Franciscan Monastery Research Articles

‘Met den swaerde geexecuteert ende van levene ten dode gebracht’. Twee onthoofden in het Droevendal te Leeuwarden

‘Met den swaerde geexecuteert ende van levene ten dode gebracht’. Two beheadings in the street Droevendal, LeeuwardenDuring excavations in the street Droevendal in Leeuwarden (province of Friesland, the Netherlands), a number of graves were found. These graves lie within the area of the cemetery of the Franciscan monastery known as Galilea, dating from the 16th century AD. Not only monks were buried there but also civilians, as is evident from a number of buried women and (small) children and babies. Two of the graves contained individuals who had been beheaded. It is known that after the closing down of the monastery in 1580, part of the graveyard continued to be used to bury executed convicts. In this article, we propose a couple of historical identifications for the decapitated individuals in these two graves.

Dzieje franciszkanów w Polsce prowincji św. Antoniego i bł. Jakuba Strzemię

An attempt to show the history of the Franciscan Friars in Poland originated in the 13th century. The development o f the order in Slavonic territories, initiated by a provincial of Germany Jan of Pian del Carpini, was going through different organizational stages and experienced its ups and downs. Franciscan Friars arrived in Poland in 1234. From the start they witnessed and participated in consolidating Christianity in Poland; they were promoters of art and social development. Dialectic between continuity and up-dating their presence in the Polish socio-cultural and ecclesiastical context required constant verification of the way of experiencing their own identity as well as the criteria, owing to which they became a strong impulse in the evangelisation of the young Polish church and in the establishing new church structures in borderland areas. Since that time the borders have been changed many times and so has the organization of the order and the borders of the province. The growing importance o f Franciscan Friars resulted in taking up new pastoral and missionary initiatives. Franciscan Friars established Calvaries in Poland and Lithuania, introduced the tradition of Christmas crčches and penitential services. Last but not least, they evoked the cult of the Immaculate Virgin Mary. Since World Wbi* ÎĎ St. Anthony End the Blessed Jskub Strzemię Province hsts been developing steadily. A growing number of Franciscan Friars testifies to this development. In 1996 the Province had 423 professed monks, including 238 priests, 36 brothers, 28 clerics who have taken solemn vows. In St. Anthony and the Blessed Jakub Strzemię Province Franciscan monasteries are located in 24 places and 17 are abroad. The average age is slightly over 45 years. The Province of the Immaculate Virgin Mary, which is based in Warsaw, has also noted a steady growth and so has a new province that developed from it - St. Maximilian Maria Kolbe Province with the seat in Gdańsk. The Cracow Province entered the 21st century with the number of monks similar to that from its most thriving period, that is the times preceding the partition of Poland.

Franc Jelovšek i novopronađeni oslik kapele sv. Ivana Nepomuka (1749.) u franjevačkoj crkvi Presvetog Trojstva u Karlovcu

In 2019, Baroque murals were discovered in the Franciscan Church of the Holy Trinity in Karlovac, specifically in the chapel constructed in 1748. Initially, the chapel was dedicated to St John of Nepomuk, but in 1904, the dedication changed to Our Lady of Lourdes. The chronicle of the Franciscan monastery (Archivium) in Karlovac preserves the decision of the Karlovac cavalrymen to choose St John of Nepomuk (1746) as their patron saint. Subsequently, the Franciscan guardian and friars requested permission from the general of the Karlovac Generalate to construct a chapel, and the request was sent and approved in the same year. A memorial plaque placed at the chapel’s entrance, engraved with the year of construction (1748) and the names of the donors, Feldmarschall Joseph Maria Friedrich Wilhelm Hollandinus von Sachsen-Hildburghausen and the “Illyrian” cavalrymen, also mentions their commander (cohortis chiliarcha), Maximilian Josef Baron Mittrowsky von Mitrowitz und Nemyschl. His coat of arms, name, and military rank (Vice-Colonello) are represented inside the chapel. The Karlovac Archivium further notes that the murals in the chapel were completed in 1749. Fragments discovered in the upper section of the wall and in the dome allow for a partial reconstruction of the paintings: on the south wall, it was St John of Nepomuk in front of King Wenceslaus (Václav IV), on the opposing north side, the Martyrdom of St John of Nepomuk, and in the dome, the Heavenly Celebration of St John of Nepomuk (?). Analogies with paintings from the 1740s in Štepanja Vas (1744), the Ajman castle near Škofja Loka (1739–1746), and Skaručna (1748) indicate Franc Jelovšek (Mengeš, October 4, 1700 – Ljubljana, May 31, 1764) as the artist. Veneration of St John of Nepomuk after his canonization (1729), particularly promoted by the Habsburg rulers, was part of the cults and religious practices known as pietas Austriaca, adherence to which was increasingly seen as a sign of loyalty to the dynasty, crucial during the wars of Austrian succession.

