FREE Full Text Research Articles

The Impact of HPV Vaccination on Cervical Cancer in adolescent females: A narrative review

ABSTRACT To effectively prevent cervical cancer, a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality among women, widespread adoption of the HPV vaccine has a well-established link to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV vaccine must be the vaccine’s effectiveness in reducing HPV infections, and subsequent cervical lesions have been extensively demonstrated, marking a pivotal milestone in public health. Important research highlights the vaccine’s safety profile, allaying worries and promoting trust in its application. By targeting HPV strains responsible for a majority of cervical cancer cases, vaccination emerges as a strategic intervention to curb the burden of this malignancy. The strategy is used to search PubMed and Google Scholar, with only free full-text and English language study included. However, addressing existing misconceptions and ensuring equitable vaccine access remains imperative. Informed decision making is pivotal, necessitating comprehensive public health initiatives that educate communities about the vaccine’s benefits. Encouragingly, successful vaccination programs in various regions have demonstrated tangible reductions in HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence. This review concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for global collaboration to integrate HPV vaccination into routine immunization schedules, thereby fortifying the collective effort to mitigate cervical cancer’s impact. As a cost-effective, evidence-based strategy, widespread HPV vaccination stands as a linchpin in the ongoing battle against cervical cancer, promising a healthier future for women worldwide.

ABORDAGENS TERAPÊUTICAS DA DOENÇA DO REFLUXO GASTROESOFÁGICO: REVISÃO DA LITERATURA

Objectives: conduct na updated review of Options available in GERD’s treatment, discussing possible problems of chronic use of PPI’s, especially in elderly and identifying correct indications for interventional approaches. Methods: search for scientific publications, from march to october 2024, using health descriptors, in databases PubMed, BVS, Elsevier, LILACS, BIREME, Google Academic and SciELO. Articles with free full texts were selected, in portuguese, english and spanish languages, published between 2010 and 2024. Results: 24 articles found were eligible and became the final sample as they met the proposed objectives. Conclusion: behavioral measures are importante, but there are still obstacles that prevent adherence. PPIs are effective, but can be harmful. PCABs seem to have more benefits. In surgical treatment, fundoplication is preferred over open surgery.

Can ChatGPT affect health literacy?

Abstract Background ChatGPT is a large language model based on artificial intelligence, which nowadays finds application in various fields, including medicine. Objectives To investigate the usefulness of ChatGPT related to health literacy and to highlight its potential limitations. Methods We searched PubMed/MEDLINE for published research and articles that reviewed ChatGPT in the context of health literacy, written in English over the past five years with free full text access. All original articles were screened. Results A total of 53 publications were found. Twenty-five publications met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Most of the works presented a positive opinion towards the use of ChatGPT. The authors of six articles believe that ChatGPT generates more readable papers, while four of them believe the opposite. In four articles authors found out possibility to simplify text. The negative sides relate to the possibly insufficient education of users, the accuracy of the information, potential bias, dependence on the outdated data, and the ethical problem of the real authors not being cited, and therefore not recognized for their work. Conclusions According to the conducted research, ChatGPT represents an opportunity to improve health literacy by generating accessible and comprehensible information about health. It has also been shown to improve the readability and accessibility of public education materials on selected health topics. Furthermore, while AI models like ChatGPT can serve as a reliable source of health information, they should be used as an addition to professional medical consultation, and not as a standalone advice service. Key messages • ChatGPT represents an opportunity to improve health literacy. • AI models like ChatGPT can serve as a reliable source of health information, but they should be used as an addition to professional medical consultation, and not as a standalone advice service.

The effect of rising e-cigarette usage among young people on public health and physical activity

Introduction: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes/ENDS) are regarded by many as a safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. This article will present a review of the current knowledge regarding the effects and impact of electronic cigarettes on health and the risk of addiction in adolescents. Methods: We selected articles with an unlimited search period in several databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and the websites of the Polish government. Only articles with free full text were included in the review. There were no restrictions based on article type. Conclusions: The increasing consumption of e-cigarettes (ENDS) among young people in Poland is emerging as a significant public health concern. The high addictive potential of nicotine, coupled with the toxicity of aerosols and the multitude of ways in which manufacturers make their products more appealing, gives rise to the risk of an increase in future patients with impaired performance in sports, and consequently with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as the necessity to combat addiction. Reducing and preventing the use of tobacco products by children and adolescents represents one of the most significant challenges currently facing the public health sector in Poland.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids in sport

