Relations In France Research Articles

Alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviours: consistent patterns in France and South Korea

Abstract Background Despite the concurrent increase in harmful alcohol use and risky sexual behaviours associated with STIs and HIV/AIDS among young adults, their relationship remains inconsistent due to the inherent influence of sociodemographic and cultural factors on drinking and sexual practices. This study aims to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviours and cross-validate this relationship in France and South Korea. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among young adults aged 18 to 30 in France and in South Korea in 2023-2024 (n = 998; 489 in France, 509 in Korea). A spearman partial correlation and a z-test on Fisher-transformed correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviours, as well as the consistency of this relationship across both samples. Results After controlling for age, gender, occupation, education, and perceived socioeconomic status, a positive correlation was found between the age of alcohol initiation and the age at first sexual intercourse in both samples (r=.17 in France, r=.28 in Korea; p < 0.001). Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) score and the frequency of drunkenness showed positive correlations with the number of sexual partners (r=.19, r=.26 in France; r=.19, r=.23 in Korea; p < 0.001). These two alcohol use indicators were also correlated with the frequency of inconsistent condom use (r=.15, r=.12 in France; r=.06, r=.14 in Korea; p < 0.001). The Z test confirmed that there is no significant difference in all correlation coefficients between the French and Korean samples. (p > 0.05, 95% CI). Conclusions An integrated health intervention aimed at simultaneously addressing harmful alcohol use and risky sexual behaviours is warranted to prevent high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among young adults. Key messages • Recent data support that alcohol use is associated with risky sexual behaviours among young adults. • This relationship is consistent regardless of different sociodemographic and cultural settings.

Neoliberalism by stealth? Labour reforms and institutional discontinuity in worker representation in France

This article analyses the 2017 reforms to worker representation in France, focusing on the transition and implementation phases. The authors conducted 160 interviews with managers, union and employee representatives in seven large French companies across retail, finance, energy and pharmaceuticals. The article introduces the notion of institutional discontinuity to describe the path taken through the 2017 reforms, where a change to the formal institutional structures is expected to bring about a change in the functioning of representative institutions. The findings contribute to debates on the trajectories of employment relations in France. The authors argue that institutional discontinuity has opened a wider path towards more discretion-enhancing representative institutions, reflecting a clearer neoliberal path in employment relations. Yet, recognising that changing institutional form does not necessarily, nor automatically result in institutions functioning differently, the authors also analyse how actors play a role in shaping the process, whether they try to facilitate the change or to limit its effects.

Cumhuriyetin İlanının Türkiye – Fransa İlişkilerine Yansımaları ve Karşılıklı “İlişki İnşa Etme” Yaklaşımı

Türkiye ile Fransa ilişkileri Millî Mücadele Dönemi sonrasında belli aşamalarla gelişim göstermiştir. Bu gelişimde genel olarak “karşılıklı ilişki inşa etme” yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Devletler arasında sağlam ilişkilerin inşa edilmesi için tek yönlü halkla ilişkiler faaliyetleri yerine karşılıklı diyalog ihtiyacı ön plândadır. Bu doğrultuda 21’inci yüzyılda kamu diplomasisi karşılıklılık anlayışı ile şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Bu kamu diplomasisi anlayışı öz eleştirel ve daha objektif bir niteliğe sahiptir. “İlişki inşa etme” yaklaşımı” sık başvurulan kamu diplomasisi tekniklerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada da Cumhuriyet’in ilanının Türkiye-Fransa ilişkilerine nasıl yansıdığı ve Türkiye ile Fransa arasında “ilişki inşa etme” yaklaşımının hangi aşamalara sahip olduğu analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada veri toplama tekniği olarak “içerik/veri tarama” tekniği, analiz yöntemi olarak ise betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda betimsel başlıklar oluşturularak, bu başlıklar altında, ilgili dönemin özellikleri de dikkate alınarak bir kamu diplomasisi tekniği olan “ilişki inşa etme” yaklaşımının nasıl şekillendiği irdelenmiştir. Fransa’nın Türkiye’de özel bir diplomatik temsilci görevlendirerek barış antlaşması imzalaması, bu sayede İtilaf Bloku’nun dağılması, Cumhuriyet’in ilanının dünyaya duyurulmasında Fransızcanın tercih edilmiş olması ve Fransa’ya diğer devletlerden farklı olarak diplomatik ayrıcalıklar tanınması karşılıklı ilişki inşa etme yaklaşımının pratikteki yansımaları olarak tespit edilmiştir.

