Free Growth Research Articles

Toward a Procedure for the Template Free Growth of Te Nanowires Across an Insulator by Electrodeposition.

In this work, we present a method for direct, site-selective growth of tellurium nanowires by electrochemical deposition. The Te nanowires were grown laterally between two specially designed nanoband electrodes across a gap, and over a dielectric material, forming a lateral device structure directly. The resulting wires are crystalline and phase pure, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and ADF-STEM (annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy). The precise conditions for lateral growth of the nanowires were investigated and the fabrication of an electronic device from the as-deposited material, without the need for any transfer process or further contact fabrication, is demonstrated.

Особенности роста сосны обыкновенной в условиях Красноярской лесостепи

The growth peculiarities of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have been studied by the example of an even-aged pine stand of high density. A long-term research has been conducted on a permanent sample plot. The data has been collected from the stand aged from 37 to 55 years. The characteristics of individual trees and the entire stand during the growth period in the absence of external influences (cutting, windfalls, pest damage, etc.) and after improvement cuttings have been analyzed. The influence of the amount of resource available to a tree on the formation of crowns, root systems and stem wood has been investigated. The size of the available resource has been the square of the dominance area. The root system of the pine trees of the studied stands is compact in size and, despite the high stand density, due to the high content of nutrients in the soil and the absence of moisture deficiency, it sufficiently ensures intensive tree growth corresponding to the conditions of the I quality class. It has been found that under these conditions, the average area of the root system is proportional to the average square of the dominance area. It has been shown that the stem diameter at a height of 1.3 m in the absence of external influences significantly depends on the square of the dominance area. The correlation coefficient of these indicators for the studied stand at the age of 37 is 0.89. The influence of cuttings on annual radial increment has been studied using dendrochronology methods. It has been revealed that in the year following the cutting, it has increased by 1.3–2.0 times, depending on the increase in the square of the dominance area. A method has been proposed for calculating the competition coefficient as a share of the resource required for the free growth of a tree, which is redistributed between its closest neighbours. Long-term observations have shown that with competition coefficients exceeding 0.6–0.7, the stem diameter increment rate decreases significantly, and the trees develop a sparse crown extending less than 40 % of the tree height. This, in turn, leads to growth retardation and a transition to a depressed state. This, in turn, leads to growth retardation and a transition to a depressed state.

Temperature gradient mechanism in the heterogeneous nucleation of inoculated alloy: A quantitative phase-field study

The grain size of solidification microstructure has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of castings. Generally, smaller grain size makes the strength of castings higher. Therefore, inoculation is an effective strategy to reduce grain size and improve casting performance. In this work, the phase-field method combined with the free growth model is employed to simulate the solidification of inoculated aluminum alloy with temperature gradient. The simulations indicate that a higher temperature gradient slows the progression of already nucleated grains into impingement growth and enhances the undercooling of the melt ahead of the solid-liquid interface. Hence, more inoculants have chance to get the corresponding nucleation undercooling, promoting grain nucleated sequentially along the gradient direction. These results are consistent with previous real-time observed experiments. This work may provide guidance on improvement of the theoretical models for predicting grain size of inoculated alloys and the optimization of casting process to obtain refined grains in inoculated ingots.

Numerical model for the solidification of a chondrule melt

In this study, we propose a novel numerical method to simulate the growth dynamics of an olivine single crystal within an isolated, multicomponent silicate droplet. We aimed to theoretically replicate the solidification textures observed in chondrules. The method leverages the phase-field model, a well-established framework for simulating alloy solidification. This approach enables the calculation of the solidification process within the ternary MgO–FeO–SiO2 system. Furthermore, the model incorporates the anisotropic characteristics of interface free energy and growth kinetics inherent to the crystal structure. Here we investigated an anisotropy model capable of reproducing the experimentally observed dependence of the growth patterns of the olivine single crystal on the degree of supercooling under the constraints of two-dimensional modeling. By independently adjusting the degree of anisotropies of interface free energy and growth kinetics, we successfully achieved the qualitative replication of diverse olivine crystal morphologies, ranging from polyhedral shapes at low supercooling to elongated, needle-like structures at high supercooling. This computationally driven method offers a unique and groundbreaking approach for theoretically reproducing the solidification textures of chondrules.

