Free Ghost Research Articles

Quantum Yang-Mills theory in de Sitter ambient space formalism

We present the quantum Yang-Mills theory in the four-dimensional de Sitter ambient space formalism. In accordance with the SU(3) gauge symmetry the interaction Lagrangian is formulated in terms of interacting color charged fields in curved space-time. The gauge-invariant field equations are obtained in an independent coordinate description, and their corresponding color conserved currents are computed. It is shown that the Faddeev-Popov ghost fields appear similarly to their Minkowskian counterparts. We obtain that the free ghost fields are massless minimally coupled scalar fields. The problems of the vacuum state, namely the breaking of de Sitter invariance, and the appearance of infrared divergence in its quantization procedure, are discussed. The existence of an axiomatic quantum Yang-Mills theory within the framework of the Krein space quantization is examined. The infrared divergence regularization of the interaction between the gauge vector fields and the ghost fields is studied in the one-loop approximation. Two different regularization methods are discussed: cut-off regularization and Krein space regularization. A mass term for the gauge vector fields is obtained, which may explain the mass gap and the color confinement problems at the quantum level in de Sitter background. The large curvature limit at the early universe or inflationary epoch is considered.

Влияние доноров газотрансмиттеров (оксида азота, сульфида водорода и монооксида углерода) на микрореологические свойства эритроцитов

Введение. Микрореологические свойства эритроцитов — их деформируемость и агрегация в значительной степени определяют текучесть цельной крови и ее кислородотранспортный потенциал. При этом эритроциты — это клетки-мишени, на которые действуют сигнальные молекулы. Последние могут регуляторно изменять микромеханические свойства эритроцитов и реологию крови в целом. К сигнальным молекулам относятся и газотрансмиттеры (ГТ) — такие соединения, как оксид азота (NO), сульфид водорода (H2S) и монооксид углерода (CO). Доноры ГТ могут быть основой для разработки лекарственных препаратов для коррекции реологических свойств крови. Цель работы: изучение изменений микрореологических характеристик эритроцитов под влиянием доноров трех газотрансмиттеров — NO, H2S и CO. Материалы и методы. Эритроциты и их восстановленные тени инкубировали с нитропруссидом натрия (НПН, 100 мкмоль) — донором NO, гидросульфидом натрия (NaHS, 100 мкмоль) — донором H2S и трикарбонилхлор (глицинат) рутением (II) (CORM-3, 50 мкмоль) — донором СО. После этого регистрировали деформируемость эритроцитов (ИУЭ), их агрегацию (ПАЭ) и вязкость суспензий (ВС). Результаты. Установлено, что под влиянием всех трех доноров ГТ происходят заметные изменения микрореологических характеристик эритроцитов и их теней (в среднем на 13–16%; p < 0,05). Важно заметить, что сдвиги ИУЭ, ПАЭ и ВС под влиянием доноров газотрансмиттеров были сходными по величине, и суммарная разница их микрореологических эффектов на три разных донора ГТ не превышала 3%. Заключение. На основании полученных данных и их анализа можно заключить, что эритроциты качественно и количественно примерно одинаково отвечают на действие трех разных доноров ГТ положительными изменениями их микрореологических характеристик и особенно агрегации, которая снижалась более чем на 30%. Background. Erythrocytes microrheological properties (deformability and aggregation) largely determine the fluidity of whole blood and its oxygen transport potential. At the same time erythrocytes are target cells for signaling molecules acting. The latter can regulate erythrocytes micromechanical properties and blood rheology in general. Signaling molecules also include gasotransmitters (GT) — compounds such as nitrogen oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO). GT donors can form the basis of drugs for blood rheology correction. Objectives: to study the changes of erythrocytes microrheological characteristics under the influence of donors of three gasotransmitters — NO, H2S and CO. Materials/Methods. Erythrocytes and their restored shadows were incubated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 μmol) — NO donor, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, 100 μmol) — H2S donor, and with tricarbonylchlor (glycinate) ruthenium (II) (CORM-3, 50 μmol) — CO donor. Thereafter we registered erythrocytes deformability (ED), their aggregation (EA) and suspensions viscosity (SV). Results. All three GT donors noticeably changed microrheological characteristics of erythrocytes and their shadows (on average by 13–16%; p < 0.05). It’s important that the shifts of ED, EA, and SV under the influence of gasotransmitter donors were similar in magnitude, and the total difference in their microrheological effects on three different GT donors did not exceed 3%. Conclusions. Erythrocytes qualitatively and quantitatively approximately equally responded to the action of three different GT donors by positive changes in their microrheological characteristics and especially by aggregation that decreased by more than 30%.

