Free Asset Research Articles

Factors Influencing Turnaround Success in Financially Distressed Tourism, Hotel, and Restaurant Companies Listed on IDX (2020-2023)

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted business activities across various industries, leading many companies to face financial distress. Companies opting to continue their business operations may undergo corporate restructuring to sustain and reverse their performance (turnaround). This study aims to analyze the influence of management actions based on restructuring and economic conditions, including expense retrenchment, asset retrenchment, DER ratio, CEO turnover, and GDP, on the success of turnaround in companies experiencing financial distress, with free assets and firm size set as control variables. The Altman Z-Score model will be employed as a measurement of financial distress. This study's subjects are all 37 tourism, hotel, and restaurant companies consistently listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2023. Sample selection utilized purposive sampling techniques, resulting in a sample size of 12 companies observed over three years. Logistic regression analysis will be used to test hypotheses. The research findings indicate that all independent variables positively influence turnaround success, but only expense retrenchment significantly impacts it.

An optimal investment consumption model for retirees with no health insurance

Retirees meet a number of problems as they are growing older which needs persistent attention. Hence, without a doubt, the outcomes of the financial markets influence the choices that people make when nearing retirement. In our model, the stock price dynamics follow Geometric Brownian motion (GBM) and our goal was to optimize the expected discounted utility of consumption and terminal wealth whilst considering health expenses. The investment return process comprises risk free asset and risky assets, and the health expenses. We choose power utility functions where comprehensive solutions for Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion (HARA) utility functions are obtained and optimal investment, consumption and health expenditure strategies are derived by applying dynamic programming and variable change technique on the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. In our numerical results it showed various effects of some economic and market parameters on the optimal investment, consumption and health expense strategies. The inflation price market risk governs the amount invested in stock, bond and also how much to be put in health to sustain a given period of the retiree's lifetime. As the health welfare rate R increases, the proportion of wealth invested in the stock increases. We also investigated the effects of the high correlation coefficients and low correlation coefficients on consumption and income rate respectively. As the constant variance discounting coefficient increases, seasoned enterprise annuity retirees decrease their allocation to the risky assets. Finally, a numerical example is presented to depict the effects of financial parameters on the optimal investment strategy with health expenditure.

Corporate in Financial Distress and Determinant Analysis of Successful Financial Turnaround

Corporate financial distresses and turnarounds has always been relevant on business literatures because we have seen more than enough corporate bankruptcies over the past decades. Financial distress is a condition of declining financial performance, earlier phase prior to companies experiencing bankruptcy or liquidation. The response to this condition ranges from a denial of the problem, to reducing the scale and scope of operations, all the way to the top change of management and dissolution of corporation. With the complexities of issues and implications associated with financial distresses and the recoveries attempted by corporations, the ability to formulate appropriate strategic responses is becoming very much important for management, researchers and practitioners. This research is focusing on the determinant analysis of multiple organizational factors which are expense retrenchment, profitability, free assets, size, assets retrenchment and leverage on successful turnaround of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in research period 2015 to 2019. Data used in this research are secondary ones which obtained from Indonesian Capital Market Directory (ICMD). Financial data from 2015 to 2019 are used to determine financial distresses utilizing Altman’s Z-Score model, and data from 2016 to 2018 are processed as the independent variables. This research takes 125 sample of manufacturing companies which after screening come down to 36 companies in Non-Turnaround (NT) group and 8 companies in Turnaround (T) group. The analysis models used in this study include firm-specific variables from 2016 to 2018 to test the hypotheses. At the 5% level of significance, the logistic regression test showed that the research variables of profitability, free assets and leverage considerably affected the likelihood of a successful financial turnaround, and the prediction accuracy was 87%.

PEMBENTUKAN PORTOFOLIO OPTIMAL INVESTASI MENGGUNAKAN MODEL MARKOWITZ DAN MODEL INDEKS TUNGGAL PADA ASET BEBAS RISIKO DAN ASET BERISIKO

Optimal Portfolio is one way that can be used to determine stock portfolios that generate large returns with the smallest risk. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal portfolio of risk-free assets and risk assets using the Markowitz Model, Single Index Model and portfolio performance by comparing the resulting rate of return and risk. The research sample used was LQ 45 shares listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from August 2014 to July 2019. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique, namely the selection of data based on certain criteria in order to obtain a sample of 29 listed companies. The method used is to use the Markowitz Model, the Single Index Model and portfolio performance. From the optimal portfolio formation based on the Method, there are 9 shares included in risk free assets and 20 shares included in risk assets. The results of the analysis show that by using the Single Index Model the return from the optimal portfolio produced is higher than using the Markowitz Model, as well as the risk generated on the Single Index Model is smaller than using the Markowitz Model both on risk-free assets and risk assets, this is assured with the results obtained from portfolio performance.

