and 1909 (Dimand 2000; Haskell 1977)--has seen a plethora of disciplines come into being in the United States: sociology (ASA), history (AHA), political science (APSA), and statistitics (ASS), as well as economics (AEA) (see also Ross 1991). Academic economics has it roots in the earlier ASSA, and economics, as a discipline, came into its own in the late period of this first ASSA, as shown in Barber (1993). The topic of this symposium, ASSA(II), evolved around AEA in the late 1930s as the distinct associations began to have meetings particular to their disciplines. Developments such as these, as Michael Bernstein argues in his contribution to this symposium, as well as in his 2004 book, may be seen as attempts to professionalize the discipline, as much as Haskell (1977) and Furner (1975) have argued for earlier periods of time. Much of the success economists have had at this is in no small part due to the institution of the ASSA(II) (see Backhouse 2008). John Siegfried, executive secretary of AEA, in his piece gives some intriguing insights into the workings of this organization. The transparency with which he does so is remarkable and should give critics of the way ASSA(II) is organized cause to think. As the economy globalizes, the economics profession does also. Cooperation between individuals and organizations the world across grows (Goyal et al. 2006), and so the importance of meeting occasionally at a single location once in a while to touch base grows. ASSA has evolved into the focal point, and declining transportation costs have helped people come from afar to the United States for these meetings. A piece of wisdom that Marshall ([1890] 1982: X, IV, [section]4) has offered thus comes true: Every cheapening of the means of communication, every new facility for the free interchange of ideas between distant places alters the action of the forces which tend to localize industries . …

Performativity and the Child Who May Not be a Child

In lieu of abstract, here is the first paragraph of the article: Performativity, one of the most recent buzz words in literary studies, is a concept with complex origins, going back at least half a century. Some of the elements discussed under its rubric originate in the domain of theatre performance studies, while others are drawn from fields as diverse as anthropology, sociology, folklore, and cultural studies. An often free interchange between the terms performance and performativity is sustained by the simple fact that the verb to perform serves both nouns, so that while we can say that someone ‘performs Shakespeare’s Juliet’ or ‘performs femininity’, it is easy to overlook that the verb is being used in quite different senses. It is perhaps not surprising, then, that one of the most prominent theorists of performativity over the past fifteen years, Judith Butler, declared early on in her use of the term that performativity ‘consists in a reiteration of norms which precede, constrain, and exceed the performer and in that sense cannot be taken as the fabrication of the performer’s “will” or “choice” .... The reduction of performativity to performance would be a mistake’ (Butler 1993, p.234).

The Springfield Armory's role in developing interchangeable parts

PurposeInterchangeable parts were a critical development in the advancement of industry and manufacturing. This paper traces its development, the factors that contributed to it, and answers the question of why did this innovation occur at the Springfield Armory.Design/methodology/approachThis is an illustrative case study.FindingsThe fortunate combination of location, key people, government policy, and arms demand combined to enable the development of interchangeable parts at the Springfield Armory. Led by its Superintendent, Roswell Lee, Springfield became the epicenter for the development of this concept as skilled gunmakers captured arms making knowledge unfettered by patent protection. Lee promoted this free interchange of ideas through sharing designs and equipment, his hiring practices, and his willingness to experiment with new tools and technologies. This created a critical mass of factors that led to this important innovation occurring at the Springfield Armory.Research limitations/implicationsThe critical drivers of innovative activity seen at Springfield merit further investigation and research, individually and collectively to see if these findings can be used to inform policies that promote innovation.Originality/valueThis case study identifies factors that contributed to the development of interchangeable parts at a particular location at a particular point in time. The value of this is to identity the important interplay of factors that can spur the innovative process and lead to important technological innovation.

Scope and structure of public relations: a technology driven view

The Internet and electronic communication has transformed public relations. However, a significant barrier in impeding further progress towards the free interchange of content, is the incompatibilities that exist between the plethora of hardware and software systems.XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) is a universal computer mark-up language that overcomes these barriers, but it has to be customised for each industry that seeks to use it. XPRL is the public relations specific XML that is being developed by XPRL.Org, an industry-backed not-for-profit organisation created specifically to undertake the task.To develop XPRL, the industry has to have scoped and defined its processes so that they can be fitted into a framework that denotes activity. This paper describes the work done by XPRL.Org in this area.

Identification of CO Adsorbed at Ru and Pt Sites on a Polycrystalline Pt/Ru Electrode and the Observation of Their Oxidation and Free Interchange under Open Circuit Conditions

The spontaneous oxidation of CO adsorbates on a Pt electrode modified by Ru under open circuit (OC) conditions in perchloric acid solution has been followed, for the first time, using in situ FTIR spectroscopy, and the dynamics of the surface processes taking place have been elucidated. The IR data show that adsorbed CO present on both the Ru and Pt domains and can be oxidized by the oxygen-containing adlayer on the Ru in a chemical process to produce CO2 under OC conditions. There is a free exchange of COads between the Ru and Pt sites. Oxidation of COads may take place at the edges of the Ru islands, but COads transfer, at least on the time scale of these experiments, allows the two different populations to maintain equilibrium. Oxidation is limited in this region by the rate of supply of oxygen to the surface of the catalyst. A mechanism is postulated to explain the observed behavior.

Aluminum reduction technology—where to from here?

John J. Chen (University of Auckland): When the program for the TMS 2000 Aluminum Reduction Technology sessions was put together, there was much media attention on the so-called Y2K bug. With the dawning of the new millennium—the correct start-date of the new millennium aside—we felt that it would be timely to take stock of the technology and discuss what the direction and needs are for research and development in the new millennium. Hence the title, Aluminum Reduction Technology—Where to from Here. It was felt that the best way to achieve a free interchange of ideas would be to deviate from the normal TMS paperpresentation format. Instead, we decided on having a panel of experts who represent the broad cross section of the industry, in terms of geography, academe, industry, etc. We would also encourage comments and questions from the audience. We are very grateful to the panelists who have accepted our invitation to present their viewpoints, which will act as the seed for further discussion and debate. We are very pleased that Dr. Nolan Richards agreed to chair the discussion. Nolan Richards (Consultant): Firstly, this is your panel. These people have consented to be up here to be of service to you. They are going to present ideas— it could be their visions, their wishes, or their complaints. It is up to you to react. I hope that some things that are said up here will inspire you to ask questions and comments. We came to this symposium, I believe, to be inspired and to learn something. I love what Barry Welch said on Monday—think out of the box. It reminded me of some innovative experiments that we conducted together in our early years at Reynolds [Reynolds Metals Company]. That’s how I perceive what Dr. Welch and others are going to inspire you to think out of the box.

A data compression method for image time series

Image time series for functional studies frequently vary relatively little from one time point to the next. We describe here a method of lossless file compression that calculates the change in signal intensity as a char (one byte), as opposed to a short or long integer (usually two or four bytes), thus resulting in a compressed file size just over half the size of the original (a 2:1 compression ratio). The calculations and format are exceedingly simple; the compression time is comparable to the time required for a file copy, and is thus transparent to most users. The approach works equally well on any integer-based scanning modality, such as PET, CT, or DSA. Our purpose in this communication is to advocate it as a potential standard, to promote free interchange of scan data.

20th Annual Spring Meeting and Workshops of the Society for Education in Anesthesia

20th Annual Spring Meeting and Workshops of the Society for Education in Anesthesia