‘BrOthers in Arms’: France, the Anglosphere and AUKUS

Abstract Important French foreign policy dyads, such as relations between France and the United Kingdom and France and the United States, have consistently been subject to empirical, historical and policy analysis. However, France's relationship with the broader Anglosphere is rarely considered or conceptualized. This article theorizes France's relationship with the Anglosphere at a pivotal historical juncture. The 2021 announcement of AUKUS, a security partnership between Australia, the UK and the US, spectacularly excluded France despite a shared proclivity to use military force in defence of liberal international order. To analyse this vital contemporary case, we undertake a comparative, computer-aided discourse analysis of 540 political and media texts, triangulated with thematic analysis of 37 elite interviews. First, contributing to constructivist and ontological security theory, we develop a novel theorization of alliance politics, generally, through the concept of ‘brOthers in arms’, whereby a double identity inscription binds allies antagonistically together. Second, contributing to critical studies of foreign policy and research on national identity, we locate France–Anglosphere relations, specifically, towards the thick end of an alliance identity spectrum, held together in mutual alterity by complementary, competing and co-constitutive exceptionalisms. Third, contributing to studies of foreign policy and alliance politics, our analysis situates AUKUS within the fractious longue durée of France–Anglosphere relations.

Reterritorialisation of agricultural activities in land-use and food planning: comparing the Netherlands and France

ABSTRACT The reterritorialisation of agricultural activities (RAA) consists of reinforcing local food production and its diversification activities oriented toward local consumers. RAA helps shape the local food system, which is an increasingly studied topic in the planning field. However, institutional impacts on planning approaches for RAA remain unknown. This study examines this question by comparing land-use and food planning in Dutch and French cases, where France defines food planning via national law and the Netherlands does not. Through analysis of planning documents and semi-structured interviews, we identified planning goals and instruments, and analysed governance models. We then linked these three components to understand institutional impacts. Our empirical findings reveal that regarding planning policies on RAA, there are differences between the two countries in terms of focused action fields, planning instruments, and links between land-use and food planning. Our results show that the dominance of state-local relationships in France and civil society-government relationships in the Netherlands has a significant effect on planning approaches. This study supports the need for an emphasis on institutional design for effective planning for RAA.

Wybrane problemy społeczno-prawne stosunków pracy we Francji

The article deals with current problems ensuing from the organization and legal regulation of employment relations in France. The following questions have been discussed in this connection: reforms to affect the structure of an enterprise, the participation of employees in the management and the division of profits, employment policy, improvement of working conditions. The provisions of the law that regulate the above problems have been pointed out and presented against a broad, socio-economic background. The attitudes towards particular issues assumed by the three main parties to the French employment relations (the state, patronage, employees represented by trade unions) have been specified and differences in opinion pertaining to the concepts in this respect and postulated measures to this end — emphasized. In this manner the author attempted at drawing a panorama of clue problems arising in the sphere of and ensuing from employment relations in France, as well as steps postulated and undertaken with a view to solving the discussed problems.

Changes in the temperature-mortality relationship in France: Limited evidence of adaptation to a new climate.

Documenting trends in the health impacts of ambient temperature is key to supporting adaptation strategies to climate change. This paper explores changes in the temperature-related mortality in 18 French urban centers between 1970 and 2015. A multicentric time-series design with time-varying distributed lag nonlinear models was adopted to model the shape of the relationship and assess temporal changes in risks and impacts. The general shape of the temperature-mortality relationship did not change over time, except for an increasing risk at very low percentiles and a decreasing risk at very high percentiles. The relative risk at the 99.9th percentile compared to the 50th percentile of the 1970-2015 temperature distribution decreased from 2.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.95:2.79] in 1975 to 1.33 [95% CI: 1.14:1.55] in 2015. Between 1970 and 2015, 302,456 [95% CI: 292,723:311,392] deaths were attributable to non-optimal temperatures, corresponding to 5.5% [95% CI: 5.3:5.6] of total mortality. This burden decreased progressively, representing 7.2% [95% CI: 6.7:7.7] of total mortality in the 1970s to 3.4% [95% CI: 3.2:3.6] in the 2000s. However, the contribution of hot temperatures to this burden (higher than the 90th percentile) increased. Despite the decreasing relative risk, the fraction of mortality attributable to extreme heat increased between 1970 and 2015, thus highlighting the need for proactive adaptation.