Nucleation-dependent early growth of dendritic grains in Al-Cu alloys: The real-time observations and large-scale phase-field simulations

Formation of a dendritic grain starts from nucleation and then growth propagation occurs. Through the in situ and real-time solidification experiments of Al-Cu alloys observed by synchrotron X-ray imaging, it is found that the early-stage free growth rate of dendritic grains goes far beyond the concept described by the classical crystal growth theory. The rate gradually drops down even though the liquid is continuously cooled down. Quantitative 3D phase-field simulations demonstrate that this abnormal early-stage growth behavior depends strongly on the nucleation. A critical nucleus can grow rapidly to a peak rate driven by the initial nucleation undercooling, and then its rate gradually drops down to a minimum before it approaches the steady-state free growth regime. This strong dependence of the early-stage growth on the nucleation is then supported by an analytical model, and this correlation enables the accurate identification of the nucleation undercooling for each grain in the experiment and thus allows for a large-scale quantitative simulation of the real-time observed polycrystalline growth. This progress provides a comprehensive understanding on the crystal growth kinetics from a critical nucleus to the growth end, and thus will provide a new theoretical framework to design novel technology to control the solidification microstructures.

Pengaruh Arus Kas Bebas, Leverage, dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan terhadap Kinerja Keuangan

This study was conducted to determine the Influence of Free Cash Flow Structure, Leverage, and Sales Growth on Financial Performance. This research was conducted on companies that go public in the property and real estate sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with a research period of 2019 – 2023. The sampling technique in this study uses the purposive sampling method and a sample of 53 companies going public in the property and real estate sector has met the sample criteria. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software version 22.0. The results of this study show that Free Cash Flow has a positive and significant effect on Financial Performance, Leverage has no significant effect on Financial Performance and sales growth has a significant positive effect on Financial Performance.

Giant dielectric ceramic of Li0.3Ti0.02Ni0.68O with abundant oxygen vacancies enabling high lithium-ion conductivity in composite solid-state electrolyte

The low ionic conductivity of composite solid-state electrolytes due to the lack of free Li-ions and Li dendrite growth induced by the low transference number seriously hinder their application. Herein, we find that the giant dielectric ceramic of Li0.3Ti0.02Ni0.68O (LTNO) with ultra-high dielectric constant can greatly promote the dissociation of Li salt to generate abundant movable Li-ions and realize a high room-temperature ionic conductivity (4.09 × 10–4 S cm−1) as well as a low activation energy (0.16 eV). The oxygen vacancies on the surface of LTNO can effectively immobilize the anions to achieve a high Li transference number (0.61). Furthermore, the enhanced dielectric properties of the composite electrolyte induce homogenous Li plating/stripping to suppress the growth of Li dendrites. As a result, the Li||Li symmetric cells exhibit long lifespan of 2400 h and 1150 h at 0.1 mA cm−2 and 0.2 mA cm−2, respectively. The Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 solid-state full cells show a high capacity retention of 83% after 430 cycles at 2C. This work highlights the critical role of high dielectric property and oxygen defects of fillers in composite solid-state electrolytes, and provides a demonstration for the application of giant dielectric materials in solid-state Li metal batteries.

Study on self-healing performance of microcracks in SBS/waste rubber powder composite-modified asphalt based on molecular dynamics simulation

The internal microcracks in asphalt materials can heal spontaneously under suitable conditions, and understanding the characteristics of the self-healing behavior of asphalt materials is crucial for evaluating the fatigue life of asphalt pavements. In this paper, a molecular model of modified asphalt microcracks was created by introducing modifier molecules into the virgin asphalt model, and the self-healing process of the asphalt microcrack model under different healing conditions was investigated, which revealed the effects of modifier materials and healing temperatures on the healing performance of asphalt. The results show that the effect of healing temperature on asphalt healing performance is more significant than the modifier material, the relative concentration of molecules at the microcrack healing and the healing temperature is positively correlated; asphalt material healing free volume fraction with the increase in healing temperature gradually increases, the incorporation of modifiers can reduce the free volume fraction growth caused by high-temperature healing, improve the healing stability of modified asphalt. The asphalt ductility specimen crack healing test shows that when the healing temperature exceeds 45 ℃, there is a decreased increase in self-healing rate; taking into account the high-temperature healing is easy to make the asphalt material produce permanent deformation, this paper determines the optimal healing temperature in the vicinity of 48 ℃. The research results have certain reference and application values for asphalt pavement damage repair.