Pengaruh Expenses retrenchment, Free Assets, dan assets Retrenchment Terhadap Corporate Turnaround

This research examines the corporate turnaround that occurs in tourism, restaurant and hotel companies that are facing financial distress which are listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the 2020-2022 period. This study aims to prove that expenses retrenchment, free assets, and assets retrenchment affect the success of a corporate turnaround. The entire sample used in this study was 60 samples after going through a purposive sampling sample selection process. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression analysis are the methods used in this study. The final results obtained from this research are that there is no effect of Expense Retrenchment and Free Assets on Corporate Turnaround and the effect of Asset Retrenchment on Corporate Turnaround.

The Progress of Portfolio Allocation and the Capital Asset Pricing Model

This paper aims to discuss the fundamental element in finance, which is the property of the portfolio theory. Also, the paper presents an overview of the evolution of the portfolio theory management and capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Harry Markowitz, James Tobin, and William Sharpe, et al play an indispensable role in the contribution of these financial theories. This paper first studies and then describes the expected return and risk of the single asset portfolio. Then, this paper extends the topic to multiple asset portfolios and teaches people to eliminate or lower the risk in the investment by combining different portfolios. The paper finds the efficient frontier and suggests some possible combinations of risk free assets and risky assets. In addition, given the diverse circumstances, this paper introduces the idea of CAPM. Finally, this paper discusses the current skepticism about CAPM and the future expectation of the important idea in finance.

An assessment managing information of company resources as of the potential using of an electronic platform

Crisis situations, seasonal activities and the variety of needs are the main factors that cause companies to have free material resources that remain temporarily unused. In such a situation, the possibility of renting or leasing certain resources may allow the company to improve the efficiency of its resource management. One of the ways of exchanging information are shared digital platforms, which could facilitate communication between enterprises in terms of having free material resources. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the potential of such an electronic platform among enterprises based on information exchange trends. In order to check the motivation of enterprises to such a solution, a survey was conducted among Polish enterprises that declared to have temporary free assets. The study compared two groups of companies that willingly share information about their resources and companies that do not. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to examine the significance of differences between the studied populations. The obtained results showed that companies willing to exchange information more often set business goals related to the management of fixed resources. These enterprises, more frequently than others, set operational goals related to the sale of or sharing not fully used components of fixed assets. At the same time, both surveyed groups of enterprises believe that the exchange of information should take place at a local level. The obtained results indicate that there is a potential for the creation and functioning of an electronic platform for exchanging information on free resources at the local level.

Investment Portfolio Optimization With Mean-Variance Investment Portfolio Optimization Model Without Risk Free Assets

Forming a portfolio is a strategy that is often carried out by investors in risky investment conditions. Five non-risk free stocks were selected, namely PTBA, IPCM, ANTM, BUMI, and ADMF. The purpose of forming this portfolio is to determine the composition of the weight (proportion) of the allocation of funds in each of these shares in forming the optimum portfolio. The method used is the Mean-Variance investment portfolio optimization model without risk-free assets using the Markowitz approach. Based on the results obtained by the optimum portfolio of the Mean-Variance model without risk-free assets, the average return is 0.00105 and the variance is 0.000067 with a portfolio ratio value of 14.65256. The proportion of fund allocation to PTBA shares = 0.28872; IPCM=0.02484; ANTM=0.00016; EARTH=0.13501; and ADMF=0.55126. It is hoped that the formation of this portfolio optimization model will be useful as an alternative for investors in optimizing the investment portfolio to make it more profitable in the future.