The dilemma of France's relations with Africa in the 21st century: the relationship between discourse and practice

The object of the study is the foreign policy of the French Republic. The subject of the study is the African vector of France's foreign policy in the 21st century during the presidencies of N. Sarkozy, F. Hollande and the current head of state E. Macron. The purpose of the study is to identify the reasons why France faced difficulties in the African direction of its foreign policy in the 21st century. The author analyses in detail the declarative and practical components of French policy towards Africa in the period under study. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of French military intervention in Africa between 2007 and 2023. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the study makes a comparative analysis of the discursive and practical dimensions of French policy towards Africa between 2007 and 2023 in order to identify possible reasons for the failure of France's policy course towards Africa in the 21st century. The study concludes that France, which has a long history of colonisation of Africa, still does not consider Africa as an equal partner, while the African dimension of French foreign policy is characterised by a contradiction between its declarative and practical components, as the declared principle of equality as the basis of Franco-African relations actually gives way to the traditional policy of spheres of influence and France's desire to maintain its position on the African continent.

A Trail of Crab Tracks by Patrice Nganang

Reviewed by: A Trail of Crab Tracks by Patrice Nganang Natalie Wenzell Letsa Patrice Nganang A Trail of Crab Tracks Trans. Amy B. Reid. New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2022. 419 pages. PATRICE NGANANG'S NEWLY translated novel, A Trail of Crab Tracks, follows the relationship between Tanou, a Cameroonian American professor, and his father, Nithap, an aging retiree who is reluctantly persuaded to visit his son in the US. The first half of the novel focuses on the contemporary relationship between father and son split between homeland and diaspora. The second half, in which Nithap narrates his early life to his son, takes as its main subject the legacies of the UPC Rebellion and the role of violence and loyalty in the perpetuation of intergenerational memory. The UPC Rebellion was a war for independence fought primarily in the Bamiléké region of Cameroon against the French, beginning in 1955. By the time of independence in 1960, as described in harrowing detail in the last one hundred pages of A Trail of Crab Tracks, the French had brutalized the Bamilékés, creating concentration [End Page 69] camps, burning down villages, and leaving behind the heads of executed rebels in order to terrorize the local population. The conflict continued well after independence, with violence and terrorism between guerrilla groups and the new French-backed Cameroonian regime tormenting the Bamiléké region until the early 1970s. Because of the atrocities committed by the French as well as the fact that France has continued to back successive autocratic regimes in Cameroon up until today, the UPC Rebellion—also known as la guerre cachée, or the "Hidden War"—is notoriously underdocumented. As part of a public relations campaign to rebrand France's dubious relationship to its former colonies, French president Emmanuel Macron traveled to Cameroon this past July to announce the opening of French archival materials on the UPC Rebellion. In this context, Nganang's novel could not be more timely. Frank discussion of the Hidden War in Cameroon remains taboo, and the nature of memory and the legacies of violence under these circumstances are deeply woven into the themes of the narrative. The way in which the novel jumps between time, place, and characters can be chaotic; the prose is oftentimes more obscuring than clarifying—a quality that is evocative of the nature of politics and rumor in contemporary Cameroon. Nganang writes unapologetically for a Cameroonian audience; there are some clues left in the footnotes meant to help a foreign reader make sense of local subtleties. But the end product lays bare an effort to plumb the depths of the Cameroonian soul in the most intimate ways. Nganang's character Pastor Tbongo declares to Earnest Ouandié that Cameroon lacks a soul, "But that's what we need to create for this country. That's the only task for our era. For our own survival, we have to teach Cameroonians what unites us; we have to give some substance to this country that is self-destructing. That's what I'm trying to do here." Words that are as true today as they could have been sixty years ago. Natalie Wenzell Letsa University of Oklahoma Copyright © 2022 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Hoodwinking the République: LUPIN and the Illusion of French Universalism

A close examination of the new Netflix series LUPIN reveals that, behind this fast moving, action packed, and entertaining mystery is a larger sociocultural commentary on the current state of race relations in France, and on how the state’s colorblindness and social cohesion are but an illusion. Through a series of encounters with systemic racism, the protagonist demonstrates his ability to navigate within the limits of an inescapable universalist model, wielding the invisibilization of migrant and descendent communities to his advantage. Via almost magical sleight of hand, artful disguise, and cunning elusion of the authorities, he exposes the French Republic’s blind spots and invites a more careful consideration of the deeper social tensions beyond his “Now you see me, now you don’t” maneuvers.

The role of women in the formation of gallant aesthetics.

