MLR,96.3,200I 9o5 projected inthe writings ofFriedrich Hebbel, Ferdinand vonSaar,Wilhelm Raabe, andThomas Mann. In Chapter 4 'Assimilation' Robertson investigates the Jewish responses tothe failure oftheir hopes for greater integration. Here,too,heprovides a large amount ofhistorical background that covers the period primarily from I870toI930,andhe emphasizes howJews hadbecome model Bildungsburger inGermany andAustria, onlyto encounter variousforms of subtleand vitriolic antisemitism. He is particularly incisive inexploring thetensions ofassimilation andacculturation as theyare depicted in theJewish family novelsof Ludwig Jacobowski, Jakob Wassermann) GeorgHermann, Arthur Schnitzler, Auguste Hauschner, Adolf Dessauer, andMaxBrod.Inaddition, there areexcellent sections onMaximilian Harden, KarlKraus, HansNatonek, andEliasCanetti that dealwith Jewish selfhateas wellas a general account ofthenationalism ofJewish writers andtheir friendships withGentiles. In hisfinal chapter, 'Dissimilation', Robertson argues that World WarI wasa turning-point inGerman-Jewish relations because Jews werecompelled torealize that, nomatter howthey might fight for andembrace German nationalism, they would always remain Jewish intheeyes ofGermans and thus identified according tocertain prejudices andstereotypes. Asa result, the Jews reacted byreinventing newwaysofbeingJewish and created various Jewish identities throughout theI920SandI930S.HereRobertson studies theambivalent attraction totheEastern Jew, Orientalism, andZionism andhowsuchwriters as Joseph Roth, Theodor Herzl, andArnold Zweig sought topresent alternatives to . . . . . . Demg Jewls z InAustrla or Jermany. Robertson's book ends abruptly without a conclusion. Itends with a comment on Arnold Zweig's novel De Vraendt kehrt heim, which Robertson believes adumbrates the political and moraldilemmas thatwouldarisefrom theJews'homecoming in Palestine. Thisisa curious andyet very appropriate 'ending' toRobertson's superb study. It iscurious becauseRobertson refrains from drawing together themany strands ofthe Jewish question asrepresented inthe literature of Jewish andGentile writers ofGermany andAustria. Itisappropriate because Robertson appears tobe implying that thestrands oftheJewish question wouldbe extended intohistory beyond theHolocaust andthat this would remain the key question with which Jews must still grapple eventoday. Whether Robertson's final remarks arecurious or appropriate, hisbookasa whole isa major contribution tothestudy ofthecultural andpolitical relations between Germans, Austrians andJews between I749 and I939. UNIVERSITY OFMINNESOTA JACK ZIPES Ortlosigkeit des Fremden 'gjigeunerinnen' und 'ageuner' inder deutschsprachigen Literatur um I800. BYCLAUDIA BREGER. Koln, Weimar, Wien: Bohlau.I998.X+ 423PP. DM 98. Thisbook, basedona Humboldt University doctoral dissertation ofI996)isthe first attempt toaccount for the unparalleled fascination ofthe'Gypsies' for theGerman imagination intheClassic-Romantic epochas a whole. Through closereadings of texts from Grimmelshausen's Courssche and Trutz Simplex, through theI77I and I773versions ofGotz von Berlichingen, Wilhelm Meisters theatralische Sendung andthe LehSgahre, toMaler J%olten, the Hannikel trial andits literature, Wolzogen's Diegigeuner, EichendorfT's Ahnung und Gegenwart? DieEnMuhrung andDichter und iAre Gesellen, and finally Arnim's Isabella von Agypten, Kleist?s Michael Kohlhaas andHoffinann's Dasode Haus(nottomention anexcursus onnineteenth-century literature andanAusblick 906 Reviews ontwentieth-century literature andpainting), Breger argues that theplaceofthe 'Gypsy' inmodern Germanic culture isnoplace.While this dystopian conclusion is nosurprise tothose whohaveany knowledge ofthe Romany nations' fate) the value ofthe bookliesinBreger's subtle anddetailed reconstruction ofthe literary stations ontheRomany roadtonowhere, which isinformed byFoucault's archaeology of epistemic epochs, Horkheimer's andAdorno's version ofthehistory ofoccidental reason, and(inevitably) Said'snotion ofOrientalism. Ateachstage oftheprocess, saysBreger, theconstruction ofthe'Gypsy' islessan authentic encounter with otherness than a self-referential andsometimes questioning reflection ofoccidental gender andidentity norms, andinthis shereaches similar conclusions tothose in oneoftheweightiest recent sociological studies, WimWillems's InSearch of the Erue Gypty. From Enlightenment to Final Solution (London andPortland: Frank Cass,I 997). TheCourasche figure, asthefirst literary attempt tocometoterms with 'Gypsy' strangeness, establishes thebasiccategories ofinterpretation. Herlife follows an emancipatory trajectory, ofwhich life with the'Gypsies' isthelogical goal.The inverted value-system oftheir forest domain validates Courasche's rejection ofthe normal sexual roleandpermits herrise topower asmajestic 'Gypsy' duchess. Thus theterm 'Gypsies' connotes atthis time bothemancipation andsubversive social threat inanepoch when 'nature' and'culture' arenotyet quite fixed dyadic terms: lessan ethnographic category thana collective term forheterogeneous social outsiders. With Goethe theethnographic paradigm ofthe'Gypsy' first crystallizes. The I77I textGotMried von Berlichingen portrays a richinteraction between the inhabitants ofthe castle andthe forest asthe two kinds ofoutsiders co-operate inthe emancipatory project. ButGotz, whilst still suggesting their common humanity and freedom (asidealsofpatriarchal 'nature'), nevertheless emphasizes theincompatibility ofthosenowseenas rootless parasitical nomads and thecastle's settled German inhabitants. If Wilhelm Meisters theatralische Sendung sanctions Wilhelm's maturation intoa German heroic actor through a theatrical world identified with 'Gypsies' andsubversive republicanism, theLehyahre exclude both thetheatre and the'Gypsy...