Frank Lake Research Articles

Multi-decadal impacts of effluent loading on phosphorus sorption capacity in a restored wetland

Natural wetlands are widely used and cost-effective systems for the passive remediation of phosphorus (P)-rich surface waters from various effluent sources. Yet the long-term biogeochemical impacts of effluent loading on wetland P retention capacity is unclear. Here, we had a unique opportunity to document the spatio-temporal evolution of sediment P sorption over a ∼25-year period of constant municipal and industrial effluent loading, as part of a wetland restoration and wastewater treatment strategy in one of the largest restored wetlands in Canada. Sediment P sorption experiments across Frank Lake's three basins revealed a wide spatial variation in sorption capacity, closely linked to sediment geochemistry gradients (Ca, Fe, and Mn). Relative to a similar study ∼25 years prior, P sorption capacity has become exhausted near the effluent inlet, but remarkably, remains elevated throughout the rest of the wetland. Compared to other prairie wetlands and global aquatic ecosystems, Frank Lake has a greater capacity overall to retain P through sediment sorption. Given the paucity of long-term (multi-decade) data on wetland response to effluent loading, we provide key insights into the dynamics of wetland P cycling in human-dominated watersheds.

Heterotrophic aquatic metabolism and sustained carbon dioxide emissions in a mineral-soil wetland restored with treated effluent

Wetlands are economically valuable ecosystems, in part because they purify wastewater by retaining and processing nutrients, organic matter (OM), and other pollutants. While natural wetlands are highly productive and sequester large pools of carbon (C), it is unclear whether the C cycle of restored treatment wetlands is functionally consistent with natural systems. This knowledge gap limits our appreciation for the role that wetland restoration can play as a natural solution to climate change. Here, we quantified metabolic and C cycling patterns of a restored, multi-basin wetland (Frank Lake, Alberta, Canada) receiving municipal and beef processing plant effluents rich in nutrients and OM. We conducted metabolic measurements in all three basins using dissolved oxygen sensors deployed under ice and in open water. Extreme production and respiration indicated that effluent was largely mineralized and replaced with wetland OM in transit. The heterotrophic status of all basins aligned with a published mass budget demonstrating the aquatic habitat of the wetland was an OM sink under current drought conditions that lengthen effluent processing time. Floating chamber measurements in open water zones confirmed that the wetland was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. From input to outflow, sustained emissions led to declining pCO2 and a decline in the ratio of dissolved inorganic to organic C. Over 30 years post-restoration, the open water habitats in Frank Lake remain heterotrophic and a net source of CO2, suggesting that the trajectory of aquatic C cycling may be distinct from wetlands restored with non-effluent water sources.

Organic matter cycling in a model restored wetland receiving complex effluent

Wetlands have been used to treat anthropogenic effluents for decades due to their intense biogeochemical processes that transform and uptake nutrients, organic matter, and toxins. Despite these known functions, we lack generalizable knowledge of effluent-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) cycling in wetlands. Here, we quantify the cycling of DOM in one of Canada’s more economically important wetland complexes (Frank Lake, Alberta), restored to hydrologic permanence in the 1980s using urban and agro-industrial effluents. Optical analyses and PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis) modelling showed a clear compositional change from more bioavailable and protein-like DOM at effluent input sites to more aromatic and humic-like at the wetland outflow, likely due to DOM processing and inputs from marsh plants and wetland soils. Microbial incubations showed that effluent DOM was rapidly consumed, with the half-life of DOM increasing from as low as 35 days for effluent, to 462 days at the outflow, as a function of compositional shifts toward aromatic, humic-like material. Long-term averaged dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export was low compared to many wetlands (10.3 ± 2.0 g C m−2 yr−1). Consistent with predictions based on water residence time, our mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net source of DOM across all measured years, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought years that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake processes and transforms effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term net source of DOM to downstream environments.

Cult books revisited: Frank Lake’s Clinical Theology

Frank Lake’s Clinical Theology: A Theological and Psychiatric Basis to Clinical Pastoral Care was published in 1966. It is a truly massive tome, consisting of 1,160 pages, a further 21 pages of appendices, 24 figures in the text, and ten separate charts contained in a folder in the rear cover. To understand its significance, this article considers it in the context of the time of its publication, but also with an awareness of the author’s distinctive personality and powerful sense of mission.

The role of water and mass balances in treatment assessment of a flooded natural wetland receiving wastewater effluent (Frank Lake, Alberta, Canada)

Constructed, and to a lesser extent, natural wetlands are increasingly used to treat treated wastewater effluent from small municipalities and industries. Wetland treatment efficiency evaluation typically involves comparison of solute inflow and outflow concentrations, or estimation of the export of nutrients per unit wetland area. A more holistic approach, which evaluated water and solute mass balances, in addition to seasonal changes in water quality, yielded an improved understanding of where nutrient storage occurred, long-term wetland treatment capabilities, and downstream water quality impacts of a flooded natural wetland receiving wastewater. The lowest solute concentrations in the flooded wetland were observed soon after ephemeral creek flow in the spring, increasing concentrations over the summer attributed to evaporation, and the highest concentrations under winter ice. Chloride accumulation in shoreline sediments was attributed to transpiration pumping, and high salt and phosphorus accumulation in lake and shoreline sediments were a long-term concern at Frank Lake. Limited historic data suggested water quality impacts on the receiving watershed, the Little Bow River, were significant, with about 80, 230, and 20 times increased mass fluxes for chloride, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen, respectively. The flooded wetland, Frank Lake, is not a sustainable approach to wastewater effluent treatment in its current form.