Introduction and objective Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a group of doping substances. They cause muscle hypertrophy and an increase in strength. Moreover, they may lead to dangerous side effects. Knowledge of the side effects of AAS use is necessary because in clinical practice we often encounter patients who decide to supplement with steroids. The aim of the study is to present information on the epidemiology, mechanism of action, methods of detecting AAS, the impact of the substance on the male and female body, and a description of organ side effects, highlighting: the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the psyche. Review methods Literature search was conducted in the PubMed database with inclusion criteria ‘free full texts’ and publications date between 2015 – 2024. A total of 7272 results were found; 30 publications were ultimately included in the review. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge Overusing AAS is very popular among people training at the gym. They have an anabolic effect on muscle tissue. They contribute to infertility in men and masculinization in women. Stimulation of androgen receptors above physiological doses of AAS leads to vascular changes that, in extreme cases, may lead to sudden cardiac death. Moreover, they accelerate brain aging. An increase in aggression and risky sexual behavior has been observed among people using doping. The diagnostic material used in anti-doping tests is urine and blood serum. Summary AAS abuse is a serious public health problem. Men who want to improve their figure and decide to use doping are particularly at risk. Due to the easy availability of steroids, society should be made aware of the negative effects of steroid use.

A Scoping Review: Unveiling the Benefits of ACF on Tuberculosis Control

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) ranks among the top ten infectious diseases and causes of death worldwide. The implementation of active case-finding TV is crucial in achieving the objectives of the World Health Organization’s End TB strategy. Aims: This review aims to determine the role of active case finding in TB control in a community with high-burden TB. Methods: This review used databases Pubmed, Research Gate, Ebscohost, Science Direct, and Scopus. The search for articles used the main keywords community, active case finding, AND tuberculosis. The articles were selected in English, with a five-year time interval between 2019 to 2023. The type of article subject area included medicine, health, health care, environmental science, and social science. The documents were from journals and articles. The text availability was free full text. Results: This review was done on 3.561 articles that were screened and analyzed out of 6 articles. The articles were originated from Cambodia, China, India, and Africa. This scoping review describes the effect of ACF in the community on TB control (cohorts and cross-sectional) in high-burden TB. Results from 5 articles including 6 studies indicated that ACF in the community was significantly associated with TB control. One of the studies revealed that studies in which ACF reported a non-significant association. Conclusion: This review summarized that ACF provides greater benefits than the PCF strategy, especially in high-risk populations and those with limited access to healthcare facilities. It promotes prompt diagnosis and treatment improves treatment outcomes, minimizes health complications, and reduces the social and economic impact of TB.

Challenges and recommendations in the implementation of audiovisual telemedicine communication: a systematic review.

This systematic review aims to identify the elements of doctor-patient communication in telemedicine, emerging challenges, and proposed recommendations. Four databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Cochrane, and ProQuest, were searched using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria consisted of original research papers, availability of free full text, and publications during the past 10 years. A total of 13 articles completed the selection process and satisfied the established criteria. The issues and recommendations of telemedicine communication were categorized into three distinct groups: pre-consultation, during-consultation, and post-consultation. Preparation encompasses the arranging of visual elements, safeguarding patient privacy and confidentiality, and addressing any technical challenges that may arise. The consultation encompasses nonverbal behavior, empathy, the doctor-patient connection, and a physical examination. Post-telemedicine consultations refer to medical appointments that occur after a telemedicine session, typically involving follow-up medical interactions. Telemedicine presents unique challenges in doctor-patient consultations that differ from face-to-face interactions. Therefore, clinicians must acquire communication skills specific to telemedicine to ensure effective consultations and achieve optimal health results.

