Framing Schemes Research Articles

News Media Framing of the Environmental Issues: A Transnational Comparative Analysis of Pakistan and Britain

This study examined environmental issues from framing perspective. It attempts to understand the framing schemes in the purposively sampled newspapers of Pakistan and the UK. Under the constructionist view of framing analysis revealed that environmental communication is massively suffering from hypocognition which resulting the lack of effective framing perspectives and often construct major obstacles in efficient environmental management and policy making. Variability in framing perspectives influence the individual value systems, beliefs, preferences and reactions to environmental hazards in environmental decision-making process. Moreover, comparative approach of this quantitative study within the universe of year 2007 to 2016 sample of 1,139 news stories reflects the significant differences in news framing capacity of Pakistani and British print media while reporting of environmental issues.

Impact of framing scheme optimization and smoking status on binding potential analysis in dynamic PET with [11C]ABP688

BackgroundFor positron emission tomography (PET) ligands, such as [11C]ABP688, to be able to provide more evidence about the glutamatergic hypothesis in schizophrenia (SZ), quantification bias during dynamic PET studies and its propagation into the estimated values of non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) must be addressed. This would enable more accurate quantification during bolus + infusion (BI) neuroreceptor studies and further our understanding of neurological diseases. Previous studies have shown BPND-related biases can often occur due to overestimated cerebellum activity (reference region). This work investigates whether an alternative framing scheme can minimize quantification biases propagated into BPND, whether confounders, such as smoking status, need to be controlled for during the study, and what the consequences for the data interpretation following analysis are. A group of healthy controls (HC) and a group of SZ patients (balanced and unbalanced number of smokers) were investigated with [11C]ABP688 and a BI protocol. Possible differences in BPND quantification as a function of smoking status were tested with constant 5 min (‘Const 5 min’) and constant true counts (‘Const Trues’) framing schemes. In order to find biomarkers for SZ, the differences in smoking effects were compared between groups. The normalized BPND and the balanced number of smokers and non-smokers for both framing schemes were evaluated.ResultsWhen applying F-tests to the ‘Const 5 min’ framing scheme, effect sizes (η2p) and brain regions which showed significant effects fluctuated considerably with F = 50.106 ± 54.948 (9.389 to 112.607), P-values 0.005 to < 0.001 and η2p = 0.514 ± 0.282 (0.238 to 0.801). Conversely, when the ‘Const Trues’ framing scheme was applied, the results showed much smaller fluctuations with F = 78.038 ± 8.975 (86.450 to 68.590), P < 0.001 for all conditions and η2p = 0.730 ± 0.017 (0.742 to 0.710), and regions with significant effects were more robustly reproduced. Further, differences, which would indicate false positive identifications between HC and SZ groups in five brain regions when using the ‘Const 5 min’ framing scheme, were not observed with the ‘Const Trues’ framing.ConclusionsBased on an [11C]ABP688 PET study in SZ patients, the results show that non-consistent BPND outcomes can be propagated by the framing scheme and that potential bias can be minimized using ‘Const Trues’ framing.

Bias evaluation and reduction in 3D OP-OSEM reconstruction in dynamic equilibrium PET studies with 11C-labeled for binding potential analysis.