Retoryka konfliktu. Wojny i spory Wrocławia z Kościołem w późnym średniowieczu (uwagi wstępne)

The rhetoric of conflict. Wars and disputes between Wrocław and the Church in the late Middle Ages (introductory remarks) Drawing on the documentation of Wrocław’s conflicts with the Church in the late Middle Ages, the author emphasises the importance of research into language and rhetoric, topics virtually absent from previous studies devoted to the subject. Until Wrocław’s war with King George of Poděbrady in the second half of the fifteenth century, a vast majority of this documentation originated in church chancelleries. Analysing mainly fourteenth- century sources, created during fierce disputes over the (non-)payment of Peter’s pence and the conflicts of John of Luxembourg and some Silesian dukes with the Bishop of Wrocław, in which the city of Wrocław was involved, the author concludes that the strongly formalised vocabulary and rhetoric of trial records and the accompanying writings depended primarily on the classifications (ranks) — which belonged to different orders — of the committed/ prosecuted about act (crime), the Church’s claims and the punishment/compensation it demanded, as well as the need to make the connection between attacking the Church and sin apparent. We, therefore, need to bear in mind not only the obvious and necessary dependence of this rhetoric on the procedure and form of court records as well as letters to various instances (including the highest instance, the pope), its role as a purely legal argument, but also the need to express moral condemnation of the incriminated act and demonstrate its relation to sin. Instead, a resolution of the dispute and removal of the excommunication and interdict required conciliatory language and rhetoric that stripped the previously incriminated acts, events and condemned perpetrators of their status as criminal attacks on the Church and its laws. The vocabulary and rhetoric present in sources dating as far back as the late thirteenth and first half of the fourteenth century, and used to describe the city’s conflicts with the Church remained relevant until the end of the Middle Ages. In the second part of the article the author challenges the classification of the description, included in Chronica Principum Poloniae, of Bishop Nanker’s excommunication of King John of Luxembourg and the Wrocław councillors (1339) as an account of actual events said to have taken place in the Franciscan Monastery in Wrocław. In her opinion, the scene was made up in its entirety (the excommunication and interdict were indeed imposed) and was used by the author of the chronicle to attribute to Nanker (d. 1341) involvement in the establishment of the Archbishopric of Prague in 1344.

Non-Destructive Testing of Dalle de Verre Windows by Fernand Léger and Alexandre Cingria in Switzerland

Dalle de verre windows consist of thick slabs of coloured glass set in a matrix of reinforced concrete. The invention of this special art form is closely linked to the developments in modern architecture in the first half of the 20th century that are characterized by using new technologies such as steel-frame construction, reinforced concrete and the increasing use of glass. Many of these windows are showing damage, some of it severe. Until now, the causes of damage have hardly been investigated and there is still no practical and suitable approach to the analysis of the state of conservation of dalle de verre glazings. One of the main objectives of an interdisciplinary project (2019–2021) was therefore to evaluate the potential of non-destructive techniques for the characterisation of and identification of damage of dalle the verre windows in their structural, physical and climatic context. Various non-destructive methods (Ground-Penetrating Radar, Electric resistivity, Half-cell potential, Ultrasonics, Induction, Magnet and Thermography) have been tested on two prominent dalle de verre examples: the windows created by Fernand Léger for the church of Saint-Germain d’Auxerre in Courfaivre (Swiss Jura mountains) and the large tripartite by Alexandre Cingria once decorating the choir window church of the Franciscan monastery at Fribourg, Switzerland. The results of the analyses presented in this paper provide valuable information on the advantages and limitations as well as the costs of the methods used.