The Effect of Cognitive Therapy on Psychosis Clients with Suicide Risk: Literature Review

Psychosis is a mental or psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, chaotic behavior, and accompanied by poor insight. A systematic review and meta-analysis study showed that individuals with a diagnosis of psychosis have a high prevalence of suicide. One of the psychotherapies given to psychosis clients with suicide risk is cognitive therapy (CT). Objective: To determine the effect of cognitive therapy (CT) on psychosis clients with suicide risk Articles discussed in this literature review were obtained through article searches in electronic journal databases, namely Science Direct, ProQuest, Wiley Online Library, EBSCOhost, Sage Journals, and ClinicalKey. The inclusion criteria of this journal review were human studies, English, and free fulltext. The results showed that CT in clients at risk of suicide has a significant effect in reducing suicide risk through mechanisms to correct thought distortions and build positive thoughts and beliefs to produce adaptive coping mechanisms. This study has implications for the importance of applying cognitive therapy as part of psychotherapeutic interventions for clients with psychosis who are at risk of suicide. This therapy not only helps reduce symptoms associated with psychosis, but also plays a role in reducing suicidal tendencies by correcting maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.

Prevention and management of rebound pain after resolution of regional block: a systematic review.

An extreme pain known as rebound pain develops after regional blockage wears off. Patient, surgical, and anesthesia-related factors influence the occurrence and intensity of rebound pain. Prior to the peripheral nerve block (PNB) being resolved, multimodal therapy should use. The objective of this review was to explore rebound pain prevention and management following PNB resolution. We conducted a thorough search across Pub Med, Hinari, Google Scholar, and Cochrane review databases, utilizing relevant keywords and search parameters to identify studies meeting our inclusion criteria. These studies aimed to provide sufficient evidence regarding the prevention and management of rebound pain following the resolution of regional blocks. Duplicate entries were removed using Endnote software. Screening of the literature was performed using a rigorous appraisal checklist. The findings of this review are reported in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Using an electronic search, 3526 items were found from databases and websites. After removing duplicates (n=500), 3026 articles remained. Of these, 2813 were excluded after going through their titles and abstracts. Of the 213 articles screened, 126 were removed for such reasons as ineligibility or similarity in objectives. Of the remaining 87 studies, 37 were excluded for such reasons as the inaccessibility of free full texts. Finally, 50 studies were included for review. Proper patient education about rebound pain, combined with the utilization of multimodal systemic analgesia before the resolution of PNBs, perineural dexamethasone, and employing a combination of nerve blocks, has been demonstrated to decrease the incidence of rebound pain. Therefore, clinicians should aim to prevent and manage rebound pain by implementing perioperative multimodal strategies before the resolution of regional blocks.

THE EFFECT OF MINDFULNESS ON DIABETES MELLITUS: A SCOPING REVIEW

Background: This research provides a long-term effect to find out from mindfulness intervention for conditions that require, one of which is chronic illness, in accepting the condition experienced. The prevalence of chronic diseases in the world reaches 70% of cases resulting in death. World health. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of mindfulness on diabetes. Objective: This study was conducted a scoping review Data source: in searches using databases, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Wiley. When searching, use the keywords '' mindfulness'' and ''diabetes''. Where in screening or filtering articles, namely marking or filtering with ''2019-2023'', ''free full text'', ''medicine'', and ''nursing''. From several databases used in this research, 11 articles were analyzed as a result of the search and analysis. Review Methods: The method used is Scoping Review, and it is guided by the PRISMA flowchart, and synthesis is carried out from the extraction. Results: Mindfulness can improve glycemic control, reduce stress levels, improve quality of life, reduce HbA1c scores , and reduce the hormone cortisol. Conclusion: The results of the review show that the effect of mindfulness on diabetes mellitus can reduce psychological stress such as stress, depression, and reduce the hormone cortisol, and increase feelings of happiness and reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Implementation of Stunting Prevention Program in Indonesia: Literature Review

Introduction: The health problem of stunting is still a crucial problem in various regions of the world. The reduction of stunting is one of the goals of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target where in 2030 the expected target is 89 million people, but in fact, there is no maximum progress in achieving the World Health Assembly (WHA) global nutrition target in 2025. Various studies have been conducted out there that provide comprehensive facts related to various kinds of programs or methods in reducing the prevalence of stunting that can be taken into consideration by the government in making new policies related to stunting prevention. Objective: This study aims to identify the various implementations of stunting prevention interventions in Indonesia. Method: The research method uses a scoping review with the PRISMA approach. Literature research through three databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria for this study were articles published from 2017 to 2023, articles that had free access and full text, research locations in Indonesia, and not systematic review and/or meta-analysis articles. Result: The search results obtained 13 final articles that discuss variations in interventions in stunting prevention. The results of the review of 13 articles found that effective prevention of stunting can be done by various methods, such as providing education, counseling, therapeutic group therapy, practical demonstrations, and home visits through professional collaboration between health workers and health cadres to pregnant women and mothers with children less than five years old, as well as premarital education classes for prospective couples. Conclusion: Implementation of effective stunting prevention interventions should be multisectoral and include family planning, premarital couples, and women with early pregnancies as the main target focus for stunting prevention.