Identifying proxies for risk-free assets: Evidence from the zero-beta capital asset pricing model

This research offers the first analysis of whether gold, T-bills, Overnight Index Swaps (OIS) or Interbank Offered Rates (IBOR) can be used as proxy for the risk-free asset in the UK, US, China, Japan and India. Using Blacks (1972) Zero-Beta CAPM we apply Wald and Likelihood Ratio Tests to assess whether gold, T-bills, OIS or IBOR qualify as Zero-Beta or risk free assets against each company in FTSE 350, S&P 500, SSE 180, NIKKEI 225 and SENSEX. We find that gold is a proxy for the risk-free asset in the UK and China; T-bills are a proxy for risk-free assets in Japan and IBOR is a proxy for the risk-free rate in China. None qualify as risk free for the US market. According to our results, there is no universal risk-free asset for the UK, US, China, Japan and India.

ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE COMPANIES BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA

The food and beverage sector is considered to have the strongest resilience in the Covid-19 pandemic, because its existence is related to basic human needs. So it is very interesting to identify the factors that affect the financial performance of companies in this sector. A total of 18 food and beverage sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2018-2020 period were taken by purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, starting with testing the classical assumptions of the regression model. The results of the analysis show that simultaneously, size, free cash flow, debt policy, liquidity, growth and asset management have a significant effect on financial performance. Partially, free cash flow and asset management have a significant effect on financial performance, while size, debt liquidity and growth policies partially do not significantly affect the company's financial performance.

Digital Services Tax: Challenge of International Cooperation For Harmonization

The spread of the digital economy brings about many benefits, for example in terms of growth, employment and well-being more generally. These challenges extend well beyond domestic and international tax policy and touch upon areas such as international privacy law and data protection, as well as accounting and regulation, a strategic tax policy perspective, the uptake of digital technologies may potentially constrain the options available to policymakers in relation to the overall tax mix. Technological innovation and the growth of the Internet have profoundly affected trade relations, production processes and products, and the organization of companies. The digital economy is characterized by several key elements, such as the massive expansion of intangible assets; intensive use of data (especially personal data), and widespread adoption of multi-faceted business models that exploit the value externalities of free assets. As the digital economy brings us into new territory, is fair taxation fiction or reality? Although overcoming the numerous ch a l l en g es will be a difficult task for policy makers , fair taxation of the digital e c o n o m y is a reality. A prerequisite to making real sustainable change is enthusiastic country commitment and international cooperation. Asia and the Pacific region need to pull together and push forward the necessary reforms, innovate tax structures and administration, and continue to learn from each other’s experiences. Other key enablers include a coherent strategy and strong evidence-based communication and knowledge.

Accounting of financial investments in loans in the lender’s organization

In a market economy, financial investments in the form of loans, as a way to invest the free assets of agricultural enterprises, is one of the methods of economic growth, in this regard, it is very important to know how to correctly and safely place loans, keep their accounting records and assess credit risks. The article describes the concept of financial investments in the form of loans, analyzes the difference between the economic categories of credit and loan. Considered the primary documents for accounting for loans, the reflection of transactions in the accounting accounts. On the basis of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the loan agreement, two types of loans (compensated and gratuitous) were identified, and the intricacies of taxation, the calculation of interest on a compensated loan and the accounting of penalties in case of violation by the borrower of the terms of the agreement were analyzed. The peculiarities of reflecting the credit risk on borrowed loans in the financial statements are also noted.

Monetary transformation: revisiting the end of the Bretton Woods order

ABSTRACT In the existing international political economy (IPE) literature, the demise of the Bretton Woods order is widely regarded as a key transformative moment in the development of the global political economy. Three successive waves of IPE literature have highlighted how the collapse of the monetary regime heralded the politics of exchange rates, the explosion of global financial markets, and new institutional configurations. Contrastingly, drawing on and developing heterodox theories of money, this paper postulates that the globalization of financial markets was rooted in the post-war processes of monetary transformation. More specifically, as the US dollar operated as ‘money of account’ and dynamically developed as social relation of credit and debt at the international level, the dual features of the US dollar secured the emergence of global financial markets in the 1960s and 1970s. Thus, the end of the Bretton Woods order entrenched the transformative features of the US dollar on an international scale such that the US dollar was firmly established as institutionalized money, and US government debts became ‘risk’-free assets.