Iterative image reconstruction is widely used in positron emission tomography. However, it is known to contribute to quantitation bias and is particularly pronounced during dynamic studies with 11C-labeled radiotracers where count rates become low towards the end of the acquisition. As the strength of the quantitation bias depends on the counts in the reconstructed frame, it can differ from frame to frame of the acquisition. This is especially relevant in the case of neuro-receptor studies with simultaneous PET/MR when a bolus-infusion protocol is applied to allow the comparison of pre- and post-task effects. Here, count dependent changes in quantitation bias may interfere with task changes. We evaluated the impact of different framing schemes on quantitation bias and its propagation into binding potential (BP) using a phantom decay study with 11C and 3D OP-OSEM. Further, we propose a framing scheme that keeps the true counts per frame constant over the acquisition time as constant framing schemes and conventional increasing framing schemes are unlikely to achieve stable bias values during the acquisition time range. For a constant framing scheme with 5 minutes frames, the BP bias was 7.13±2.01% (10.8% to 3.8%) compared to 5.63±2.85% (7.8% to 4.0%) for conventional increasing framing schemes. Using the proposed constant true counts framing scheme, a stabilization of the BP bias was achieved at 2.56±3.92% (3.5% to 1.7%). The change in BP bias was further studied by evaluating the linear slope during the acquisition time interval. The lowest slope values were observed in the constant true counts framing scheme. The constant true counts framing scheme was effective for BP bias stabilization at relevant activity and time ranges. The mean BP bias under these conditions was 2.56±3.92%, which represents the lower limit for the detection of changes in BP during equilibrium and is especially important in the case of cognitive tasks where the expected changes are low.

Commitment to quality in higher education: A missing ingredient

Quality is the most important ingredient in Higher Education. It is not enough to provide only higher education, but it is also very important to ensure quality in it for development of any society. But question arises here: from where this quality comes? There are three agencies to ensure quality in higher education i.e. government or private management of educational institutions like universities & colleges, teachers and students. Unless all the stakeholders play their role sincerely, it is not possible to ensure a good quality in higher education despite huge budgetary allocations, modern infrastructure and technology. In the present study, the focus is only on the third part, that is, students. The rationale is if students are not committed to quality in their studies, whatever efforts are done by other two agencies, they come to a naught. It is very important that pupils play their role earnestly which will help to attain quality in higher education field. The present study aims to examine whether the students are committed to quality in their studies or not. The main focus of this study is on research scholar aspect of students’, because they can play an important role to develop their discipline. On research scholars depends the quality of research work done in any university to a large extent. It is the general perception that there is a serious lack of morals and ethics in the youth of India. If research scholars have no ethics and values, they will never be serious about their research work. There are many problem areas in this regard in India and the UGC with the objective of improvement in the quality of higher education in the country has notified several regulations. University Grants Commission undertakes maintenance of standards in teaching and research and quality assurance in universities, deemed to be universities and colleges through the mechanisms like framing regulations and schemes, disbursing grants to the eligible institutions. The main focus of this study is to see the commitment of research scholars towards quality, which is the key ingredient of education system and also to find out the reasons for the lack of their commitment towards quality in their research work. For the completion of this study both primary as well as secondary sources have been taped. The area of study is limited to research scholars of Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab (India) only. Punjabi University is a State University of Punjab, established on April 30, 1962 in the erstwhile princely state of Patiala. The paper will present the findings with the suggestions that how we can commit the research scholars towards quality, ethics and values in higher education in India, because if they have committed to quality in their research work, only then their research can be useful to the development of their discipline and the country too.

Special issue on main results of Call‐off Order 3 (CoO3) in SatNEx III

Special issue on main results of Call‐off Order 3 (<scp>CoO3</scp>) in <scp>SatNEx</scp> III

Role-playing games as boundary objects in an irrigation water sharing conflict in Bhutan

Irrigation water sharing is often negotiated between stakeholders with different levels of knowledge and different framing schemes: Scientists and local people, water users and water managers. Forging management agreements thus requires translation from one framing scheme to another. To explore this issue, in this article we investigate the role played by "boundary" objects, which display different meanings in different social worlds while being rigid enough to maintain an identity of their own. This theoretical framework was challenged by the analysis of a companion modelling experiment in Bhutan based on role-playing games. Tracking the game sessions allowed us to specify boundaries between three groups, one of scientists and civil servants and two of villagers. Translation processes were accounted for. This information may be used in practice for the co-construction of new water sharing rules in an adaptive management perspective.

