Francis Bond Research Articles

Dangerous Proximities: Anglo-American Humanitarian Paternalists in the Era of Indigenous Removal

Abstract This article explores Indigenous removal as a trans-imperial phenomenon through the writings of U.S. superintendent of Indian affairs, Thomas McKenney, and three of his British imperial counterparts—George Arthur, Charles La Trobe, and Francis Bond Head—all of whom declared themselves committed to ameliorating the condition of Indigenous people and concluded that this project necessitated Indigenous removal from proximity to British or U.S. settler populations. All four men employed stereotyped paternalistic imaginings to justify removal as the humanitarian duty of the self-proclaimed “civilized” toward Indigenous people. Yet their writing about their own proximity to actual Indigenous people—in spaces that in the 1820s and 1830s comprised the “Wests” of Anglophone expansion in North America and Australia—also reveal Indigenous bodily realities and political imperatives that instead posed dangers to these “civilized” men and their paternal schemas. Although these four Anglo-American men’s rendering of such dangerous proximities do not, of course, fully explain the causes and horrors of removal policies, they suggest the need to look at the intimate spaces of Anglo-American imperial reach to reveal otherwise unacknowledged reasons why those proclaiming genuine concern for Indigenous wellbeing would support the stark subjugation and segregation of Indigenous removal.

“Climate change” and the “butterfly effect” in an eighteenth century monograph

Long before the phrases “climate change” and “butterfly effect” were incorporated into the mainstream literature, these phrases appeared in an appropriate context almost verbatim in the first Chapter of a book entitled “The Emigrant” published in the mid-nineteenth century (in 1846) by Sir Francis Bond Head (1793–1875). Head was Upper Canada’s sixth Lieutenant Governor under King George IV and Queen Victoria. Head claimed that forest wildfires were “changing the climate” of North America as manifested in a warming effect “on the thermometer”. In that author’s account, these fires were provoked by First Nations to create fly-free zones meant to attract game that they could then hunt more readily. Head used language such as “swarms of little flies, strange as it may sound, are, and for many years have been, most materially altering the climate…” which is remarkably reminiscent of E. N. Lorenz’s (1917–2008) “butterfly effect” of the theory of chaotic dynamical systems. The historical context and the rationales that may have led Head to use this contemporary environmental language in a proper context are briefly discussed.

Parsing cleft constructions in Korean: An HPSG approach

Kim, Jong-Bok, Emily Bender, and Francis Bond. 2013. Parsing cleft constructions in Korean: An HPSG approach. Linguistic Research 30(3), 517-537. We present a classification and analysis of Korean cleft constructions with the formative KES. This HPSG analysis assimilates the structures as much as possible to other uses of KES and the copula in Korean, and is formalized precisely enough to support implementation (in future work) in a broad-coverage grammar.

Review: The Architecture of the Scottish Medieval Church, 1100–1560, by Richard Fawcett

Richard Fawcett. The Architecture of the Scottish Medieval Church, 1100–1560 New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2011, 432 pp., 100 color and 300 b/w illus. $100, ISBN 9780300170498 Richard Fawcett has fulfilled his wish to write a detailed history of ecclesiastical architecture in Scotland across the entire Middle Ages. In 2002, he introduced Scottish Medieval Churches: Architecture and Furnishings with a lament that there had been “little attempt to sort out what may be described as the chronology of the Scottish architectural vocabulary through correlation of the structural and documentary evidence.”1 Fearing that one individual could not shoulder a task done for other European countries in the nineteenth century by an entire generation of architectural historians and that no publisher would adequately commit to such a project, Fawcett instead composed Scottish Medieval Churches as a chronological stylistic overview of the churches’ individual elements, such as windows, porches, and lecterns. The structure mirrored much older guides to medieval architecture elsewhere, specifically Francis Bond’s Gothic Architecture in England from 1905.2 Fawcett’s latest work, however, reads more like Christopher Wilson’s textbook of 1990, The Gothic Cathedral , for its encyclopedic ambition, direct chronological structure, and attention to historical context alongside a narrative of changing architectural forms.3 Fawcett aims to leave no monument unexamined in his survey, and the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art has generously afforded him the pages and plates to achieve this. Grand cathedrals, ruined monasteries, and remote parish churches all find a place along a timeline stretched as tautly as primary documents and formal comparisons will allow. When considered beside his previous effort, The Architecture of the Scottish Medieval Church reads as an attempt to make up for the century of scholarship between Bond and Wilson that Fawcett believes has not been accorded to Scotland. The impulse to allow buildings from all regions and all levels of the ecclesiastic hierarchy to participate in an architectural history seems admirably twenty-first century, but the …