The Influence Of Free Cash Flow, Profitability and Growth Opportunity On Dividend Policy

Dividends are one of the returns expected by shareholders apart from capital gains. Dividend distribution to investors gives a positive signal to investors for making investment decisions. The aim of this research is to analyze and explain the influence of free cash flow, profitability and growth opportunity on dividend policy. The number of samples in this research was 33 mining sector companies in 2018-2022. Data collection uses non-participant observation methods. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that free cash flow has a significant positive effect on dividend policy, profitability has a significant positive effect on dividend policy and growth opportunity has a significant negative effect on dividend policy. The theoretical implication of this research is to provide knowledge and strengthen dividend policy theories related to free cash flow, profitability and growth opportunity. The practical implication of this research is that information on profitability and free cash flow produced by the company is used by the company to determine future investment directions or distribute dividends to investors as a form of good perception in the eyes of investors.

Profitability and Liquidity Moderated The Effect of Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, Free Cash Flow, Growth and Size on Debt Policy

Research Aims: This study aims to determine the effect of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, free cash flow, growth, size with profitability and liquidity as moderating variable in manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018-2022. Design/methodology/approach: Research was proceed using quantitative methods with secondary data. The sampling method used purposive sampling involving 58 research samples. This research analysis technique employed moderated regression analysis. Research Findings: The results of this study indicated that managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and company growth have no significant effect on debt policy, while free cash flow and company size have a positive effect on debt policy. Then, profitability is able to moderate by weakening the effect of free cash flow and company size on debt policy, and liquidity is able to moderate and strengthen the effect of free cash flow on debt policy. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships between managerial ownership, institutional ownership, free cash flow, growth, size, profitability, and liquidity on debt policy. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and corporate managers seeking to optimize their debt policies and financial strategies. Keywords: Debt policy, profitability, liquidity, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, free cash flow, growth, size

Circulating free insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer: a case-control study nested in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition

BackgroundCirculating total insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an established risk factor for prostate cancer. However, only a small proportion of circulating IGF-I is free or readily dissociable from IGF-binding proteins (its bioavailable form), and few studies have investigated the association of circulating free IGF-I with prostate cancer risk.MethodsWe analyzed data from 767 prostate cancer cases and 767 matched controls nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, with an average of 14-years (interquartile range = 2.9) follow-up. Matching variables were study center, length of follow-up, age, and time of day and fasting duration at blood collection. Circulating free IGF-I concentration was measured in serum samples collected at recruitment visit (mean age 55 years old; standard deviation = 7.1) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Conditional logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations of free IGF-I with risk of prostate cancer overall and subdivided by time to diagnosis (≤ 14 and > 14 years), and tumor characteristics.ResultsCirculating free IGF-I concentrations (in fourths and as a continuous variable) were not associated with prostate cancer risk overall (odds ratio [OR] = 1.00 per 0.1 nmol/L increment, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.02) or by time to diagnosis, or with prostate cancer subtypes, including tumor stage and histological grade.ConclusionsEstimated circulating free IGF-I was not associated with prostate cancer risk. Further research may consider other assay methods that estimate bioavailable IGF-I to provide more insight into the well-substantiated association between circulating total IGF-I and subsequent prostate cancer risk.