John Kingdom Guy Webb

John Webb, who died on 17 August 2010, aged 91, was one of the first generation of doctors who specialised exclusively in the care of children. He had a very...

Frank Lake and his Work in the Light of Psychology of Religion

Frank Lake and his Work in the Light of Psychology of Religion

Grief-work in Light of the Cross: Illustrating Transformational Interdisciplinarity

During the past two-and-a-half decades, an array of practical theologians, pastoral counselors, therapists, psychologists and psychology professors who are self-professed Christians have attempted to answer these two methodological questions, “What is the relationship between psychology and theology? How does the construal of this relationship impact ministerial and therapeutic practice?”1 In this article, I contribute to the ongoing discussion by (1) summarizing a typology of interdisciplinary models, (2) delineating a “transformational model,” and (3) demonstrating the use of this model in relating grief-work and a theology of the cross. In regard to the latter, I place Alice Miller's Drama of the Gifted Child in conversation with Karl Barth's understanding of the cross of Jesus Christ and Frank Lake's Clinical Theology.

R. D. Laing and theology: the influence of Christian existentialism on The Divided Self

The radical psychiatrist R.D. Laing's first book, "The Divided Self" (1960), is informed by the work of Christian thinkers on scriptural interpretation -- an intellectual genealogy apparent in Laing's comparison of Karl Jaspers's symptomatology with the theological tradition of "form criticism." Rudolf Bultmann's theology, which was being enthusiastically promoted in 1950s Scotland, is particularly influential upon Laing. It furnishes him with the notion that schizophrenic speech expresses existential truths as if they were statements about the physical and organic world. It also provides him with a model of the schizoid position as a form of modern-day Stoicism. Such theological recontextualization of "The Divided Self" illuminates continuities in Laing's own work, and also indicates his relationship to a wider British context, such as the work of the "clinical theologian" Frank Lake.

Who cares and what's different?

AbstractWhat difference does it make to those seeking help for psychological problems if the counsellor has an active faith in a transcendental God? This article describes one counsellor's journey to the Christian faith and the impact of the Clinical Theology Association, (now known as the Bridge Pastoral Foundation), on her work. Frank Lake's dynamic cycle, John Bowlby's attachment theory and its development in narrative psychology, are considered as useful ways of representing man's dependance on God. The goals of continuing professional effectiveness for the counsellor are outlined and seen to overlap in many important essentials with the goal of spiritual maturity in general.

The IDHP Diploma: 25 years of pioneering

The Institute for the Development of Human Potential (IDHP) was established in 1976 by David Blagden Marks, John Heron, Tom Feldberg, Frank Lake and Kate Hopkinson. The course has survived for 25 y...

Nutrient Retention in a Northern Prairie Marsh (Frank Lake, Alberta) Receiving Municipal and Agro-Industrial Wastewater

Agro-industrial wastewater and municipal sewage wereused to restore Frank Lake, a 1246 ha northernprairie marsh in southern Alberta, Canada, to providewaterfowl habitat and improve water quality. Meanannual inflow wastewater nutrient concentrations were17 mg L-1 NH3-N, 30 mg L-1 NO3-Nand 11 mg L-1 SRP. Mean flows greater than 5000 m3 day-1 loaded the marsh with 23 000 kg of P annually. Summer NH3-N, NO3-N andtotal phosphorus (TP) surface water concentrationswere decreased by 76, 87 and 64%, respectively, aswaters flowed through the first basin of the marsh.Winter treatment was less successful, with surfacewater NH3-N, NO3-N and TP reductions of46, –26 (export) and 26%, respectively.Short-circuiting of water flow through the marsh andcold seasonal conditions with ice cover caused spatialand temporal variation in marsh treatment. Continuedhigh loadings to the marsh may lead to sediment saturation, eutrophication or phosphorus export from the marsh.

Sediment storage of phosphorus in a northern prairie wetland receiving municipal and agro-industrial wastewater