The Grave-Robber and the Paternalist: Anna Jameson and Sir Francis Bond Head among the Anishinaabe Indians

I: Introduction When British writer Anna Jameson (1794–1860; figure 1) arrived in Toronto in 1836, she found herself in the thick of local society, for her husband, Robert Jameson, was Upper Canada’s attorney general. It is not surprising, then, that Mrs. Jameson quickly became acquainted with the British colony’s elite members, including fellow author Sir Francis Bond Head (1793–1875; figure 2), the recently appointed lieutenant governor. Readers of Jameson’s travelogue Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (1838) will already be familiar with her passing references to Sir Francis, including her incisive critique of his paternalistic approach to indigenous governance policy. This essay revisits Jameson’s critique in light of a letter we recently discovered in the John Murray Archive at the National Library of Scotland. The letter, which Head wrote to his friend and publisher, John Murray, contains a rather scandalous allegation, for in it he accuses Jameson of stealing a skull from an indigenous gravesite – a circumstance that, if true, would complicate her avowed sympathy for North America’s First Peoples. In this essay we evaluate Head’s case against Jameson, weighing its plausibility and considering its implications. In the process, we hope to shed new light on the relationship between British Romanticism, colonialism, and contemporary ideas of indigenous culture and governance. Because Jameson and Head are minor authors, a few introductory words are in order before we proceed to our main argument. Although, as we demonstrate below, each was highly critical of the other, they shared a number of things in common, including a respectable level of popularity as travel writers. Before coming to Upper Canada, Jameson had penned such popular travelogues as The Diary of an Ennuyee (1826) and Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad (1834), while Head had earned a degree of celebrity for his Rough Notes Taken During Some Rapid Journeys Across the Pampas and Among the Andes (1826) and Bubbles from the Brunnens of Nassau (1834). Having been born in the early years of the British Romantic period, both authors shared a penchant for nature and the picturesque, and each admired particular Romantic authors (for example, Jameson was an enthusiastic reader of Wordsworth, and Head enjoyed the poetry of Byron and Scott).

Romantic ecologies and colonial cultures in the British Atlantic world, 1770-1850

Acknowledgments Introduction: The Politics and Poetics of Green Romanticism 1 Naturalizing Colonial Relations in the British Transatlantic World: Slavery as Fact and Figure 2 Race and Animality in the British Atlantic World 3 Gender, Environment, and Imperialism in William Blake's Visions of the Daughters of Albion 4 Enslaved Brutes and Brutalized Slaves: Animal Rights and Abolition in Coleridge and the Black Atlantic 5 Environmental Determinism and the Politics of Nature: William Richardson's The Indians, A Tragedy 6 Thomas Campbell's American Idyll: Colonial Ideology in Gertrude of Wyoming 7 Romanticism, Colonialism, and the Natural Man in the Writings of Sir Francis Bond Head and George Copway Afterword: Colonialism and Ecology Notes Bibliography Index

The Emigrant and the Noble Savage: Sir Francis Bond Head's Romantic Approach to Aboriginal Policy in Upper Canada, 1836-1838