Asymmetric connectedness between cryptocurrency environment attention index and green assets

Given the recent evolution of green bonds as hedging tool on the face of climate change and green energy transitions, as well as cryptocurrencies’ popularity as portfolio diversifier, prior literature could focus on the potential impacts of environmental concerns in conjunction with cryptocurrencies on the performance of green financial assets. Against this backdrop, we analyse the impact of cryptocurrency environment attention index (ICEA) on clean energy stocks and green bonds using a range of econometric methods. Specifically, we use OLS, and quantile-based regression, quantile connectedness approach, and dynamic conditional correlations (DCC)-GJR-GARCH model to analyse the data. Quantile regression results suggest that ICEA exerts positive effects on S&P500 stocks in bearish market conditions and on water stocks in normal to bullish market conditions. Interestingly, clean energy stocks and green bonds have insignificant relationship with the ICEA based on OLS and quantile regression results. While, quantile connectedness results show that connectedness among the assets is low (high) at lower (higher) quantiles. Additionally, ICEA transmits (receives) weak spillovers to (from) other assets at lower quantiles, thus there is potential for diversification with clean energy stocks and green bonds in the portfolio against ICEA in bearish market conditions. Our DCC – GARCH based analysis shows that gold has positive relationship with the ICEA. DCCs also show that clean energy stocks have consistently positive relationship with ICEA, specifically during the period of high spikes of ICEA in 2017–2021, but green bonds failed to maintain consistent positive correlations with ICEA during such period. Finally, covid period reveals higher connectedness and changes in direction of contagion among assets, and lack of significant relationship between ICEA and asset returns. Our findings have important implications for the investors in the construction of optimal portfolio with carbon free assets in different markets states.

Optimal investment strategy to maximize the expected utility of an insurance company under Cramer-Lundberg dynamic

In this work, we examine the combined problem of optimal portfolio selection rules for an insurer in a continuous time model where the surplus of an insurance company is modelled as a compound Poisson process. The company can invest its surplus in a risk free asset and in a risky asset, governed by the Black-Scholes equation. According to utility theory, in a financial market where investors are facing uncertainty, an investor is not concerned with wealth maximization per se but with utility maximization. It is therefore possible to introduce an increasing and concave utility function $\phi(x,t)$ representing the expected utility of a risk averse investor (insurance company). Therefore, the goal of this work is not anymore to maximize the expected portfolio value or minimize the ruin probability or maximizing the expectation of the present value of all dividends paid to the shareholders up to the ruin, but to maximize the expected utility stemming from the wealth during the life contract [0,T]. In this direction, using the Dynamic Programming Principle of the problem, we obtain the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation by our optimization problem (HJB). Finally, we present numerical solutions in some cases, obtaining as optimal strategy the well known Merton's strategy.

An Investor’s Investment Plan with Stochastic Interest Rate under the CEV Model and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process

The aim of this paper is to maximize an investor’s terminal wealth which exhibits constant relative risk aversion (CRRA). Considering the fluctuating nature of the stock market price, it is imperative for investors to study and develop an effective investment plan that considers the volatility of the stock market price and the fluctuation in interest rate. To achieve this, the optimal investment plan for an investor with logarithm utility under constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model in the presence of stochastic interest rate is considered. Also, a portfolio with one risk free asset and two risky assets is considered where the risk free interest rate follows the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (O-U) process and the two risky assets follow the CEV process. Using the Legendre transformation and dual theory with asymptotic expansion technique, closed form solutions of the optimal investment plans are obtained. Furthermore, the impacts of some sensitive parameters on the optimal investment plans are analyzed numerically. We observed that the optimal investment plan for the three assets give a fluctuation effect, showing that the investor’s behaviour in his investment pattern changes at different time intervals due to some information available in the financial market such as the fluctuations in the risk free interest rate occasioned by the O-U process, appreciation rates of the risky assets prices and the volatility of the stock market price due to changes in the elasticity parameters. Also, the optimal investment plans for the risky assets are directly proportional to the elasticity parameters and inversely proportional to the risk free interest rate and does not depend on the risk averse coefficient.