Contribution of mobile health technologies to public health in rural areas: Accessibility and education methods

In today's rapidly advancing world, mobile health services have become influential in various aspects of our lives. It is anticipated that mobile applications, especially in rural areas, can play a significant role in the delivery of healthcare services. In this context, it is essential to examine the applications of mobile health services in rural areas and the education methods employed in these applications. The main objective of this study is to explore the contributions of mobile health services applications in rural areas to public health and to examine the education methods used in these services in light of current literature. The focus of this study is on how mobile health applications can be utilized in rural areas, the impact of this usage on public health, and the effectiveness of the education methods employed. The research was conducted through searches using key terms such as "mobile health" and "public health nursing" or "mobile health technologies" and "nursing" or "telehealth" on important academic databases like Google Scholar, PubMed free fulltext, Science Direct, Ebscohost, Sage, Scopus, and CINAHL. The information obtained from literature searches was analyzed to understand the impact of mobile health applications on public health in rural areas and the education methods employed. The study results indicate that the use of mobile health applications in rural areas can contribute significantly to public health. Advantages such as rapid diagnosis and treatment, effective monitoring of chronic diseases, and quick access to emergency services stand out among the potential impacts of mobile health applications. Mobile health applications can contribute significantly to public health in rural areas and increase their usage, particularly in primary healthcare services.

Incorporation of "Artificial Intelligence" for Objective Pain Assessment: A Comprehensive Review.

Pain is a significant health issue, and pain assessment is essential for proper diagnosis, follow-up, and effective management of pain. The conventional methods of pain assessment often suffer from subjectivity and variability. The main issue is to understand better how people experience pain. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has been playing a growing role in improving clinical diagnosis and decision-making. The application of AI offers promising opportunities to improve the accuracy and efficiency of pain assessment. This review article provides an overview of the current state of AI in pain assessment and explores its potential for improving accuracy, efficiency, and personalized care. By examining the existing literature, research gaps, and future directions, this article aims to guide further advancements in the field of pain management. An online database search was conducted via multiple websites to identify the relevant articles. The inclusion criteria were English articles published between January 2014 and January 2024). Articles that were available as full text clinical trials, observational studies, review articles, systemic reviews, and meta-analyses were included in this review. The exclusion criteria were articles that were not in the English language, not available as free full text, those involving pediatric patients, case reports, and editorials. A total of (47) articles were included in this review. In conclusion, the application of AI in pain management could present promising solutions for pain assessment. AI can potentially increase the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of objective pain assessment.

A Critical Appraisal of Gluten in Skin Disorders, the Evidence So Far, and Updated Recommendations.

Gluten, a polypeptide hapten, found in many cereals such as barley, wheat, rye, oats, and others, has been recently implicated in a range of cutaneous disorders ranging from chronic plaque psoriasis through psoriatic arthritis, urticaria (chronic as well as paediatric onset), and angioedema to lichen planus, vitiligo, and rosacea. The evidence for them is still not well reviewed. To generate evidence for the causal role of gluten in various dermatological disorders. The Pubmed, MedLine, and EMBASE databases were searched using the keywords "Gluten" and one of the dermatoses, namely, "Atopic Dermatitis", "Vasculitis", "Psoriasis", "Psoriatic Arthritis", "Acne", "Alopecia Areata", and "Immunobullous disorders". All articles published in English for which free full text was available were taken into consideration. The search strategy returned in a total of 1487 articles which were screened for relevance and elimination of duplicates. Ultimately, around 114 articles were deemed suitable. The data were extracted and presented in the narrative review format. A simple and cost-effective solution to many of these chronic and lifelong conditions is to restrict gluten in the diet. However, the dermatologist would do well to remember that in the vast majority of dermatological disorders including the ones listed here, gluten restriction is not warranted and can even lead to nutritional deficiencies. The evidence varied from Grade I for some disorders like psoriatic arthritis to Grade IV to most disorders like acne, vitiligo, vasculitis, and atopic dermatitis. Herein, we review the evidence for each of these conditions and make practical recommendations for gluten restriction in them.