Radiation damage free ghost diffraction with atomic resolution

The x-ray free electron lasers can enable diffractive structural determination of protein nanocrystals and single molecules that are too small and radiation-sensitive for conventional x-ray diffraction. However the electronic form factor may be modified during the ultrashort x-ray pulse due to photoionization and electron cascade caused by the intense x-ray pulse. For general x-ray imaging techniques, the minimization of the effects of radiation damage is of major concern to ensure reliable reconstruction of molecular structure. Here we show that radiation damage free diffraction can be achieved with atomic spatial resolution by using x-ray parametric down-conversion and ghost diffraction with entangled photons of x-ray and optical frequencies. We show that the formation of the diffraction patterns satisfies a condition analogous to the Bragg equation, with a resolution that can be as fine as the crystal lattice length scale of several Ångstrom. Since the samples are illuminated by low energy optical photons, they can be free of radiation damage.

Three-point functions in $ \mathcal{N}=2 $ higher-spin holography

The CP^N Kazama-Suzuki models with the non-linear chiral algebra SW_infinity[lambda] have been conjectured to be dual to the fully supersymmetric Prokushkin-Vasiliev theory of higher-spin gauge fields coupled to two massive N=2 multiplets on AdS_3. We perform a non-trivial check of this duality by computing three-point functions containing one higher-spin gauge field for arbitrary spin s and deformation parameter lambda from the bulk theory, and from the boundary using a free ghost system based on the linear sw_infinity[lambda] algebra. We find an exact match between the two computations. In the 't Hooft limit, the three-point functions only depend on the wedge subalgebra shs[lambda] and the results are equivalent for any theory with such a subalgebra. In the process we also find the emergence of N=2 superconformal symmetry near the AdS_3 boundary by computing holographic OPE's, consistently with a recent analysis of asymptotic symmetries of higher-spin supergravity.

My First Ghost (review)

Reviewed by: My First Ghost Jeannette Hulick Miller, Maggie . My First Ghost; written by Maggie Miller and Michael Leviton; illus. by Stephanie Buscema. Disney Hyperion, 2012. 32p. ISBN 978-1-4231-1949-4 $16.99 R 4-7 yrs. "WARNING: A ghost friend is a big responsibility. Are you sure you want a ghost friend of your very own? If not, CLOSE THIS BOOK NOW. To claim your free ghost, just turn the page." Audiences who turn that page, and the next, will find not only their very own ghost but also a guide to its care and a catalog of its finer qualities (a ghost is not only better than a pet, it's better than a brother or sister: "Your ghost will never hog the bathroom. Your ghost will never punch your arm"). Ghost owners are admonished to never feed or wash their ghosts, reminded that a ghost's natural temperature is "room temperature," and given a list of ghost-friendly activities, including tag and hide-and-seek. Picky kids may quibble with a few of the claims (how can you paint a picture of or play tag with a ghost who is, the authors state, invisible?), but most youngsters will take to this like a phantom to a decrepit mansion. Even fearful kids will find Buscema's cheery, floaty white ghosties more friendly than frightening. The smiling, sprightly shades have stripy "arms" and sport ball caps or bows and red tennies that dangle below the sheet-like white "bodies," while the human figures and bright backgrounds recall mid-century advertising in their style and detailing. Pair this with Lachenmeyer's The Boo! Book, reviewed above, share it in a non-spooky Halloween storytime, or use it to prompt writing or art projects on a similar theme. Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Landau-gauge propagators in Yang-Mills theories atβ=0: Massive solution versus conformal scaling

We study Landau-gauge gluon and ghost propagators in Yang-Mills theories at lattice parameter beta = 0, considering relatively large lattice volumes for the case of the SU(2) gauge group in three and four space-time dimensions. We compare the lattice data to the so-called massive and conformal-scaling solutions, examining the requirements for a good description of the propagators over various ranges of momenta and discussing possible systematic errors. Our analysis strongly supports the massive solution, i.e. a finite gluon propagator and an essentially free ghost propagator in the infrared limit, in disagreement with Ref. [1]. Moreover, we argue that discretization effects play no role in the analysis of these propagators.

CONFINING TIME-LIKE GLUON AND CONFINED SPATIAL GLUONS IN COULOMB GAUGE QCD

We investigate the Gribov-Zwanziger scenario in Coulomb gauge QCD using a SU(3) quenched lattice gauge simulation. The ghost propagator diverges in the infrared limit stronger than the free ghost propagator, and the ghost degree of freedom plays a central role in the confinement mechanism in the Coulomb gauge. The infrared divergent ghost dressing function results in the confining color-Coulomb instantaneous interaction. The equal-time transverse gluon propagator is suppressed in the infrared region. Therefore, in the Coulomb gauge, the instantaneous interaction mediated by time-like gluons is responsible for the confining force, and the would-be physical gluons are confined in hadrons.

More on lattice BRST invariance

In the gauge-fixing approach to (chiral) lattice gauge theories, the action in the U(1) case implicitly contains a free ghost term, in accordance with the continuum abelian theory. On the lattice there is no BRST symmetry and, without fermions, the partition function is strictly positive. Recently, Neuberger pointed out in hep-lat/9801029 that a different choice of the ghost term would lead to a BRST-invariant lattice model, which is ill-defined nonperturbatively. We show that such a lattice model is inconsistent already in perturbation theory, and clearly different from the gauge-fixing approach.

