Framing Rules Research Articles

Gender Sensitivity of Teacher Education Curricula in the Republic of Croatia

Abstract The research aims to determine whether and to what extent teacher education curricula in Croatia are gender sensitive and to examine the status of courses dealing with gender-related topics. For this purpose, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the seven teacher education curricula was conducted. The analysis was based on Bernstein’s theory of classification and framing rules, which explains how control and power over knowledge and curriculum are exercised by selecting knowledge (from scientific disciplines) for the curriculum, design rules, and curriculum implementation. The findings indicate that gender-based knowledge is not given high status and significance as a teaching subject. Gender-related topics are included in teacher education curricula by weak framing and classification rules. While there are several advantages to such a curriculum design, weak classification and framing rules can lead to a lack of compliance in education on gender-related topics. A vague structure can interfere with students’ understanding of basic concepts and their interconnectedness. Students can choose courses based on personal interest rather than necessity and importance. Recommendations are made to achieve a higher level of gender sensitivity in teacher education curricula, which would contribute to better preparation of teachers for the education of children on gender equality.

Sexual and gender identity work on social media

AbstractHow do sexual and gender minorities use social media to express themselves and construct their identities? We discuss findings drawn from focus groups conducted with 17 sexual and gender minority social media users who shared their experiences of online harms. They include people with gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans, queer, asexual, non‐binary, pansexual, poly, and kink (LGBTQ+) identities. We find that sexual and gender minorities face several challenges online, but that social media platforms provide important spaces for them to feel understood and accepted. We use Goffman's work to explore how sexual and gender minorities engage in ‘front region’ performances online as part of their identity work. We then turn to Hochschild's concepts of ‘feeling rules’ and ‘framing rules’ to argue that presentations of self, or front region performances, must include the role of feelings and how they are socially influenced to be understood.

How to make forest governance reform real? Formal and informal institutions during implementation of the forest rights act 2006 in India

Scholars are increasingly paying much attention on institutions and process of institutional change to find ways to improve environmental governance across the globe. This article tests the existing framework of studying the process of institutional change, particularly in the context of valued resources like forests, and argues for broader framework for improved understanding. Based on intensive field work during the implementation process of the Forest Rights Act 2006 in West Bengal state of India, this article examines the patterns of institutional reform in forestry sector. It shows how ambiguities while framing rules under the central Act helped the states to craft a new institutional structure during the implementation, serving their political interests. It also demonstrates how state agency is working to disrupt legal institutions and maintain pre-existing institutional structure to continue internal culture of forestry and ideology of the forest department. I argue for a broader perspective that not only includes political context and institutional characteristics, but also activities of actors who intentionally adopt informal institutions to resist change, and thereby maintain political power and / or reinforce the bureaucratic ‘command and control’ approach. This approach provides an improved understanding on institutional change and stability, particularly in the context of complex, multi-actor and multi-layered federal structure of forest governance in India.

IPOs In Compulsory Demat Mode. How Fair For The Small Investors?

The SEBI ruling requiring issue houses to issue public offerings (IPO's, new issues, etc.) in compulsory demat mode has created an anomaly which keeps the small and long-term investor out of the game. The benefits that would have accrued to small investors are snatched away by the larger & powerful players. The IPOs of banks and companies like Maruti Udyog, NTPC and TV Today etc. had claimed to target the small investor, but the small investor had in fact been a mere conduit to channel the holdings to larger players. This defeated the objective of creating wide-spread public participation and holding in the disinvestment of profitable stocks. Based on actual market study and observations of the author, this case study raises vital and provocative policy issues such as: Who is the beneficiary of IPOs in compulsory dematerialised mode? It also highlights the failure of SEBI (the Securities Exchange Board of India), depositories and the major stock exchanges in addressing the cause of the small and marginal investors beyond lip-service and cosmetic efforts like framing rules for orderly 'development' and 'regulation' of the capital market. This study suggests some practical solutions to correct the anomaly.