Translation of specification units between IP and ATM quality of service declarations

AbstractAn integral part of any network quality of service (QoS) system are its QoS declarations. QoS declarations consist of service classes, parameters, and specification units. QoS declarations are a component of the QoS architecture, as such they are a source of heterogeneity stemming from the fact that different QoS systems may be based on different QoS architectures and thus use different QoS declarations. A particular problem in that domain is the translation of specification units for QoS systems that are based on different forwarding technologies with respect to variable vs fixed packet sizes, i.e. packet vs cell switching. This is a problem that can be dealt with generically such that its solution can be applied to several situations of technically heterogeneous QoS systems like an RSVP/IntServ—or DiffServ—over an ATM‐based system. While straightforward translations have been proposed, we investigate how more efficient translations can be achieved by using a slight but effective modification of existing AAL framing schemes as well as making use of statistical knowledge about packet size distributions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

A meta-analytic review of situational constraints and work-related outcomes: Alternative approaches to conceptualization

This article reviews current conceptualizations of constraints and reports the results of a quantitative review of published research on situational constraints. The results of the meta-analysis are consistent with those of previous reviews that used a traditional narrative review method; constraint scores bear a weak relationship with performance measures (−.14) and a fairly robust relationship with self-reported affect (−.32 with satisfaction, .39 with frustration). It is concluded that this weak pattern of findings suggests the need for alternative conceptualizations of constraints. Toward that end, a variety of conceptual framing schemes from which to generate alternative measurements of constraints and hypotheses about constraint-outcome relationships are presented.

A formal approach to automating conceptual structural design, part II: Application to floor framing generation

The function of the structural system in a building is to transfer gravity as well as lateral loads from their points of origin to the ground. Floor framing generation involves providing a path to transfer the gravity loads to the ground through various structural elements in an architectural plan while meeting the requirements imposed by other entities, such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, and the contractor, involved in the design/construct process. In this paper a formal approach for generating floor framing plans for steel office buildings is presented. We describe the knowledge and the reasoning behind a computer system, FFG (floor framing generator), which generates floor framing schemes for steel office buildings that are rectangular in plan and have a single service core. Constraints arising from structural as well as exogenous considerations are enumerated and their effect on framing schemes is identified. We also elaborate on the evaluation mechanism for ranking alternative schemes, in addition to providing details of the computer implementation.

A Knowledge-Based Approach to Preliminary Design of Structures

Computers have been used extensively for the analysis, detailed design and drawing production of structures. However, they have not been utilized effectively in the preliminary design stage. During this stage, the structural framing schemes that are likely to offer an optimum solution for the given design constraints are identified. Once an appropriate framing scheme is selected, an analytical model which requires initial member sizes is developed to investigate the behavior and performance of the structure under the design loads. An engineer may have to perform an approximate analysis to select the preliminary member sizes; however, experienced engineers may be able to make a reasonable estimate of the required sizes using their past experience with similar structures. A prototype computer-based design tool that utilizes past engineering experience for selecting initial member sizes of structures has been developed and is described in this paper. This tool is applicable to the design of various types of structures through the use of knowledge base techniques.

The design of light industrial buildings — research needs

In the past decade structural research has concentrated on the design of tall buildings, and has resulted in more rational and economical design procedures for such structures. In contrast, research related specifically to the design of low buildings has lagged somewhat, even though these buildings form a large portion of the market for the steel industry. This paper is a state-of-the-art paper for light industrial buildings in structural steel. Topics covered are loads, economics of different layouts and framing schemes, design of flexural members, design of compression members, and resistance to lateral loads.

Design of light industrial buildings

Even though a large number of light industrial buildings are constructed each year, various problems occur in design for which either little specific research information is available or existing design procedures are overly conservative. This paper is based on an investigation that has as its aims the collection of research information that might be relevant to the design of this type of structure; the modification (where possible) of this information so that it is directly applicable; and finally the formulation of a design guide specifically for light industrial buildings.The investigation is restricted basically to those problems associated with the design of single-storey buildings of structural steel. Topics covered in this paper include cost studies of different structural arrangements, design procedures for girders and columns in buildings with cantilever roof framing schemes, and design procedures for anchor bolts.