Phytotesting as a method for soil quality assessing

Phytotesting is used for environmental monitoring of soil objects. The purpose of the work is to evaluate phytotesting to determine the quality of artificially created soils. Two samples were examined: Soil 1 with sewage sludge and Soil 2 with pit soil, a small amount of peat and sapropel. Control is soil that ensures free growth of test crops in the natural conditions of a certain soil-climatic zone where it is planned to supply the finished soil. Tests were carried out with seeds of three types of test plants: a monocot – oats (Avena sativa) and two dicotyledons – white mustard (Sinapis alba), creeping white clover (Trifolium repens). They were sown in containers with soil/ground and placed in a climate control system for 14 days (daytime – 20°C, night – 15°C). It was found that in Soil 1 all the studied biometric indicators of oats and white mustard are statistically significantly higher than in the control soil, and the development of creeping white clover is suppressed (wet weight is 8.9 and 2.1 times less compared to the control soil, respectively for seeding rates 10 and 30 g/m2). At the same time, in Soil 1, an excess of the content of gross forms of zinc by 2.5 and copper by 1.4 times was revealed. When testing Soil 2, the biometric indicators of oats and white mustard were at the control level, the wet and dry weight of clover sprouts was 2.9 and 1.7 times higher, respectively. Phytotesting can be considered as a qualitative reaction of the studied soil to plants and an integral indicator of its fertility. A prerequisite is the use of test plants with small seeds. This will allow us to evaluate their response to stimulating and toxic soil components.

Template free growth of cobalt catalyst-assisted horizontally aligned carbon nanorod arrays by MW-CVD utilizing mild oxidant in the plasma

The synthesis of three-dimensional carbon nanostructures without templates remains a substantial challenge. The present research enables skillfully generating horizontally-aligned carbon-nanorod-arrays (HA-CNRA), using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD) on quartz substrates coated with Co catalyst layers annealed at diverse temperatures. In this method, a gas mixture comprising C2H2, H2, and CO2 was used for the CNRA growth at a low substrate temperature of ∼300 °C. Electron-microscopy observation confirms the autonomous growth of individual hollow CNRs. A discernible peak at 1340 cm−1, G band peak at 1596 cm−1, and 2670 cm−1 peak (2D band) were observed, indicating a well-graphitized feature of the CNRs, which was further ascertained by the corresponding X-ray diffraction planes of (002) and (101) orientations. In the optimally grown film, a homogeneous array of nanorods with an average diameter of ∼450 nm was obtained. The C 1s spectra peaked at 284.6 eV confirming the presence of crystalline sp2-hybridized nanorods. The novelty of the work lies in enabling the Co catalyst-assisted template-free growth of HA-CNRA by low-temperature MW-CVD, utilizing the reactant atomic species like H and O from the (C2H2 + H2 + CO2)-plasma and preserving the growth continuity through a specific shadow masking configuration deployed atop the developing plane, thereby inducting a diffuse plasma on the substrate and restricting the direct collision of energetic particles with the developing network. Due to the adjustable size, shape, and advantageous architectural characteristics, horizontally-aligned CNRA manifests significant potential as electrode materials for energy storage applications, specifically in batteries and electrochemical capacitors.

A novel atomistic approach of estimating interfacial free energy and growth kinetics of primary Mg2Si during semi solid slurry formation of the novel Al–15Mg2Si–4.5Si composite

A novel atomistic approach of estimating interfacial free energy and growth kinetics of primary Mg2Si during semi solid slurry formation of the novel Al–15Mg2Si–4.5Si composite

The gap gene of Rhizobium etli is required for both free life and symbiosis with common beans.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH or Gap) is a ubiquitous enzyme essential for carbon and energy metabolism in most organisms. Despite its primary role in sugar metabolism, GAPDH is recognized for its involvement in diverse cellular processes, being considered a paradigm among multifunctional/moonlighting proteins. Besides its canonical cytoplasmic location, GAPDH has been detected on cell surfaces or as a secreted protein in prokaryotes, yet little is known about its possible roles in plant symbiotic bacteria. Here we report that Rhizobium etli, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of common beans, carries a single gap gene responsible for both GAPDH glycolytic and gluconeogenic activities. An active Gap protein is required throughout all stages of the symbiosis between R. etli and its host plant Phaseolus vulgaris. Both glycolytic and gluconeogenic Gap metabolic activities likely contribute to bacterial fitness during early and intermediate stages of the interaction, whereas GAPDH gluconeogenic activity seems critical for nodule invasion and nitrogen fixation. Although the R. etli Gap protein is secreted in a c-di-GMP related manner, no involvement of the R. etli gap gene in c-di-GMP related phenotypes, such as flocculation, biofilm formation or EPS production, was observed. Notably, the R. etli gap gene fully complemented a double gap1/gap2 mutant of Pseudomonas syringae for free life growth, albeit only partially in planta, suggesting potential specific roles for each type of Gap protein. Nevertheless, further research is required to unravel additional functions of the R. etli Gap protein beyond its essential metabolic roles.