Manufacturing sustainability: Institutional theory and life cycle thinking

This study sets out to bridge resource perspective on material selection with stakeholder and institutional theory considerations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of life-cycle thinking on material selection decisions in the automotive industry. The objective is to shed light on how regulatory, normative and mimetic institutional pressures, affect sustainability decisions when switching or substituting materials or manufacturing processes in the automotive industry. Within a hybrid life cycle analysis framework, the environmental hotspots across the supply chains of two empirical management examples of Aluminium and CFRP LCA models are presented, quantified and ranked. Further justifications are provided on why and how regulatory, normative-peer and peer-normative pressures affect life cycle decisions. Findings reveal early, mid-process and late-stage life cycle hotspots, both in the material selection and the manufacturing process for both components. This decision support framework can be used to diverge from high energy-intensive manufacturing process and conventional raw materials, and provide forward-looking automotive manufacturers with opportunity to make asset-specific investments in lightweight, fuel-efficient vehicles, and sustainable manufacturing operations. This study presents a new framework that hybridises institutional theory and life cycle thinking to enable a standard routine and decision assessment of sustainability. This study provides a novel theoretical perspective on life cycle assessment by highlighting how the framing rules in a given institution mirror the trajectory of institutional pressures from regulatory (organised laws) through normative (organised behaviour) to mimetic (copied behaviour).

The Ideal of Democracy is distorted in Naipaul’s The Suffrage of Elvira

Democracy it’s a beautiful concept, where Equality, Freedom, Justice provided to the people of all strata of society irrespective of caste, creed, gender etc. Actually Democratic form of system is very ideal for administrative point of view. There are equal opportunities for all sorts of people to participate in the formation of government and equal responsibility while framing rules and regulations as well. Both the people and the elected representatives failed completely to uphold the very basic objectives of democracy. And this is nothing but the murder of Democracy. Because in Democratic form of system everything should be transparent but whereas for as third world countries are concerned, no transparencies only corrupted administrative officials, corrupted representative and the people too. This leads to the distortion of the ideal of the Democracy. Abraham Lincoln says about Democracy “of the people, by the people and for the people”. But the present scenario reconstitutes the statement “of the money, by the money and for the money”. Hence in this article Naipaul’s The suffrage of Elvira will be discussed.

The Articles on State Responsibility and the Guiding Principles of Shared Responsibility: A TWAIL Perspective

Abstract This article argues, from the perspective of third-world approaches to international law (TWAIL), that the limitations of the Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility (hereinafter ‘Guiding Principles’) stem from the very fact that their drafters did not contest the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA). Therefore, before advancing a critique of the Guiding Principles, this article questions certain aspects of ARSIWA. It argues that ARSIWA tends to overlook the distinction between primary and secondary rules; does not take into account the thick and structured relations between corporations and the state in formulating the rule on attribution; completely neglects the principle of special and differential treatment (SDT) in framing secondary rules of state responsibility; and gives a negative connotation to the erga omnes principle. As a result, ARSIWA cannot do justice to weak states. Since the Guiding Principles merely seek to supplement ARSIWA, they fail to address key issues, including the shared responsibility of state and non-state actors, such as multinational corporations, for the violation of human rights and environmental norms and the application of SDT principles in determining shared responsibility.

‘Now, the question here is who to believe’: criminalising HIV nondisclosure, emotions and determinations of credibility in R. v. T.S.

This article examines how the judge, defence counsel and Crown prosecution in R. v. T.S. mobilised feeling and framing rules to assess the credibility of the complainants and accused. T.S. is a former Canadian Football League linebacker who was convicted of aggravated sexual assault for failing to disclose to two women that he is HIV positive. Our analysis of the trial transcripts reveals how T.S.’s failure to disclose his HIV-positive status and his lack of an overtly emotional courtroom display led to his construction as callous towards the health of his sexual partners and subsequently to his characterisation as noncredible. Alternatively, the complainants had to authentically re-perform their original emotional reactions to learning that T.S. was HIV positive while testifying in court in order to be deemed credible. This signals the retroactive aspect of emotions in the context of a trial. Using Ahmed’s notion of the ‘stickiness of emotion’, our second finding reveals that while the type and intensity of emotional courtroom displays structure interpretations of credibility in criminal trials, moral emotions such as indignation, fear and disgust stick to HIV. This implies a connection between perceptions of morality and credibility where people living with HIV/AIDS who fail to disclose are assessed as always-already unremorseful and noncredible thereby showcasing the continuity of HIV stigma. We show how determinations of credibility in HIV nondisclosure cases can problematically devalue the emotions that structure disclosure decision making in favour of prioritising the feelings of anger, shock, fear, frustration and disgust felt by complainants.