Ključne kulturno-istorijske determinante unapređenja turizma opštine Bač

The Municipality of Bač is a true treasure trove of authentic tourist attractions due to its turbulent centuries-old past with preserved heritage. That is why the topic of this paper is the cultural and historical factors important for tourism development in the Municipality of Bač. The paper aims to point out the current situation, but it also wants to identify the development potentials of the Municipality of Bač. The process of valuing the heritage of the Bač Fortress, the Bodjani Monastery, the Franciscan Monastery, and the Turkish Bath is based on scientific, cultural, educational, and touristic values. For the purposes of work from August 23 to September 30, 2022, a survey was conducted on a sample of 115 respondents from Bač - the seat of the municipality of the same name, as well as in other settlements of this municipality. The total cultural and touristic value of the authentic heritage exceeds the other average values at the location, while the scientific value is the lowest compared to all the other. Due to the devastation of the Turkish bath, the overall educational function is not satisfactory.

Panoraminis Vilniaus planas (1581) ir jo sekiniai LMA Vrublevskių bibliotekoje / Panoramic Plan of Vilnius (1581) and its Derivatives in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

The renowned panoramic plan of Vilnius, Vilna Litvaniae metropolis, was for the first time printed in Cologne in 1581. It appeared in the third volume of Civitates orbis terrarum, an atlas of the world’s most important cities, the publication of which was initiated in 1572 by Georg Braun (1541–1622), Cologne church dean, geographer and publisher, and Franz Hogenberg (1535–1590), Flemish cartographer and engraver. The six-volume atlas was first released in Latin (1572–1617/1618), then in German (1574–1618), and finally in French (1579–1618). City images featured in this very popular atlas also were published as separate prints. The copper plates for these images were sold by Hogenberg’s heirs to the Amsterdam atlas publisher Johannes Janssonius (1588–1664), who published his own atlas in 1657. Later purchased by other cartographic publishers of Amsterdam, the plates kept being republished until completely worn out in the mid-18th century. The panoramic plan from this atlas is the earliest image of Vilnius that has reached us today. It features mid-16th-century Vilnius shown as if from a bird’s eye view – such was the tradition of depicting cities at that time. Researchers agree that this Vilnius image is not historically accurate and contains numerous errors. The creators of the plan are believed to have based their city image on an earlier work, probably by Italian cartographers, adding to it various travellers’ depictions of the then capital of the Grand Duchy. The Rare Books Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences holds three copies of Vilna Litvaniae metropolis. They were all printed in the times of Braun and Hodenberg using the same copper plates. The earliest of them is the copy with the second part of the text in German. According to the bibliography Koeman’s Atlantes Neerlandici, it may have been printed in 1582. Previously, this copy was in possession of Petras Klimas (1891–1969), Lithuanian statesman and bibliophile. It was received by the library currently known as the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences together with Petras Klimas’ archive (F 191) from the former Kaunas State University in 1950. The other two copies have no provenance marks. They presumably used to belong to the Wroblewski State Library, which was active in Vilnius in the interwar period. The second copy was published between 1588 and 1593; the third, between 1616 and 1623, both have Latin text. The Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences holds several later derivatives of this panoramic plan of Vilnius. A several-times-reduced (16×24) panoramic plan was engraved by Georg Christoph Kilian (1709–1781) circa 1740 and published by the Bodenehrs, Augsburg engravers and publishers. A lithographic image of Vilnius in an even smaller format (17.5×13.5) was included in the history of Vilnius published by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887) in 1840. It was created in Vilnius at the lithographic firm of Józef Ozębłowski (Oziębłowski, 1805–1878), which existed in 1833–1863. Three other plans of Vilnius deriving from the Vilnius image in the Braun-Hogenberg atlas were lithographed in the late 19th – early 20th century. One of them was redrawn at a smallish lithographic company belonging to the Vilnius City Board and active from 1877 to approximately 1915. Unlike the other derivatives, it contains not only objects copied from earlier Vilnius city images, but also new ones: the Rasos Cemetery, the Green Bridge, the Franciscan monastery, etc. – its creators attempted to bring it closer to their time. The two other Vilnius images are identical to the plan in the Braun-Hogenberg atlas. One of them was printed in Vilnius at the lithographic firm of Notel Matz, which existed from 1873 to 1938, the other, at A.Transhel’s printing house in St. Petersburg, which was active in the second half of the 19th century – the early 20th century. These plans were lithographed in the late 19th – early 20th century. They have so far been little studied and still await attention from researchers. Keywords: Braun-Hogenberg atlas; panoramic plan; Vilnius; copper engravings; lithography; Georg Bodenehr; Vilnius City Board lithography; Notel Matz; A.Transhel’s printing company.