The object of the study is radical changes in gender relations in France in the first half of the XVII century, increasing the social role of women.The process of turning the knightly estate into a courtier against the background of the strengthening of the royal court leads to the fact that men leave the historically habitual and habitual ideal of knightly valor, entering the space of salons and the court. In this space, they are forced to comprehend the art of secular communication that is new to them and the art of liking the participants of this communication. That art, which, according to contemporaries, was perfectly mastered by women. Through language, education, literature, women take part in the birth and establishment of a public space built around new gender norms, a new practice of fiction. The recognition of a woman in the moralistic literature of the first half of the XVII century as equal to a man in dignity and nobility makes her an equal participant in secular communication. Women's authority eventually begins to determine the direction of criticism, women act as arbiters of good taste in literature and art. At this time, a modern view of the relationship between the sexes is being formed. All these phenomena are characteristic of European culture as a whole and largely determine the modern European mentality. The analysis of the historical prerequisites for the increase in social activity and the role of women is extremely important and relevant both for understanding many historical realities, including the formation of the European gender tradition, and for studying the influence of these processes on the formation of new aesthetic ideals. Gallant aesthetics develops with the participation and under the influence of women, since gallant culture is a culture permeated with the idea of love.

Exhibiting the living : hopes and limits of exhibitions on human/non-human relationships in France in the 2010s

Exhibiting the living : hopes and limits of exhibitions on human/non-human relationships in France in the 2010s

Russia — France relations under President Emmanuel Macron: Achievements and inconsistencies

This article examines the state and prospects of Russia-France relations on the basis of preliminary results of Emmanuel Macron’s presidency. The author assumes that the dialogue between these two countries has traditionally been characterized by a certain duality, where close cooperation in various spheres did not exclude mutual contradictions. The analysis of the main examples from bilateral relations in 2017–2021 shows that this feature is still observed at present. On the one hand, cooperation between Moscow and Paris clearly has experienced a revival after the last years of François Hollande’s term, as expresses in constant meetings at the highest level and the restart of ministerial contacts. The French government demonstrates its readiness to discuss a wide range of topics, including European security, strategic stability, conflict resolution in Ukraine and the Middle East, and development of economic and cultural ties. On the other hand, under Macron the list of issues on which both countries hold different positions has continued to grow. Paris negatively perceives the spread of the Kremlin’s international influence; emphasizes the difference in basic values; disagrees with Moscow on priorities of further settlement of regional conflicts, Internet, and space governance; openly criticizes the Russian presence in Africa; and supports Western allies in several political affairs. This kind of duality will likely continue after the 2022 presidential elections in the Fifth Republic, because each of the potential winners, while trying to continue bilateral cooperation, will inevitably have to take into account obligations within the Euro-Atlantic community. At the same time, with the beginning of Russia’s special operation in Ukraine in February 2022, French diplomacy is expected to make focus on toughness rather than dialogue.

Fashion, Industry and Diplomacy: Reframing Couture–Textile Relations in France, 1950s–1960s

This article investigates the change in relations between Parisian haute couture and the French textile industry in the 1950s and 1960s. This study is grounded in the multiple changes that occurred between the two decades with the end of a state-sponsored and textile-backed aid to couture plan in 1960, the dematerialization of fashion in the 1960s and the advent of brands and licenses, and the waning of couture’s influence throughout the period. It cross-references archives from multi-stakeholder meetings between the state, couture, and textile representatives with the couturiers’ trade association archives and diplomatic archives to show how the changing fashion landscape impacted their interactions. This study shows that while the couture and textile industries drifted apart, the government’s interest in couture grew. This reframes the narrative on couture’s alleged influence as the spearhead of the textile industry while illustrating its wider prestige influence and its relevance to the state.

THE ROLE OF THE MODERN FRENCH ECONOMY IN THE EU

The purpose of the article is to study the economic relations of France on the territory of the EU and its impact on the economic development of the union as a whole.

Intersectionality as a new feeling rule for young feminists: Race and feminist relations in France and Switzerland

Black feminist theory and theorizations by feminists of colour have identified and explored emotions linked to race and racism in feminist movements, especially in the US context. Building on this literature, this article explores the changes in feminist emotional dynamics linked to race which have been brought up by the relatively recent adoption of intersectionality in feminist movements’ discourses in two European countries, France and Switzerland, which are both often described as ‘colour-blind’ contexts. Drawing on Hochschild’s concept of feeling rules, we argue that intersectionality has changed the ways feminists are legitimately expected to feel about race and racism within feminist movements in both contexts. As feeling rules vary according to the members’ positions within the movement, we contend that these changes in emotional dynamics contribute to redefine feminists’ relations and feminist membership along racial lines. Based on interviews with young feminist activists in France and Switzerland during mobilization processes characterized by a prominent use of intersectionality, we observe how intersectionality discourses bring about new feeling rules in relation to race and racism. These feeling rules differ for white and non-white feminists: while intersectionality has led young white feminists to self-education and self-critique, racialized feminists often expressed mixed feelings about intersectionality and its use, in particular by white feminists. Importantly, these changes in feeling rules have allowed racialized feminists to renegotiate their relations with white feminists and their emotional content, as well as their position within the movement.