Sir Francis Bond Head (1793-1875) was a respected man of letters and the LieutenantGovernor of Upper Canada from January 1836 until March 1838. During that time he proposed to remove local Anishinaabeg peoples from their traditional territories in presentday southern Ontario and relocate them to Manitoulin Island. This article explores how Head used Romantic notions that exalted primitivism and the “noble savage” to justify this plan. In so doing it clarifies the relationship between European Romantic theory and Canadian colonial practice in the early nineteenth century. A careful analysis of Head’s Indian policy reveals that many Romantic perceptions of Aboriginal peoples, while seemingly benevolent, were consistent with colonial policies that sought to alienate Aboriginal peoples from their lands and to segregate them from contact with European settler societies. Sir Francis Bond Head (1793-1875) etait un litterateur respecte et le lieutenant-gouverneur du Haut-Canada de janvier 1836 jusqu’a mars 1838. Pendant cette periode, il proposa de faire demenager les peuples Anishinaabeg locaux de leurs territoires traditionnels dans ce qui constitue maintenant le Sud de l’Ontario pour les installer sur l’ile Manitoulin. Le present article traite de la facon dont Sir Head s’est inspire de notions romantiques du primitivisme et du « bon sauvage » pour justifier ce plan. Ceci permet de mieux expliquer les liens qui existaient entre la theorie europeenne romantique et les pratiques coloniales canadiennes au debut du XIX e siecle. Une analyse soignee de la politique autochtone de Sir Head revele que plusieurs perceptions romantiques des peuples autochtones, qui semblaient a premiere vue bienveillantes, se conformaient a des politiques coloniales qui voulaient eloigner les peuples autochtones de leurs terres et empecher tout rapport avec les societes pionnieres europeennes.

The Emigrant and the Noble Savage: Sir Francis Bond Head’s Romantic Approach to Aboriginal Policy in Upper Canada, 1836-1838

Sir Francis Bond Head (1793-1875) was a respected man of letters and the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada from January 1836 until March 1838. During that time he proposed to remove local Anishinaabeg peoples from their traditional territories in present-day southern Ontario and relocate them to Manitoulin Island. This article explores how Head used Romantic notions that exalted primitivism and the “noble savage” to justify this plan. In so doing it clarifies the relationship between European Romantic theory and Canadian colonial practice in the early nineteenth century. A careful analysis of Head’s Indian policy reveals that many Romantic perceptions of Aboriginal peoples, while seemingly benevolent, were consistent with colonial policies that sought to alienate Aboriginal peoples from their lands and to segregate them from contact with European settler societies

Paternalism and Politics: Sir Francis Bond Head, the Orange Order, and the Election of 1836

maintenance of the imperial connection. On the basis of this belief, the lieutenant-governor acted in ways that polarized Upper Canadian politics on the issue of loyalty to bring about a favourable resolution for the Tory faction.' Subsequent work variously characterized Head as a fool, as a self-defined political cavalier, or as a thug who rigged elections through violence and intimidation in the cause of Upper Canadian loyalism versus American republicanism. • Recent work still leaves Head as a' posturing, vainglorious individual devoid of political experience and common sense,' muddying the clear waters leading to constitutional reform by use of the loyalty issue? While there is much truth in these descriptions of Head's role in the x836 election, they miss the point in seeing him as an aberrant twist to existing tensions between Tories and Reformers. The

From the Argentine Plains to Upper Canada Sir Francis Bond Head: Gaucho Apologist and Costumbrist of the Pampa

One of the most interesting features of the development of Argentina over the last two centuries has been the contribution of the English-speaking community. Although the efforts of the pioneer settlers, the early railway builders, the skilful engineers and the shrewd businessmen have been well documented, less attention has been paid to the literary efforts of the English-speaking writers of the River Plate region. W. H. Hudson and R. B. Cunninghame Graham, perhaps the best known, although they are important, are only two in a long line that continues into the present day with William Shand. One must not assume, however, that every book that got into print was a literary masterpiece. Most of the nineteenth century works were by-products of travels or expeditions organised for non-literary reasons. They were written mostly by soldiers like Alexander Gillespie whose typically long-winded title, Gleanings and Remarks Collected During Many Months of Residence at Buenos Aires and Within the Upper Country (1818), 1 relating his experiences during his imprisonment after the English invasions, is representative of the military memoirs type of literature that one finds in Millar, Holland, Craufurd and others. 2 Amongst the diplomats, Woodbine Parish, for example, appointed charge d* affair e s by Canning in 1824, showed more than a passing political interest in his Buenos Aires, and the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (1839). 3 With the emergence of the new states, after the Wars of Independence against Spain, however, the interest was generally