Efficacy of Acupuncture in Chronic Low Back Pain Treatment: A Literature Review

Aims: To evaluate the effects of the use of acupuncture as a treatment of chronic low back pain.
 Methodology: This study follows the integrative methodology of literature review, seeking articles published on PubMed, using keywords from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to form the search Formula: Acupuncture AND "low back pain". Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials published between 2018 and 2023, with free full text available in english or portuguese. The exclusion criteria was not answering this review’s orienting question. 
 Results: Several studies analyzed the efficacy of different acupuncture and electroacupuncture approaches in the treatment of chronic low back pain. One study highlighted invasive laser acupuncture with different wavelengths, revealing improvements in pain and disability scales after 4 weeks. Another research compared electroacupuncture at various frequencies, observing similar reductions in pain between the groups. Combined acupuncture (hands and ear) was more effective than usual medical treatment, showing greater reduction in pain and cure rate. Both electroacupuncture and manual acupuncture also demonstrated efficacy in reducing pain intensity and quality. Acupuncture with embedded wires stood out, showing positive and rapid results in chronic low back pain. Another study revealed that both electroacupuncture and a placebo had positive impacts on pain intensity.
 Conclusion: Even though there are multiple forms of acupuncture used throughout the studies, and even those that appear on multiple studies are done differently on those appearances, all are used as a way to reduce CLBP. In that sense, the positive effects from using traditional acupuncture or some different form of acupuncture as a treatment for CLBP is highlighted by the results from the studies that were a part of this review.

The Anti-Diabetic Effects of Medicinal Plants Belonging to the Liliaceae Family: Potential Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder that has an enormous impact on people's quality of life and health. Although there is no doubt about the effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents combined with lifestyle management in controlling diabetes, no individual has ever been reported to have been completely cured of the disease. Globally, many medicinal plants have been used for the management of diabetes in various traditional systems of medicine. A deep look in the literature has revealed that the Liliaceae family have been poorly investigated for their antidiabetic activity and phytochemical studies. In this review, we summarize medicinal plants of Liliaceae utilized in the management of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme and phytochemical content. The literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to find the significant published articles about Liliaceae plants utilized in the prevention and treatment of antidiabetics. Data were filtered to the publication period from 2013 to 2023, free full text and only English articles were included. The keywords were Liliaceae OR Alliaceae OR Amaryllidaceae AND Antidiabetic OR α-glucosidase. Six medicinal plants such as Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe ferox, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and Eremurus himalaicus are summarized. Phytochemical and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibition by in vitro, in vivo, and human studies are reported. Plants of Liliaceae are potential as medicine herbs to regulating PPHG and prevent the progression of T2DM and its complication. In silico study, clinical application, and toxicity evaluation are needed to be investigated in the future.

Instruments validated in Brazil for assessing oral health literacy in adolescents: an integrative literature review

Adolescence is a stage of life where there are major physical and biological transformations concomitant with psychological and social ones, which occur with the development of sexuality and which influence the human being's personality and other aspects of life. Health literacy (HL) can be understood as an individual's ability to access, understand, evaluate and put into practice basic health information. Adolescent oral health literacy (OHL) is an area that is little explored, despite the importance of this formative stage in the individual approach to healthy lifestyles and behaviors. The objective of this study was to carry out an integrative literature review on research instruments validated in Brazil for OHL among adolescents. The search strategy was carried out in August 2023, with a broad search for studies that assessed OHL in adolescents, in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Scientific Electronic databases. Library Online (Scielo). The keywords used were “health literacy” and “oral health” and “adolescents”. Inclusion criteria: free full texts; only: articles, books and documents, clinical trials, meta-analyses, controlled and randomized trials, analyzes and systematic reviews; without limitations of date or language. Exclusion criteria: studies without the three descriptors present in the text simultaneously, theses and monographs, abstracts, letters to the editor. 47 articles were found in VHL, 118 in PubMed and 13 in Scielo. Nineteen articles were analyzed and presented according to: author, title, year of publication, type of study, objectives, sample size and age group, sample recruitment, data collection tool, limitations and health outcomes. The only research instrument on adolescent OHL validated in Brazil was the BREALD-30 questionnaire, a Brazilian version of the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry, which measures literacy through word recognition. An important research gap in this field was revealed.

