Free Cross-border Movement Research Articles

The Resurrection of Borders Inside of the Schengen Area and its Media Representations

The bordering processes inside of the Schengen Area are traditionally under the scrutiny of border studies scholars. The European Union has been repeatedly displayed as a laboratory for a free cross-border movement, often with synonyms like an ostensibly borderless area (Scott 2012). This so-called Schengen culture (Zaiotti 2011) developed due to intensifying cross-border contact and integration between EU member states. However, in the decade between 2010 and 2020 this Schengen culture has been repeatedly challenged by the geopolitical crises and nationalistic political narratives and decisions. This study concentrates on this debate about borders in the selected European news. The analysis of news articles from six newspapers (Mladá fronta, Hospodářské noviny, Le Figaro, Le Monde, Der Standard, and Die Presse) shows how the context of the border debate evolved under the impact of migration crises and coronavirus crisis. Throughout the decade of the 2010s, this study witnesses the gradual securitization of borders inside of the EU and illustrates how the symbolic language and various narratives contributed to this development.

FOREIGN CAPITAL INFLOWS IN CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Free cross-border movement of goods and capital correlates with the general economic state of a country in both apparent and subtle ways. The intensity of financial and economic interactions with the outside world is an indicator of the sustainability and efficiency of the national economy.After joining the EU, all Member States liberalized the balance of payments (BoP), i.e. ensured free and unrestricted cross-border movement of goods and capital. For certain countries the liberalization of BoP was a considerable challenge, which they managed to successfully overcome. These were the EU countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was active among the former socialist countries until 1990, or the so-called "CMEA-EU countries".For an economic comparison to be plausible, it has to be made between the dynamics of comparable economies. Such a group of economies is formed by the CMEA-EU countries. EU membership provided them with the opportunity to use on their own their potential in property, intellect, power and resources. This is the reason why the present study has adopted a comparative analysis based on CMEA-EU countries.An attempt has been made to comprehensively monitor and analytically assess all major financial flows, especially in the CMEA-EU countries, and their impact on economic dynamics. A comparison is made for both the positive and negative aspects of the incoming financial resources in these countries. Particular emphasis is placed on macroeconomic elements and policies that outline, create conditions, and predetermine the scale, interactions and projections of cross-border financial flows.

ТОРГОВЕЛЬНІ ОБМЕЖЕННЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗОВНІШНЬОТОРГОВЕЛЬНОЇ ЛІБЕРАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.

Free Cross-Border Movement, Lucifer’s Effect and National Security of the Visegrad Countries

Since 2015, the migration crisis continues with varying intensity, and international security crisis as well as debt, institutional, and personnel crises are worsening, not only in the Eurozone. Probably war, economic and climate immigrants will continue to move into the Schengen area, showing how helpless the European Union is. Angela Merkel said there was no upper limit for the number of people admitted to escape political persecution. Germany leaves the Dublin system inconsistently, runs counter to European cohesion and stops differentiating between immigrants and refugees. Migration is shared by the EU Member States. Between “old” and “new” EU countries, scissors are opened. Moreover, in some European regions (France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, Greece) there are closed communities where majority law is not valid. Our current socio-political and economic existence is based on a traditional understanding of security. However, in the third decade of the 21st century the image of prosperity and security is to be seen from a different perspective than in previous years. Dramatic development has led to the mass migration of African and Asian people and to the division of the European Union, especially regarding the mechanism of redistribution of asylum seekers.