Problematika výzkumu pergamenových fragmentů s notací: dvě sondy – dvě cesty

The issue of the research of parchment fragments with the notation: two probes – two paths Loose fragments of reused parchment from the Royal Canonry of Premonstratensians at Strahov and a selection of book bindings from the library of the Franciscan Monastery at Our Lady of the Snows in Prague represent two different sources. During their interpretation, emphasis was placed on similar aspects (e.g. uniform recording structure, similar musicological breakdown) as well as the specifics of the fragments.

Późnośredniowieczny łacińsko-polski słowniczek nazw ziół z kodeksu praskiego VI. A. 7

Late-medieval Latin-Polish glossary of Herb names from the Prague Codex VI. A. 7 The paper presents one of the less known Latin-Polish glossaries of plant names from the Franciscan manuscript codex at present kept at the National Library of the Czech Republic in Prague. Even though over a hundred years ago the codex was mentioned among interesting manuscript relics and its links with Przemyśl were suggested, there had never been a thorough analysis of it. Therefore this article is an attempt to trace the provenance of the codex, which turns out to have been from the Franciscan monastery in Przemyśl to Prague. As a result of revived interest in late-medieval and 16th-century herbals, as well as Latin-Polish glossaries of herb names, the author has decided to present that relic. What speaks in favor of that decision is the fact that of the group of 271 plant names, which have been compared with the known dictionaries from Polish codices and herbals, nearly one-third features only in the Przemyśl (Prague) manuscript, thus confirming its value.

АРХІТЕКТУРА БУДІВЕЛЬ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ПОЛІТЕХНІКИ У ПЕРШИЙ ПЕРІОД ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ДО 1877 Р.: АДАПТАЦІЯ КАМ’ЯНИЦЬ ТА НОВІ ПРОЄКТИ У ЦЕНТРІ МІСТА

АРХІТЕКТУРА БУДІВЕЛЬ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ПОЛІТЕХНІКИ У ПЕРШИЙ ПЕРІОД ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ДО 1877 Р.: АДАПТАЦІЯ КАМ’ЯНИЦЬ ТА НОВІ ПРОЄКТИ У ЦЕНТРІ МІСТА

Georg B. Michels. The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76).

Georg B. Michels. <i>The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76)</i>.

Traces of the early Slavs in the region of Mostar

The author of this article recently published in the Godišnjak a short discussion, which provided chronological and contextual reinterpretation of a stone fragment with human face from the collection of the Franciscan Monastery of St. Anthony of Padua on Humac in Ljubuški (Hercegovina). It was argued that the fragment represents part of an image (idol) originally depicting early medieval old Slavic gods, most likely Veles or Perun. The article also discussed earlier published information and archaeological material from the region of Ljubuški, that further suggests presence of mythology and old Slavic beliefs in Herzegovina. On this occassion, when we celebrate 50th volume of one of the most respected and influential journals in a field in the Bosnia and Herzegovina, the enquiry will focus on neighbouring area of Mostar, where is also possible to find evidence that can be connected with the period of the Slav settlement and its aftermath.

Metalwork from Roman doors – examples in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Almost every Roman site, particularly those where sizeable buildings have been found, also yield the remains of security systems – pieces of locks, hinges, keys and so forth that served to lock and secure the buildings as a whole or separate rooms, or chests and caskets. This is also true of sites in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, where such material has been found at various Roman archaeological sites. Most such objects are kept in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but some important artefacts are also located in the Franciscan Monastery in Visoko, the Museums in Doboj, Travnik, Tuzla, Zenica and Bijeljina, and other museum institutions and collections.

Nová dílčí zjištění k dějinám františkánské knihovny u Panny Marie Sněžné v Praze

The article summarises new findings and complements earlier studies concerning the history of the library of the Franciscan monastery of Our Lady of the Snows in the New Town of Prague. Its first part deals with the maker of rococo bookcases from 1764, the second part summarises previously unused information on the library rules created by the Franciscan provincial Bernard Sannig in 1685, and the third part reports on the rediscovered copy of a Czech printed book from the 16th century, which was, together with other books, donated to the Franciscans of Prague by Jan Sferýn of Sferýn, a New Town burgher, and which was stolen from the library at Our Lady of the Snows in the first half of the 19th century.