The ability of wetlands to function as sinks for phosphorus (P) has been the subject of much debate. We measured the ability of a 1246 ha restored northern prairie wetland to store P from beef slaughter and municipal sewage wastewater. Sediment cores were collected from the Frank Lake marsh to quantify P accumulation, sedimentation rates and sediment adsorption ability. Approximately 60% of P inputs into the marsh since restoration in 1990 have been stored in the sediments (79 662 kg out of 141 760 kg applied). Sites near the wastewater inflow had greater sedimentation rates (3.0 cm year −1) and P burial rates (38.5 g P m −2 year −1) than other sites across the marsh (24 g P m −2 year −1). Surface sediments from the marsh and reference wetlands were collected and spiked experimentally with 25–500 μg l −1 P (as NaH 2PO 4 3−) to determine the ability of the sediments to take up additional P. Sorption isotherms showed that the sediments near the inflow had a limited ability for additional P-sorption. When exposed to 500 μg l −1 P, inflow sites sorbed a maximum of 1000 μg P g sediment −1. In contrast, the rest of the sites in the marsh sorbed up to 1700 μg P g sediment −1, while nearby reference wetland sites sorbed more than 2500 μg P g sediment −1. Approximately 66% of the marsh sediments still had high sorption ability. Inflow sites had a reduced ability for additional P uptake due to the high P loadings applied to that area. Frank Lake has provided effective P retention, however, future treatment efficacy may decrease if the remaining sediments become saturated. Continued high P loading to the marsh may lead to eutrophication problems and downstream P export from the wetland.

Restoration of a Canadian Prairie Wetland with Agricultural and Municipal Wastewater.

/ A rapid development and approval process was employed by Ducks Unlimited Canada and other stakeholders to restore a 1246-ha (3079-acre) northern prairie wetland in southern Alberta, Canada, with 3640 m3/day (800,000 US gallons) of municipal wastewater and beef processing wastewater. A large nongovernmental organization hastened restoration with a development process that outlined restoration goals and management objectives to satisfy a dual mandate of wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat creation. In 1995, after five years of wastewater additions, the basins had been refilled and the surrounding uplands had been acquired and restored. The Frank Lake Conservation Area currently provides high-quality habitat for a variety of wildlife in a region where many of the native plants and animals species have been lost due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The success of upland and water management strategies is reflected in the increase of target species' abundance and richness: 50 shorebird species, 44 waterfowl species, 15 raptor species, and 28 other new bird species have returned to the marsh since restoration. As well, significant N and P reduction occurs as waters flow through the first basin of the marsh. The management strategies of this project that satisfied a dual mandate serve as a model to guide managers of other large-scale wetland restoration projects.KEY WORDS: Frank Lake; Wetland restoration; Adaptive management; Prairie; Wastewaterhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n1p25.html

Frank Lake – Its More Than Ducks

Frank Lake – Its More Than Ducks

Book Review: Frank Lake

Book Review: Frank Lake

Book Review: Introducing John Paul II By Peter Hebblethwaite Collins (Fount) Paperback 1982 192 pp. £1.50; With Respect A Doctor's Response to a Healing Pope By Frank Lake Darton, Longman and Todd 1982 xxiii + 327 pp. £6.95

Book Review: <b>Introducing John Paul II</b> By <scp>Peter Hebblethwaite</scp> Collins (Fount) Paperback 1982 192 pp. £1.50; <b>With Respect</b> A <i>Doctor's Response to a Healing Pope</i> By <scp>Frank Lake</scp> Darton, Longman and Todd 1982 xxiii + 327 pp. £6.95

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The Philosophy of Hegel. By G. R. G. Mure. Situation Ethics. The New Morality. By Joseph Fletcher. Belief and Unbelief. A Philosophy of Self‐Knowledge. By Michael Novak. Culture and Theology. A Sketch for a Contemporary Christianity. By Brian Wicker. God and Philosophy. By Antony Flew. Inquiry into Being. By Joseph J. Sikora, s.j. Sein und Existenz. Kritische Studien in Systematischer Absicht. By Johannes B. Lotz. Clinical Theology. A theological and psychiatric basis to clinical pastoral care. By Frank Lake. With Figures and Charts prepared by E. R. Swain. The Causes and Cures of Neurosis. By H. J. Eysenck and S. Rachman. Theological Investigations, Volume V, Later Writings. By Karl Rahner, s.j. Translated by Karl‐H. Kruger. The Theology of Rudolph Bultmann. Edited by Charles W. Kegley. The Way to Freedom, Letters, Lectures and Notes 1935–1939 from the Collected Works of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Vol. II. Edited and introduced by Edwin H. Robertson. Translated by Edwin H. Robertson and John Bowden. Studies in Christian Existentialism. By John Macquarrie. Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, St Thomas Aquinas. Translation and introduction by Matthew L. Lamb, o.c.s.p. Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, St Thomas Aquinas. Translated by F. R. Larcher, o.p., introduction by Richard T. A. Murphy o.p. Roman State and Christian Church. By P. R. Coleman‐Norton. The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages. By Edward A. Synan. The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy. By Franklin Edgerton.

THE REALIGNMENT OF MEDICAL MISSIONS

International Review of MissionVolume 38, Issue 150 p. 211-219 THE REALIGNMENT OF MEDICAL MISSIONS SPIRITUAL PRIORITIES IN CHANGING CONDITIONS† FRANK LAKE M.B, D.T.M., FRANK LAKE M.B, D.T.M.Search for more papers by this author FRANK LAKE M.B, D.T.M., FRANK LAKE M.B, D.T.M.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1949 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.1949.tb02769.x † Part of an address delivered to the conference of the Medical Advisory Board of the Conference of British Missionary Societies held at Haywards Heath, Sussex, February 8–11, 1949. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume38, Issue150April 1949Pages 211-219 RelatedInformation