Necessity of Discretionary Powers: A Critical Appreciation as a Necessary Evil

With the evolution of the modern welfare state system, state functions have multiplied manifold that consequently necessitated delegation of wide-ranged discretionary powers in the hands of administrative authorities to address ever-growing complex issues with the help of framing rules and deciding matters accordingly, which otherwise came within the exclusive domain of legislative and judicial authorities. With qualitative research methodology, this research aimed to investigate how the idea of administration emerges and whether or not discretion is an unavoidable evil. The research at hand conceptualized administrative actions, various modes for conferring discretion, and explicated its pros and cons. This paper also examined how discretion is a need of modern administrative dispensation and how to control its potential exploitation.

Different paths for institutional theory: foundational dichotomies and theoretical framing

It is common for scholars to describe institutions as ‘rules of the game’. This description entails a separation between a society and its rules. Social change thus results as societies amend their framing rules. This article compares the common treatment of institutions as rules against an alternative treatment wherein societies and institutions are images of one another. If there were no rules governing interactions among some set of people, you would have a mass of people but that mass would not constitute what we recognise as society. This simple distinction between institutions as rules by which a society is governed and institutions as society itself creates divergent paths for institutional theory, which this article explores.

Different Paths for Institutional Theory: Foundational Dichotomies and Theoretical Framing

It is common for scholars to describe institutions as “rules of the game.” This description entails a separation between a society and its rules. Social change thus results as societies amend their framing rules. This paper explores that common treatment of institutions as rules with a treatment wherein societies and institutions as images of one another. If there were no rules governing interactions among some set of people, you would have a mass of people but that mass would not constitute what we recognize as society. This simple distinction between institutions as rules by which a society is governed and institutions as society itself creates divergent paths for institutional theory, which this paper explores.

The emotional journey of motherhood in migration. The case of Southern European mothers in Norway

Abstract Based on focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with Greek, Italian, and Spanish mothers living in Norway, this article contributes to an emerging body of literature on the role of emotions in migration by exploring migrant motherhood as an emotional journey. Drawing on the work of Arlie Hochschild on emotions and her theoretical concepts of framing rules, feeling rules, and emotion work, the article explores how migrant mothers reflect on their emotions when raising their children in the context of migration. Migrant mothers’ accounts illustrate the ambivalent and contradictory emotional experiences they have when they manage rules about how they should make sense of, and feel about their mothering in both host and origin countries. Emotions of guilt, blame, remorse, pride, satisfaction, confidence, and happiness shaped mothers’ experiences of motherhood and social interactions across countries. Through emotion work, migrant mothers managed interdependent emotions and related to different feeling rules establishing and maintaining relationships across places, and negotiating, in this way, their belonging to multiple contexts. Using an emotions-based sociological perspective, we look at motherhood as a field for studying the functions of emotions and their interactions in the context of migration.

Persons With a Migration Background Caring for a Family Member With Dementia: Challenges to Shared Care.