QUADRATIC INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO BASED ON VALUE-AT-RISK WITH RISK-FREE ASSETS: FOR STOCKS OF THE MINING AND ENERGY SECTOR

The mining and energy sector is still the driving force for economic development and community empowerment, especially around mining and energy activities. Therefore, increased investment in the mining and energy sectors needs to be increased and balanced with stricter safety and environmental policies. This paper aims to formulate a quadratic investment portfolio optimization model, and apply it to several stocks in the mining and energy sectors. In this paper, it is assumed that risk is measured using Value-at-Risk (VaR), so that the optimization modeling is carried out using the quadratic investment portfolio approach to the Mean-VaR model with risk-free assets. Furthermore, the model is used to determine the efficient portfolio surface based on several values of risk aversion levels. Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that an efficient portfolio surface has a minimum portfolio return value with an average of 0.766522 and a VaR risk of 0.038687. In addition, the results of the analysis can be concluded that the greater the level of risk aversion, the smaller the VaR value, which is followed by the smaller the portfolio average value.Keywords: Mining and energy sector, risk free assets, investment, Value-at-Risk, portfolio optimization.JEL Classifications: A12, C61, G11, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11165

Agency Cost dan Kebijakan Dividen (Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia)

Manufacturing companies in Indonesia are large-scale companies and dominate the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The number of companies listed on the stock exchange is increase every year, which results in more people having the opportunity to own a company. The spread of more investors who own the company makes conflict between owners even higher. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of agency cost proxied by insider ownership, dispersion of ownership, free cash flow, and collateralizable assets on dividend policies of manufacturing companies in Indonesia. Data in the form of secondary data in the form of financial reports and annual reports for the period 2012-2019. The data used multiple linear regression statistical analysis techniques. The results of this study show that agency cost, which is proxied by dispersion ownership, free cash flow and collateralizable assets, has a positive effect on dividend policy. A firm in its operational activities, carries out agency relationships. Agency problems arise when an agent acts not in accordance with the principal's interests, which causes a conflict of interest between the principal and agent. Agency problems will increase agency cost. The agency problem can be reduced by the dividend payment mechanism, namely by increasing the proportion of dividend payments from company profits for stockholders. In contrast to insider ownership which does not affect dividend decisions because the percentage of company ownership owned by insiders is limited in Indonesia.

Pengaruh Severity, Free Asset Dan Downsizing Terhadap Keberhasilan Turnaround Pada Perusahaan Yang Mengalami Financial Distress (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sektor Consumer And Goods Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2014-2018)

The research is aimed at knowing the impact of inequality, free assets and downsizing on the turnaround success of companies that are experiencing financial distress conditions in consumer and goods companies in the period 2014-2018. This research is a quantitative explanatory research with purposive sampling technique for data collection. As many manufacturing companies as samples. This study uses SPSS Application version 25 and logistic regression analysis to test the hypothesis because the independent variable is a combination of metrics and non-metrics. The results showed that free assets and downsizing had no effect on turnaround as evidenced by a significant value greater than 0.05 while severity had a positive effect on turnaround with a significantly smaller result than at 0.05

Turnaround Prediction Model with Content Dimension on Financial Distressed Firms

Objectives - This article aims to examine the influence of content dimensions of Organization Change Theory, such as CEO Expertise, Free Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio and Growth of Sales, on a company’s turnaround ability when it is experiencing financial distress. The companies examined are listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). Methodology/Technique - The population used in this study is companies from sectors excluding the finance sector that were listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2013 and 2018. The sample size was determined using purposive sampling method. From the 109 companies that experienced financial distress, 57 have successfully turned their business around. The research data was collected from the ICMD (Indonesian Capital Market Directory), which was then analysed using multi regression technique analysis, using SPSS software to examine the determinants of company turnaround ability. Finding - The results indicate that CEO Expertise, Debt to Equity Ratio and Growth of Sales have a negative relationship on a company’s turnaround ability. Meanwhile, Free Assets has a positive and significant relationship on a company’s turnaround ability. Novelty - Previous studies have been conducted in many western countries, giving rise to researchers' doubts about the generalizability of research based on previous research findings when applied in developing countries such as Indonesia, particularly due to differences in regulations, conditions of distress, culture, financial systems and strategies used in overcoming distress. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: B26, G15, P34. Keywords: Financial Distress; Turnaround Model; CEO Expertise; Free Assets; Debt to Equity Ratio; Growth of Sales Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Giriati, S.E, M.E. (2021). Turnaround Prediction Model with Content Dimension on Financial Distressed Firms, Journal of Finance and Banking Review, 5 (4): 36 – 42. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2021.5.4(4)