Gmach Gdańskiej Biblioteki Miejskiej przy ulicy Wałowej

Following Germany’s unification in 1871, Gdansk was a major municipal centre and a port on the Empire’s map, however it was well past its heyday. In the Gründerzeit, it could not reach as quick a pace of development as other cities of the Reich, and by the late 19th century it did not boast any university. The attempt to catch up on the substantial delay in creating modern public architecture in Gdansk was only made after the fortifications had been dismantled (1895–97). A triangular plot close to St James’s Gate was reserved for the purpose of education and science. It was there that a seat of the city archive and the building of the Secondary School of SS Peter and Paul (Oberrealschule St. Petri und Pauli) were raised. The third edifice was planned as the new home for the Gdansk Library. The precious book collection, whose core was formed by the collection bequeathed by Joannes Bernardinus Bonifacius d’Oria of Naples in 1596, was kept in a former Franciscan monastery, and later in St James’s Church. Attempts to raise a new building to house the collection in the 1820s as designed by Carl Samuel Held failed. Neither was the plan to erect the new library building as an extension of the Dungeon and Prison Gate Complex implemented. It was only Karl Kleefeld’s design from 1901–1902 planning to raise an impressive Gothic Revival complex that finally came to life. Completed in January 1905, the Library welcomed the first readers already on 16 February.&#x0D; Kleefeld designed the building’s mass on the L -plan layout with a truncated corner and wings. The main reading room boasted elegant, sumptuous, and coherent wooden furnishing, and the gallery’s centrepiece was a ledge decorated with 14 panels featuring bas -relief cartouches with the emblems of the cities of West Prussia. Differing in size, the edifices, were given red -brick elevations with plastered details and glazed green filling, with a sgraffito frieze on the reading room elevation between the ground and first floors. It was the Gdansk Renaissance that dominated in public buildings’ architecture of the city in the last quarter of the 19th century. The resumed popularity of Gothic Revival in its local forms in Gdansk public buildings’ architecture, such as those in the afore - -described Kleefeld’s designs, resulted undoubtedly from a rapid growth of research into historic structures, yet on the other hand it reflected the return to the local tradition (Heimatschutz), which could be observed in the architecture of the German Reich at the time.&#x0D; Judged in the context of an extremely modest programme of public projects in Gdansk of the period, the creation of the Bildungsdreick with the edifices of the archive, library, and secondary school is to be regarded as a major event in the history of creating public architecture of the city.&#x0D; As seen against other projects of the time in other Reich cities, the Gdansk City Library stood out neither with its scale, nor innovatory character of the layout solutions. What, however, makes it a special facility are architectural forms that reveal its contribution to the search for the expression of the local tradition. This kind of an archaeological approach to the past and a compilatory additive method of juxtaposing quotes from various buildings, which may have also arisen from the lack of talent of the architect, were undoubtedly in decline in the early 20th century.

Kuga na vratima Zagreba 1682-1683.

The paper follows the epidemic wave which spread in 1679 from Austrian towards Slovenian Styria, and then, continuing through Ptuj and Varaždin, moved in the directions of Podravina and Croatian Zagorje, reaching Markuševac and other villages in the Zagreb region. A description of the disease and its devastating impact on the Ptuj region is taken from a unique and preserved source, the Latin poem about the plague by the Hajdina parish pastor, Jurij Hauptmanič. The paper then focuses on the situation in Zagreb in the summer and autumn of 1682 and the beginning of 1683, analysing Jesuit and Franciscan sources, the Croatian Viceroy’s letters, decisions by the Gradec City Council, as well as economic indicators. The paper concludes that the epidemic’s penetration of the city was avoided by proper crisis management. In doing so, the paper rectifies certain hitherto expressed views in historiography, according to which the plague was also present in Gradec. Sources, however, show that it remained restricted to the Franciscan monastery at Kaptol, and that the only victims were four friars in that very monastery, in August and September 1682. They were Franciscan students, sent to Varaždin, where they were infected by the plague (or possibly during mendication in the villages), and they died shortly after returning to the monastery at Kaptol. Some of the Franciscans scattered whilst some stayed in the Kaptol monastery, but two escaped to the Poor Clares’ convent at Gradec. On 4 September 1682, the Croatian Viceroy ordered that both the Monastery and the Convent be placed under heavy guard. The doors of the Kaptol monastery were to be bricked up, and the Gradec convent was to be locked, while ensuring the delivery of food and water. The Gradec City Council implemented the Viceroy’s orders, but did not introduce additional measures apart from ordering citizens to keep guard at the city gates while they were open during the day, and that all vagrants and vagabonds be immediately put to employment in the city or banished. The Viceroy left open the city’s ports on the border river of Sava, with strict adherence to the precautionary measures. The measures taken were adequate, because, apart from the Franciscan victims, nobody got infected in either Gradec or Kaptol. The disease remained restricted to a few surrounding villages. At the behest of the Jesuits, the Viceroy ordered that schools could again be opened on 12 January 1683, which essentially announced the end of the epidemic in the Zagreb region.