The appointment of Sir Francis Bond head as lieutenant‐governor of upper Canada in 1835

The appointment of Sir Francis Bond head as lieutenant‐governor of upper Canada in 1835

Journeys Across the Pampas and Among the Andes. By Francis Bond Head. Edited and with an Introduction by C. Harvey Gardiner. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967. Pp. xxi, 174. $7.50.) - New Granada: Twenty Months in the Andes. By Isaac F. Holton. Edited and with an Introduction by C. Harvey Gardiner. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967. Pp. xvii,

Journeys Across the Pampas and Among the Andes. By Francis Bond Head. Edited and with an Introduction by C. Harvey Gardiner. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967. Pp. xxi, 174. $7.50.) - New Granada: Twenty Months in the Andes. By Isaac F. Holton. Edited and with an Introduction by C. Harvey Gardiner. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967. Pp. xvii, 223. $7.50.) - Volume 24 Issue 2

The Appointment of Francis Bond Head: A New Insight

The Appointment of Francis Bond Head: A New Insight

The “Crazy” Vaults of Lincoln Cathedral

IN 1911 Francis Bond and William Watkins published in collaboration an article on Lincoln cathedral containing many interesting observations and considerations.1 In it the authors stated that the c...

Some Details and Mouldings used by Yevele

The standard corpus of English Romanesque and Gothic mouldings is that of Edmund Sharpe: The Mouldings of the Six Periods of British Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation, 1871. This work was never completed, and is particularly defective for the period after 1350, also unrepresented in Sharpe's Architectural Parallels, 1848. F. A. Paley's Manual of Gothic Mouldings contains profiles on small and diverse scales, and the sources of many examples are not given; of greater general use is the appendix of mouldings in Francis Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, 1906, but no dates are indicated, and many of the specimens are chosen from buildings of very uncertain date. So far as I am aware, no collection has yet been prepared to illustrate the mouldings used by one master mason or by one school. What follows is an attempt to relate a number of details and mouldings to a particular master and to closely approximate dates. In the hope that similar collections will be formed from the work of other schools, I mention the few rules to which I have adhered:1. To include as primary evidence details attributable on documentary grounds to a specific master mason.2. To include for comparison similar details which(a) can be connected with the master on definite but inconclusive evidence;(b) are known to be of comparable date;(c) have peculiarities suggesting a closely cognate origin.3. To draw all mouldings to a uniform scale of not less than one-eighth full size (1½ in. to 1 ft.).4. To give the source, date, and master (where known) of each example on the drawing itself.

Sir Francis Bond Head

Sir Francis Bond Head

The Library World Volume 24 Issue 7

Our contributor who reports the proceedings at the meeting of the Library Association at Westminster last month laments their intangibility and inconclusive character. Nevertheless, we venture to believe that meetings which bring before him the observations of such distinguished men as Mr. J. C. Squire and Mr. Hugh Walpole are of high value to the librarian who desires to know how his work impresses other men, and so to shape it that it may impress them more satisfactorily. Delightful as was Mr. Walpole's address on the occasion in question, it showed that the brilliant novelist, like most other Britons, has gone abroad to see with clear eyes what he has failed to notice in the next street at home. This is characteristic. We remember hearing Mr. Francis Bond, of architectural fame, remark that people go to France again and again to enthuse over the cathedrals there who are totally unaware that there is nothing in France more beautiful, if as beautiful, as the Angel Choir in Lincoln Cathedral. The analogy need not be pushed too far, but the fact did emerge that Mr. Walpole found the Americans so enthusiastic that they “rushed him to see the public library.”