МЕХАНІЗМИ БЮДЖЕТУВАННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА : МОЖЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЮ БЕЗПЕКОЮ

Formulation of the problem. The article presents the author's opinion on the possibilities of using the mechanisms of budgeting the activity of the enterprise as tools of financial security management. The liberalization of financial relations and the free cross-border movement of capital led to the intensification of internal and external shocks on the development of economic entities. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of the budgeting system as a tool for managing the financial security of an enterprise, in order to form a holistic view of budgeting as an economic category. The object of the study is the process of budgeting the activity of the enterprise, its organizational and economic capabilities and tools for managing the financial security of the enterprise. Methods used of the research: systematic approach, method of generalization, comparison, logical-meaningful method, monographic method, methods of induction and deduction, etc. The main hypothesis is that the financial stability of a functioning enterprise depends on the economic policy option, which is formed by the structure of the budgeting instruments of the enterprise. Presenting main material. The reasons for using this tool at the enterprise are revealed. The efficiency of the use of budgeting in the management of financial security of the enterprise is shown. Budgeting makes it possible to increase the financial soundness of management decisions and the effectiveness of information support of enterprise management; to differentiate between the leaders of different levels of the organizational hierarchy for results and to make a positive impact on their motivation; to agree on the different lines of activity of the units and the work of the enterprise as a whole on the basis of a single coordinated budget; improve current budgets by matching planned and actual indicators with results; to predict volumes of material and financial flows, cost structure. The originality and practical significance of the research. The basis of the mechanism of ensuring the financial security of the enterprise is a systematic combination of certain tools, methods, levers and information and analytical support, created on the basis of the principles of financial security, which objectively exist as economic laws, as well as produced by entities of financial security management of the enterprise to achieve and protecting the latter's financial interests. Conclusions of the research. The introduction of the entity's budgeting system enables the planning of financial and economic activities with the expectation of achieving a specific financial result and financial targets. Thus, budgeting is an effective tool for managing the financial security of an enterprise and acts as one of the main processes in the financial planning system.

Regulating Cross-Border Data Flows in a Data-Driven World: How WTO Law Can Contribute

Abstract While the free cross-border movement of data is essential to many aspects of international trade, several countries have imposed restrictions on these data flows. The pre-internet rules of the World Trade Organization (`WTO') discipline some of these restrictions, but they are insufficient. Unfortunately, so are the electronic commerce chapters in modern preferential trade agreements. This article argues that reformed WTO rules, which take account of the policy challenges of the data-driven economy, are required. These reforms would facilitate internet openness while ensuring consumer and business trust, promoting digital inclusion of developing countries, and incorporating clear exceptions for legitimate domestic policies.

Cross-sectional survey on Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and risk perception regarding rabies among cattle owners in two districts of Bhutan

Background: Rabies is eliminated from the northern and central parts of Bhutan, but it remains endemic in the southern region that shares a porous border with India. Control programs are challenged by free cross-border movement of dogs. Annually around 17 cases of rabies in dogs are reported. Frequent spill-over infection from dogs to cattle and other livestock species poses serious threats to public health and economic sustainability. Methods & Materials: As part of an approach to prevent rabies in cattle, we conducted a Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and risk perception survey among cattle owners in selected rabies endemic and non-endemic districts of Bhutan. 563 cattle owners were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The data were managed in Epi Info version 7.0 and analysed using R. Descriptive statistics were used for analysing demographic characteristics, and the association analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression Results: 88% of participants had heard of rabies. Only 40% of the participants who had heard of rabies had adequate knowledge about rabies. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that residing in endemic areas and having seen a rabies case were significantly associated (α=0.05) with having adequate knowledge. 70% of the participants who had heard of rabies had a favourable attitude towards rabies prevention. Residing in non-endemic areas and having seen a rabies case were significantly associated (α=0.05) with having a favourable attitude. 51% of the participants reported rabies as a curable disease. 92% of participants reported disposing of a bovine carcass that had died of illness. However, 8% reported that they would either dress and sell the meat, dress for consumption, or sell the whole carcass. More than 70% of the participants reported engaging in farm activities that could potentially expose them to rabies and other pathogens, although only 25% of the participants reported using personal protective equipment while undertaking these activities. Conclusion: Despite a high level of awareness, we observed that there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge about rabies regarding hosts, transmission modes, the outcome of rabies infection, and health-seeking behaviours. Our study highlights the need to enhance and strengthen rabies education programs to address the knowledge gaps that have been identified.