The Incarnation of the Word: Andrea Della Robbia’s Annunciation and Adoration Altarpieces at La Verna

On the mountainous crest of the Apennines are several buildings comprising the monastic site of La Verna where St. Francis received his stigmata in 1224. Described in 1493 as another Jerusalem in the West, the monastery’s Chiesa Maggiore, Santa Maria degli Angeli, and the Chapel of the Stigmata house its most prominent images, Andrea della Robbia’s five altarpieces (c. 1476-c. 1493). This essay explores the beholder’s experiences before Andrea’s earliest two altarpieces at the Observant Franciscan monastery, the Annunciation and Adoration. The history and function of this monastery are considered in light of the themes of these altarpieces and their theological significance. Of relevance are the inscriptions on the altarpieces, which rather than simply identifying the accompanying images, propose interesting interpretations and influences for the altarpieces and which suggest interactive involvement between beholder and the altarpieces in the monastic spaces. Taken together, these works reveal a sensitivity to the specific needs of the Franciscan audience, context, and location and an awareness of Renaissance devotional practices.

From Fiscal Diversity to Fiscal Convergence: Franciscan Monasteries in the Sanjak of Bosna during the First Century of Ottoman Rule

Abstract The present contribution is an attempt to analyse and conceptualise all available information concerning the principal Franciscan monasteries in Central Bosnia from the Ottoman tax survey registers of the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth centuries. Many features in the monks’ fiscal status at this period are shared with the müste’min or foreigner from abroad, a status which appears to be based on the ahdnames granted by Sultan Mehmed Fatih. Yet at the same time, individual monasteries can be shown to have been placed under different tax regimes. It is only towards the later period that a high degree of fiscal convergence can be observed, resulting in a stereotype wording of the relevant entries in the tax survey registers.

MONASTERIES OF THE ORDER OF FRIARS MINOR (FRANCISCANS) IN THE COUNTIES OF BEREG AND UGOCSA IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND EARLY MODERN TIMES

The author investigates while systematizing and analyzing available sources, the circumstances under which the monasteries of the Order of St. Francis in the counties of Bereg and Ugocsa, namely in the cities of Beregsas and Sevlush, were founded and functioned. As the article author states, the region was not among the top-priority and attractive settlement areas for the Franciscans, who usually chose crowded and wealthy cities. In Hungary, the first records about Franciscans appeared in the mid-1220s. In 1238, a separate Hungarian province of the Order was formed; however, Friars Minor came to the northeastern outskirts much later, not earlier than the second half of the XІV century. According to the author, the golden age of the Franciscans in Hungary dates back to the XV-XVI centuries. Both threads of the Order of Friars Minor established monasteries in the northeastern counties of Hungary. The conventuals had their monastery in Beregsas, and the observers stayed in Sevlush. Among the Franciscan patrons, the baronial (Nyalab) branch of the ancient Pereni lineage can be found; its representatives set up a Franciscan monastery in Sevlush on Mount Kanko in the late XV century. Like other Catholic centers, Franciscan monasteries fell into decay with the spread of the Reformation. The monks moved to safer monasteries, and the Order leaders did not relinquish their intention to return the lost estates and lands. At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, the first grounds for the revival of Franciscan activity appeared at the northeastern boundary of Hungary. For various reasons, Polish monks in Stropkov could not involve large areas in missionary work, and Italian monks failed to adapt to a multi-ethnic and often hostile environment. In 1651, the Franciscans’ diligent work and the Pereni family’s support contributed significantly to restoring their Sevlush monastery.&#x0D; &#x0D;

By og grav

By og grav