Liver Cirrhosis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Liver disease is still a concern in world health and liver cirrhosis is the eleventh leading cause of death in the world. Cirrhosis caused 1.32 million deaths in 2017. Liver cirrhosis is a fibrosis or nodule formation in the liver. The study was conducted on databases, such as PubMed, google scholar and gray literature. With inclusion criteria, that are free full text publications published in 2015-2022 and having relevant discussions. Fibrosis in cirrhosis of liver begins with the activation of Stellate and Kupffer cells, damaged hepatocytes and activated platelets are also invoved. Inflammatory cells will appear as a result of the damage and cause fibrosis due to the secretion of cytokines. In addition, there are pathological features, namely nodule regeneration and loss of normal lobular architecture within the nodule. The patient's diagnosis start from anamnesis to gather information related to risk factors, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging, liver biopsy if necessary. Management can be carried out according from etiology of the cause of liver cirrhosis. Complications of liver cirrhosis are portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma, hyponatremia, and acute kidney injury. Liver cirrhosis is a liver fibrosis caused by Stellate, Kupffer cells, damaged hepatocytes, and activated platelets. Inflammatory cells cause fibrosis, leading to regenerating nodules and decreased blood flow. Diagnosis involves anamnesis, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging, and liver biopsy if needed. Treatment is based on the etiology of liver cirrhosis, with complications including portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy.

Taurodontic teeth in cone beam computed tomography: pictorial review

Objective: Taurodontism is a developmental disorder with enlargement of the body of the tooth and lack of cervical constriction, which results in a large pulp chamber and small roots with the apical displacement of furcation. Taurodontism exists in deciduous, and definitive unilateral, and bilateral teeth. We found that taurodontism was also described in 67 syndromes. We proposed a review of the open access literature on taurodontism, a new clinical classification of taurodontic teeth with illustrations from free open access literature, and from our case serie of 15 patients.
 Material and methods: We performed a systematic search for articles with free full text about taurodontism. The search was performed by one observer in PubMed database. We found 168 articles, and after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria we finally selected 136 articles for the review.
 Results: we provided 34 figures of taurodontic teeth related to: 1) Unilateral mandibular first premolar, 2) Unilateral mandibular second premolar, 3) Bilateral mandibular first and second premolar, 4) Bilateral upper maxillary first premolars, 5) Bilateral mandibular second molars, 6) Bilateral upper maxillary second premolar and left first molar, 7) Bilateral upper maxillary third molars, 8) Bilateral upper maxillary first and second molars, 9) Bilateral upper maxillary first, second, and third molars, 10) Bilateral upper maxillary molars (third molars, second, and first left upper molars), and mandibular molars (first right, and left mandibular molars, right third molar), 11) Bilateral upper maxillary molars (first, second, third right, and left upper molars), and mandibular molars, 12) Unilateral first mandibular premolar with cleft, 13) Bilateral molars of the mandible and the upper maxilla (adolescent patient who received chemotherapy at the age of 3-years-old to treat retinoblastoma), 14) Unilateral first maxillary molar (Treacher-Collins syndrome).
 Conclusions: We proposed a new clinical classification of taurodontic teeth based on hypo-, meso-, and hypertaurodontism, and on different types of deciduous, and definitive teeth (42 boxes). We were first to provide free reference images for: 1) upper maxillary second premolar hypertaurodontism, 2) mandibular second premolar mesotaurodontism, 3) upper maxillary third molar meso-and hypertaurodontism, 4) mandibular first molar hypotaurodontism, 5) mandibular third molar mesotaurodontism. We were also first to freely illustrate taurodontism related with chemotherapy, cleft palate patients, and Treacher-Collins syndrome.

Narrative Review: Optimation of Ethanol as a Solvent for Flavonoid Compounds in Papaya Leaf Extraction

Ethanol is widely used as a distiller of secondary metabolite compounds. Ethanol very well dissolves secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids group compounds including for papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf extraction. This review was conducted to examine solvent optimization that has been used in various original studies. The method of searching scientific journal article using PubMed and MDPI using keyword “extraction and ethanol and flavonoid and carica papaya leaf” with the inclusion criteria of 2018 – 2023 article, free full text and not review articles, the number of article obtained was 3 articles. The optimal concentration of ethanol as a flavonoid extract solven is 70 % ethanol at temperatures from 30 °C – 50°C with a time range of 10 – 48 hours of immersion.