Estimation of cost and CO2 emissions with a sustainable cross-border supply chain in the automobile industry: A case study of Thailand and neighboring countries

CO2 emissions are increasing because of the growth in the cross-border supply chain, which is leading the locations of assembly plants and suppliers to spread across a wider area. Given that one passenger vehicle needs more than 20,000 components and parts, the automobile industry exploits the cross-border supply chain. Recently, the free cross-border movement of people, goods, capital, and information has accelerated in Asia. Therefore, a sustainable cross-border supply chain is required to reduce both CO2 emissions and cost. This study estimates total CO2 emissions per vehicle including production and transportation processes in Thailand and neighboring countries and the change in CO2 emissions based on future policy scenarios that consider the automobile market and locational conditions in 2030. The results show that locating production close to the place of consumption and the electricity emissions factors in each country should be considered.

The Continuing Relevance of the Convention?

If people were money: writing over 30 years ago, Goodin and Barry pointed to a then already visible paradox. Whereas the modern economy was becoming global, increasingly being rooted in the free movement of capital across borders, free crossborder movement was still denied to peoples. Today, the paradox is unbearable: discord is not simply attributable to the fact that law, evermore global in character, now makes support for the free movement of capital one of its primary purposes yet continues to subject the free movement of peoples to severe restrictions. Instead, a process of paradigm shift would similarly appear to be dictated by the inclusion of peoples and—above all, their movement—within the determining contours of the emerging global economy. Where the economic steering capacities of the modern state have been severely curtailed and where economic success is measured in terms of competitive capability, labour flexibility—at its core, labour mobility—takes on its own distributive function, acting not only as competitive motor, but also as arbiter for allocative efficiency, or in modern judicial thinking, as a harbinger for ‘allocative justice’. Far outside the reach of the Refugee Convention (1951), post-national law has accordingly had its own disintegrative impacts upon traditional mechanisms of sovereign national border control, for example, redefining cross-border migrants as

Multi-Speed European Union: The Schengen Agreement and Perceptions of its Spatiality in Central Europe

The paper highlights perceptions of free cross-border movement of people regulated by the Schengen Agreement. The Agreement had developed gradually in the multispeed institutional context of the European Union (EU). The Schengen process led since the mid-1980s to a stepwise enlargement of the Schengen Area. A multivariate statistical public opinion analysis across 27 EU countries concerning free cross-border movement of people and control of external EU borders specifies two components of perceptions, i.e. positive valuation and practical use, and enables to distinguish four major types of perceptions in the EU-27: positive, peripheral, practical and negative perception. A correlation analysis revealed public opinion cleavages between old and new member countries. Detailed comparison of differences in perception in seven member countries forming the region of Central Europe supported these findings.

The effects of immigration on wages: An application of the structural skill-cell approach

SummaryThis paper investigates how recent immigration inflows from 2002 to 2008 have affected wages in Switzerland. This period is of particular interest as it marks the time during which the bilateral agreement with the EU on the free cross-border movement of workers has been effective. Since different types of workers are likely to be unevenly affected by recent immigration inflows, we follow the “structural skill-cell approach” as for example employed by Borjas(2003) and Ottavianoand Peri(2008). This paper provides two main contributions. First, we estimate empirically the elasticities of substitution between different types of workers in Switzerland. Our results suggest that natives and immigrants are imperfect substitutes. Regarding different skill levels, the estimates indicate that workers are imperfect substitutes across broad education groups and across different experience groups. Second, the estimated elasticities of substitution are used to simulate the impact on domestic wages using the actual immigration inflows from 2002 to 2008. For the long run, the simulations produce some notable distributional consequences across different types of workers: While previous immigrants incur wage losses (−1.6%), native workers are not negatively affected on average (+0.4%). In the short run, immigration has a negative macroeconomic effect on the average wage, which, however, gradually dies out in the process of capital adjustment.