Operator formalism on the Z n symmetric algebraic curves

On Zn symmetric algebraic curves of any genus the Hilbert space of analytic free fields with integer spin is constructed. As an application, an operator formalism for the b–c systems is developed. The physical states are expressed in terms of creation and annihilation operators as in the complex plane and the correlation functions are evaluated exploiting simple normal ordering rules. The formalism is very suitable for performing explicit calculations on Riemann surfaces and, moreover, it gives some insight into the nature of two-dimensional field theories on a manifold. It is proven, in fact, that the b–c systems on a Zn symmetric algebraic curve are equivalent to a conformal field theory on the complex plane having as primary operators twist fields and free ghosts. Some consequences of the interplay between topology and statistics are also discussed.

Phosphate inhibition of the human red cell sodium pump: simultaneous binding of adenosine triphosphate and phosphate.

1. The Na+-K+ exchange carried out by the Na+ pump of human red cell ghosts and the Na+ + K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) activity of human red cell membranes are inhibited by MgPO4 rather than by free phosphate; similarly, the substrate for the K+-K+ exchange carried out by the pump is MgPO4 rather than free phosphate. 2. Inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPase activity by MgPO4 is only partially competitive (mixed type) with ATP, and MgPO4 inhibition of the Na+-K+ exchange measured in Na+-free solutions and in K+-free ghosts which contain ATP at relatively high concentration is partially uncompetitive (mixed type) with external K+. 3. When measurements were made in K+-free ghosts and Na+-free solutions, or when Na+,K+-ATPase activity was measured at high ATP concentrations, inhibition by MgPO4 was non-competitive with cell Na+. This observation is not consistent with the Albers-Post reaction mechanism of the Na+ pump, and suggests the presence of an alternative reaction pathway in which ATP combines with the enzyme before phosphate is released. 4. MgPO4 monotonically inhibited the uncoupled Na+ efflux which occurs in solutions free of both Na+ and K+. The uncoupled efflux seemed to be more sensitive to MgPO4 inhibition than the Na+-K+ exchange. 5. Trinitrophenyladenosine-5'-tetraphosphate stimulated the K+-K+ exchange in the presence of MgPO4, and the characteristics of stimulation by TNP adenosine tetraphosphate were little different from the characteristics of stimulation by trinitrophenyladenosine-5'-triphosphate or -5'-diphosphate. The nucleotide binding site at which K+-K+ exchange is stimulated must be able to accommodate a nucleotide with a linear array of four phosphate groups.

Yang-Mills theories in space-like axial and planar gauges

The quantization of Yang-Mills theories according to a canonical procedure is studied first in the axial gauge A 3 a ≡ 0. We show that the perturbative S-matrix cannot be expressed in terms of well-defined distributions in a Hilbert space involving only physical states without conflicting with unitarity. We then resort to the space-like planar gauge and show that it is possible to define a perturbative S-matrix at the price of introducing a set of free ghost fields. The S-matrix is unitary in the subspace of the physically acceptable states on which A 3 a vanish.

An improved method of harvesting haemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts.

The ghosts (stromas) of human erythrocytes bearing Hb of different phenotypes were separately isolated by incubating the erythrocytes in hypotonic (20 imOsm) phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 1 h at pH 7.4. All of these washed ghosts were found to react with benzidine indicating the presence of Hb. In the preparation of Hb free ghosts, the pH 8.2 of the phosphate buffer, incubation time (4 h) and extra oxygen supply to the medium were noticed to be very effective. The results shows that certain ghosts bound to SS, SF, and S-Thal type of Hb were more resistant to the clearing procedure than the ghosts bound to AA, AF, ASF and AC types of Hb. The combined effect of above variables for the optimum isolation of clear ghosts with minimum or no loss of membrane components has been described.

Two-Loop Approximation of the Effective Potential for the Yang-Mills Field

The effective potential for the Yang-Mills field is computed to the two-loop level using the Dyson-Schwinger functional differential equation for the effective action. The results are expressed in terms of the known free gauge particle and free ghost particle propagators.

Potassium-activated phosphatase from human red blood cells

The cell membrane K(+)-activated phosphatase activity was measured in reconstituted ghosts of human red cells having different ionic contents and incubated in solutions of varying ionic composition. When K(+)-free ghosts are suspended in K(+)-rich media, full activation of the phosphatase is obtained. Conversely, very little ouabainsensitive activity is detected in K(+)-rich ghosts suspended in K(+)-free media. These results, together with the fact that Na(+) competitively inhibits the effects of K(+) only when present externally, show that the K(+) site of the membrane phosphatase is located at the outer surface of the cell membrane. The Mg(++) requirements for K(+) activation of the membrane phosphatase are fulfilled by internal Mg(++). Addition of intracellular Na(+) to ATP-containing ghosts raises the apparent affinity of the enzyme for K(+), suggesting that the sites where ATP and Na(+) produce this effect are located at the inner surface of the cell membrane. The asymmetrical features of the membrane phosphatase are those expected from the proposed role of this enzyme in the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase system.