The bubble merger in rectangular microchannels during boiling processes based on conjugate heat transfer

In recent years, boiling heat transfer in microchannels has become an effective solution for managing high heat flux in electronic devices. Numerical simulations offer details on flow characteristics that experimental methods cannot capture, deepening our understanding of boiling mechanisms within microchannels. In this study, we developed a self-programmed solver, “interMultiRegionFoam,” based on the volume of fluid (VoF) method, phase-change mass transfer models, and conjugate heat transfer. Analyzing the force acting on individual bubbles, a model for two bubbles' merger was constructed, encompassing three stages: bubble bridging, bubble retraction, and bubble contraction. For isolated bubbles, during the restricted growth stage, the dry patch length increases by only 25% with an increase in the Capillary number, while in the elongation growth stage, it grows fivefold. Furthermore, the investigation into four typical bubble merger cases within microchannels demonstrated that the bubble merger model effectively describes the process. During the restricted and free growth stages, bubble merger was observed to enhance heat transfer, and the heat transfer coefficient in the bottom region of the macrolayer increased by a maximum of 16%. However, when bubbles merge in the elongation growth stage, the maximum increase in the heat transfer coefficient at the bottom of the macrolayer is only 7%. Several factors contribute to the enhanced heat transfer during bubble merger, including the evaporation and rewetting of macrolayer liquid, as well as the replenishment of the microlayer. Moreover, the disturbance caused by bubble merger and transient conduction arising from bubble retraction and contraction contributes to the enhancement in heat transfer. With an increase in the contact angle, the peak heat flux gradually decreases, with a maximum reduction of 27%. As the heat flux increases, the Nusselt number gradually increases, reaching a maximum peak increase of 52%. These studies provide theoretical guidance for the design of wall modifications and nucleation in microchannels.

Modeling coupled growth and motion of solid-air dendrite induced by convection in liquid hydrogen using phase-field lattice Boltzmann method

The safety hazard arising from the growth, condensation and accumulation of trace air in liquid hydrogen deserves attention. In order to predict the microstructural growth evolution and oxygen solute segregation distribution characteristics during solid-air dendrite motion induced by solution convection, a partially saturated bounce-back lattice Boltzmann coupled non-isothermal phase field method (PSLBM-PF) is proposed in this study. The partially saturated bounce-back lattice Boltzmann method (PSLBM) is employed to calculate the flow field and the forces and moments between the fluid and solid phases, and the phase field method (PF) is utilized for the computation of the growth of solid-air dendrites and the distribution of solute segregation. The motion of solid-air dendrites is determined by the momentum equation. The accuracy of the calculated interaction forces between fluid and solid phases was validated through the sedimentation process of circular particles in the liquid, and the capability of the present model to preserve the shape during solid-air dendrite motion (translational and rotational) was confirmed. Subsequently, this model was employed to investigate the growth and sedimentation motion of solid-air dendrites with different growth orientations in the solution. During dendrite settlement, the growth of the lower dendrite arms is promoted, while the settlement velocity and the solid phase fraction are almost unaffected by the growth orientation. Then, the differences in morphology evolution and solute distribution under conditions of forced convection for both stationary and motion are comparatively investigated, utilizing the free growth of solid-air dendrites under convection-free conditions as a reference. Finally, the model was utilized to study the growth of individual solid-air dendrites as well as translational and rotational motion under the action of shear flow. The presence of convection significantly alters the solute and temperature distributions at the solid-liquid interface, thereby influencing the dendrite growth process. The simulation results indicate that this model can predict the solid-air dendrites microstructural growth evolution and oxygen solute segregation distribution accompanying the convection and motion.