When Foxes Rove: Jean Bouchet’s Regnars traversant, Basel–Paris–Brussels–Frankfurt–Dresden

As Cynthia Brown’s Poets, Patrons, and Printers has demonstrated, Jean Bouchet’s Regnars traversant (The Foxes That Rove)—first published in Paris c. 1503 with a fraudulent attribution to Sebastian Brant— plays an important role in the development of author-publisher relations in France. It also poses edifying interpretive challenges to its readers. Its governing metaphor, the fox as an image of human vice and dishonesty, is developed through a set of enigmatic woodcuts that depict the narrator’s visions and that must be deciphered in conjunction with the accompanying text. Various motifs in the woodcuts derive from a 1497 broadside by Brant, published in German (and probably also in Latin). The Regnars’ distinctive illustrations, and its combination of prose and verse, were no obstacle to further publication across linguistic and sometimes confessional boundaries. In 1517 Thomas van der Noot printed a Dutch version, De loose vossen der werelt (The Treacherous Foxes of the World), which he had probably translated himself. The Loose vossen was itself translated into High German, as Von den losen füchsen dieser welt (The Treacherous Foxes of this World), and published in 1546 by the Frankfurt printer Hermann Gülfferich. Sixty years later an unlocalized edition appeared with copies of Gülfferich’s images, some of them reversed. Matthes Stöckel published a revised edition, with a more pronounced Lutheran orientation, in Dresden in 1585. The successive translations and revisions are illustrated by increasingly elaborate woodcuts and adopt different approaches to translating verse. I examine the ways in which text-image interactions evolve as the Regnars travels eastward as well as the shifting configurations of verse forms and their meanings. The interplay of conservation and intervention across Dutch and German versions encourages us to reflect on what analytical tools might best elucidate the cross-cultural transmission of complex multimodal texts in early modern Europe.

Jews and Muslims in contemporary French newspaper discourse (2000–2017)

Jews and Muslims in France never formed singular communities and never solely or primarily interacted with each other as a function of ethnoreligious identity categories. Rather, their on-the-ground interactions often took place as a function of a variety of other identifications, solidarities, and experiences. Yet, media discourse commonly constructs Jews and Muslims as homogeneous, disparate, and separate communities and their relations as oppositional and troubled. This article examines how Jews and Muslims are relationally defined and constructed in media discourse, focusing on the national dailies Le Monde and Le Figaro. My analysis reveals the discursive patterns that emerge in articles on Jews and Muslims and how these representations implicitly construct ‘Jews’ and ‘Muslims’ and their ‘relations’. In doing so, I make two main arguments about newspaper reporting on Jewish–Muslim relations in France: (1) With some exceptions, Jews and Muslims are constructed as two separate, homogeneous communities and their relations presented as tense and problematic; (2) Jews tend to be presented as fully integrated and their representation is in general positive, while Muslims are more often presented as not fully integrated – or even as at odds with French society and its values – and their representation is, at best, ambiguous and, at worst, negative.

The naturalization of English: Using Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital, symbolic power, and pedagogical action to analyze Canadian language policies

Although the concepts cultural capital, symbolic power, and pedagogical action were originally applied to describe how education reproduces social relations in France, Bourdieu’s sociological framework can be applied to illustrate the pervasive connection between language and colonialism in Canada. When applied to an analysis of the history of Canadian settlement andeducation practices between 1755 and until the present, these concepts demonstrate how colonial relations are reproduced through policies, educational programming and practices thatinflate the value of English as the official language of Canada. While Bourdieu’s concepts provide an analytical framework to illustrate how colonialism operates and why language continues tohave an impact on the economic outcomes of Indigenous People and immigrants, the framework on its own tends to be socially deterministic and requires decolonizing strategies to supportinterventions that will encourage equitable language policy, programming and practice.

The naturalization of English: Using Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital, symbolic power, and pedagogical action to analyze Canadian language policies

Although the concepts cultural capital, symbolic power, and pedagogical action were originally applied to describe how education reproduces social relations in France, Bourdieu’s sociological framework can be applied to illustrate the pervasive connection between language and colonialism in Canada. When applied to an analysis of the history of Canadian settlement andeducation practices between 1755 and until the present, these concepts demonstrate how colonial relations are reproduced through policies, educational programming and practices thatinflate the value of English as the official language of Canada. While Bourdieu’s concepts provide an analytical framework to illustrate how colonialism operates and why language continues tohave an impact on the economic outcomes of Indigenous People and immigrants, the framework on its own tends to be socially deterministic and requires decolonizing strategies to supportinterventions that will encourage equitable language policy, programming and practice.