Background and ObjectivesBy shedding light on the reasons why persons with a migration background (PwM) may take up the role of family caregiver of a person with dementia, and how this relates to gender norms, we aim to elucidate cultural and social dynamics that impede care sharing.Research Design and MethodsA qualitative study of 12 PwM who provide care, or have recently provided care, for a family member with dementia was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Identified themes and patterns were analyzed with the help of Hochschild’s interpretive framework of framing and feeling rules.FindingsOur findings illuminate how motivations to provide care are framed through two moral framing rules, reciprocal love and filial responsibility, and how these framing rules are accompanied by the feeling rule of moral superiority over non-caregiving family members. We show how shared dementia care is impeded though these moral framing and feeling rules, and how gender norms impact on an unequal distribution of care-tasks.ImplicationsHealthcare practitioners should identify the moral dialectics of caregiving. This means that, on the one hand, they should be aware that moral framing rules may pressure women into exclusive caregiving, and that this can lead to health problems in the long term. On the other, healthcare practitioners should recognize that providing care can create a deep sense of pride and moral superiority. Therefore, showing acknowledgement of the caregiver contribution is a crucial step in creating trust between the caregiver and healthcare practitioner. Furthermore, asking for support should be normalized. Governmental advertisements on care–support can achieve this.

Religion as sensation. The analysis of religious mass media headlines in the daily newspaper “Lietuvos rytas”

Mass media discourse has a strong impact on the public opinion about various religious communities. Needless to say, mass media’s content is created with news framing rules in a space, where all mass media channels are competing for audience attention. Headlines often become one of the most important part of the article, which not only attract readers’ attention and present the content of the article, but also, with the help of various rhetorical strategies and emotional words, strengthen certain representations of various religious communities. The analysis of 1990 – 2015 Lithuanian daily newspaper “Lietuvos rytas” headlines demonstrates that the headlines are more expressive than neutral. The percentage of negative rhetoric headlines has increased proportionally since 1990. Various rhetorical strategies were found in the analysed headlines: metaphors, irony, critique, assumptions, hyperbolization, subjectivity, and modality. There were also inaccurate and misleading headlines. The results enable to disclose the rule of news selectivity – most of the foreign news had negative rhetoric headlines. Roman Catholic community has double-sided portrait: it is shown as a part of Lithuania’s society, which creates a sense of belonging and contributes to a various social issues; and as a community with clergy who justify human sins. The headlines portraying other traditional or non-traditional religions communities highlight strategies that symbolize fear, threat and otherness of these communities.

The great entity classification conundrum in G20 derivatives regulation

Derivatives market participants operate in a highly regulated and complex world. Around the globe, regulators are framing rules in areas that were once entirely unregulated. The roll-out of new regulations is progressing at differing paces in different jurisdictions and often in a piecemeal fashion. Market participants must keep track of legislative developments in their markets of interest and ensure continual compliance. Again and again, jurisdiction by jurisdiction, participants in the derivatives market find themselves grappling with the question, does this regulation apply to me? This paper looks at how G20 derivatives regulators in various jurisdictions classify market participants and at the breadth and potential extraterritorial reach of that classification. Examined in the following text are important questions for market participants to consider when assessing whether they fall within a regulator’s classification. The ultimate aim is to assess if they are brought within scope of the regulations and required to comply. Consideration is given to the differing approaches that some G20 regulators use to classify market participants in their home jurisdiction and their treatments of foreign branches of local entities and of local branches of foreign entities. Attention is also drawn to the indirect effect of some of these regulations. Also included is a look at the market initiatives that industry bodies have been developing to assist market participants in determining their own classifications and those of their counterparties. Finally, this paper touches on regulatory equivalence and how it may be available as a solution to achieving compliance with multiple regimes.

Regulating the Electoral Domain: The Election Commission of India

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is generally seen as a regulatory body with the power to enforce rules for the efficient conduct of elections. The ECI performs a range of overlapping functions, not all of which are regulatory. The ECI has been actively engaged in framing rules that constitute both the procedural and substantive aspects of electoral democracy in India. Following successive court decisions, Article 324 has become a ‘reservoir of powers’ giving the ECI scope for the exercise of residuary powers in a variety of situations. The ‘legal doctrine of electoral exceptionalism’ during election time has made itself manifest in the Model Code of Conduct. Innovations in ‘voter education and awareness’, which are often seen through the lens of electoral ‘management’ and the framework of ‘electoral integrity’, have become part of the deliberative content of election alongside the quest for ‘procedural certainty’ and ‘democratic outcomes’.