The Role of Neoclassical Macroeconomics in the Development of the World Economy

New classical macroeconomics plays a critical role in the global economy, with its theoretical framework emphasizing free markets, rational choice, and the importance of monetary policy. In the development of the world economy, new classical macroeconomics has promoted the liberalization of capital markets and encouraged international investment and trade. Through the theory of marginal productivity, it focuses on the relationship between wages and productivity, proposing to adjust wage levels to reduce unemployment. At the same time, it emphasizes the impact of monetary policy and rational expectations on lowering the expected level of inflation. New classical macroeconomics emphasizes technological innovation and free market competition, promoting stability and growth in the global economy. Its theoretical contributions to resource allocation, labor market, and inflation control play a positive role in shaping the development of the world economy.

Associations Between Hypertension, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, and Physical Performance in Very Old Adults: Results from the ilSIRENTE Study

BackgroundResults regarding the associations between hypertension-related parameters and physical performance in older adults are conflicting. A possible explanation for these divergent results is that investigations may not have adjusted their analyses according to the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs).ObjectivesTo examine the associations between hypertension-related parameters, ACEI use, and a set of physical performance tests in very old adults.DesignCross-sectional study from the ilSIRENTE database.SettingMountain community of the Sirente geographic area (L’Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy).ParticipantsAll persons born in the Sirente area (13 municipalities) before 1 January 1924 and living in that region at the time of study were identified and invited to participate. The final sample included 364 older adults (mean age: 85.8 ± standard deviation [SD] 4.8).MeasurementsPhysical performance was assessed using isometric handgrip strength (IHG), walking speed (WS) at normal and fast pace, 5-time sit-to-stand test (5STS), and muscle power measures. Blood pressure (BP) was measured after 20 to 40 min of rest, while participants sat in an upright position. Drugs were coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical codes. ACEIs were categorized in centrally (ACEI-c) and peripherally (ACEI-p) acting. Blood inflammatory markers, free insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were assayed.ResultsResults indicated that 5STS test was significantly and negatively associated with diastolic BP values. However, significance was lost when results were adjusted for ACEI use. Participants on ACEIs were more likely to have greater specific muscle power and higher blood levels of IGFBP-3 than non-ACEI users. When participants were categorized according to ACEI subtypes, those on ACEI-p had higher blood IGF-1 levels compared with ACEI-c users.ConclusionsThe main findings of the present study indicate that ACEI use might influence the association between hypertension-related parameters and neuromuscular parameters in very old adults. Such results may possibly be linked to the effects of ACEI-p on the IGF-1 pathway.

Pathogenetic Bases of Systemic Morphological Manifestations of Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis: A Review

Introduction: Miners are at increased risk of developing pneumoconiosis that poses a serious threat to their health. Progressive pneumosclerosis and bronchial mucosa atrophy are typical pathological changes in this disease. At the same time, there is evidence of systemic manifestations of pneumoconiosis. In this regard, a deeper understanding of how long-term exposure to coal dust affects pathophysiological processes not only in the target organ, but also in the whole body is required. Objective: To generalize and systematize ideas about the pathogenetic foundations of systemic morphological manifestations of black lung disease. Materials and methods: To obtain information, we have carried out a search for relevant studies published in 1995–2022 in Scopus, PubMed, and RISC databases using the following keywords: pneumoconiosis, miners, morphological changes, pathogenesis, free radical oxidation, inflammation, immune response, cytokines, growth factors, and endothelial dysfunction. We selected 59 full-text publications presenting the results of completed studies on the mechanisms of development of systemic morphological changes in coal miner’s pneumoconiosis. The systematic review was made according to PRISMA guidelines and using certain PICO(S) criteria. Results: It has been shown that long-term exposure to coal dust causes activation of macrophage-related inflammation in the respiratory system, free radical oxidation, modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, and programmed cell death. Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of inflammation as the main pathogenetic factor of pneumoconiosis, which is closely related to oxidative stress and immune response. Inflammatory mediators ensure the immune response, regeneration and sclerosis of damaged tissues. In case of high cumulative doses of coal dust, these processes begin to have a destructive and tissue-damaging effect in both the lungs and other organs due to the systemic action of the above mediators. The key role of the endothelium in the development, course and outcome of inflammation is noted.