Efficient data cleaning algorithm using decision tree classification model approach and modified new unique user identification algorithm using hashing techniques with a new error factor

The study focuses on preprocessing techniques of web mining. Considering this scope, the study has proposed and implemented an efficient data cleaning and unique user identification algorithms. Previously proposed data cleaning algorithm is a generalized approach and lacked transparency. An appropriate model has to be used to implement the new data cleaning algorithm. Over analysis of various related studies and suggestions made by eminent experts, the study finalized decision tree classification model, and appropriate model to implement the new data cleaning algorithm. Simplicity, ease in framing rules and ability to fragment complex decisions to solve a problem motivated to choose decision tree classification model to implement new data cleaning algorithm. Apart from this the study has also modified the previously proposed hash function, used to locate existing web users in web log server. A new error factor is introduced to remove memory address discrepancy. The modified hashing function along with binary search techniques is used to design the new unique user identification algorithm. Various experiments analysis is done using web log servers of eminent universities and colleges from United Arab Emirates and India. Results obtained prove the improved and better performances of the new rule based data cleaning and modified unique user identification algorithms.

Changing Name Changing: Framing Rules and the Future of Marital Names

Introduction 763 I. The Nature of the Problem 767 A. The Trouble with Names 768 B. The Trouble with Marital Naming Choices 774 II. Current Social Defaults: Practices of Family Naming 785 A. What Spouses Do with Their Names 785 B. What Parents Do with Their Children’s Names 791 III. Social Alternatives: Crafting A Sustainable Egalitarian Convention ....793 A. Common Alternatives to the Mrs. His Name Convention .......794 B. A Promising Alternative: Biphenation 804 IV. Current Legal Defaults: State Procedures for Marital Names 809 A. Keeping: The Least Sticky Default (But Only for Women) .....812 B. The Process (Costs) for Various Marital Name Changes .........816

National Food Security Act, 2013: Challenges in Securing Right to Food for the People (Recommendations of the Seminar)

With 194 million people designated as food insecure, India has the world’s largest number of hungry people. Despite this inordinately high figure, the state till 2013 did not recognise the need for a law-based entitlement to food. It was in September 2013 that the National Food Security Act (NFSA) was enacted. Though a landmark legislation, and despite its life-cycle approach, the NFSA falls short of realising this objective due to lack of universalised coverage, non-inclusion of pulses and edible oils in the food basket, inadequate quantity of food grains provided in it and non-inclusion of entitlements of the homeless, destitute and disabled persons. With a change in the political regime and its overriding thrust on reducing fiscal deficit, there are apprehensions of entitlements and coverage getting reduced and food grains entitlement being replaced with cash transfer. Concerns exist about the inordinate delay in implementing the law as the tasks of framing rules and identifying beneficiaries, converting Integrated Child Development Scheme into a legal entitlement and redesigning Maternity Entitlement to incorporate universalisation and portability have not been accomplished. Taking into account these concerns, the Council for Social Development organised a national seminar to comprehensively discuss challenges faced by the NFSA in securing the Right to Food for millions of Indians who face food insecurity.

Working with Arlie Hochschild: connecting feelings to social change

Though Arlie Hochschild is a leading contemporary sociologist, her theoretical framework is hardly used outside her own field. The purpose of this article is to critique Hochschild’s theoretical framework in order to make it more broadly applicable. The main problem I identify is an analytical gap between her core microlevel concepts “feeling and framing rules” and macro-level phenomena such as “commercialization.” I propose the concept of “citizenship regimes” to bridge this gap. “Citizenship regimes” are located at the same (meso-) level as “ideologies”, the concept Hochschild uses. Ideologies, however, only concern ideas, while citizenship regimes include tangible practices and routines, laws and informal rules, and organizational and material arrangements. Citizenship regimes, like ideologies, change. But due largely to their material presence, earlier regimes linger on; individuals thus often live under the influence of several regimes, and the tensions between them explain the conflicts they experience among their feelings, feeling rules, and framing rules. The wider phenomenon of commercialization is thus experienced very differently, and can be traced back to the influence of competing citizenship regimes. The claim is illustrated through an empirical study of informal care in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.