Frame Material Research Articles

PERANCANGAN RANGKA PADA ALAT PENYIMPANAN BARANG

Currently the development of universities in Indonesia is very fast both in quality and infrastructure. To help increase the security of important items being carried, goods storage devices are needed. Storage tools are designed to help put things in so that they are comfortable and not afraid of loss. The design of the frame on the goods storage device by calculating the strength of the welded joint on the frame. The storage frame for the goods is designed in three levels with a size of 162 cm (length), 56 cm (width), and 168 cm (height). By using NDT analysis and the frame material used is rectangular perforated iron with a size of 30 x 30 x 1 mm. All loads on the frame including the cover plate of the frame are assumed to be 100 kg. Then the theoretical calculation is obtained the weld strength is 0,047N/. The calculation result is still below the safety figure.

SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF A TWO WHEELER SUSPENSION WITH DIFFERENT CROSS SECTIONS

The two-wheeler chassis consists of the frame, suspension, wheels and brakes. The chassis is what truly sets the overall style of the two-wheeler. Automotive chassis is the main carriage systems of a vehicle. The frame serves as a skeleton upon which parts like gearbox and engine are mounted. It can be made of steel, aluminum or an alloy. It keeps the wheels in line to maintain the handling of the two-wheeler.The frame of a motor vehicle supports all the drive assemblies, i.e. the engine, gearbox and axles (front and rear). In addition the suspension and steering systems and the shock absorbers are attached to it. The appropriate body is fixed to the chassis. It is essential that the frame should not buckle on uneven road surfaces and that any distortions which may occur should not be transmitted to the body. The frame must therefore be torsion−resistant. The frame of a motor vehicle is the load bearing part of the chassis which supports all forces (wheel forces) and weights. It should be as rigid as possible.The main aim of the project is to model a frame of a two wheeler using 3D modeling software Pro/Engineer. Two models of suspension are designed for pipe type and rectangular cross sections.Considering the frame as a beam, calculations are done to determine the displacement and stress by applying loads.To validate the strength of two models, Structural analysis is done by applying the wheel forces. In this analysis ultimate stress limit for the model is determined. Analysis is done for frame using two materials steel and aluminum to verify the best material for frame. Modal analysis is also done to determine natural frequencies of suspension frame. Analysis is done in ANSYS software.Comparison is done mathematically and by FEA analysis. And also we can validate the better cross section and material for suspension frame.

Embodied impacts of window systems: A comparative assessment of framing and glazing alternatives

The embodied impacts of window materials can be considered as hidden impacts. However, as buildings have become more energy efficient, the impacts of the windows are recognized as being increasingly significant and have not been thoroughly analyzed. Thus, comprehensive analysis should be performed to inform the wise selection of energy-efficient windows with lower embodied impacts. This article proposes an approach based on embodied impact assessment and Pareto optimal frontier to support environmentally friendly design of windows. A comprehensive assessment of the embodied environmental impacts of a standard size window was implemented for 32 alternative systems, considering four framing materials (aluminum, fiberglass, polyvinyl chloride, wood) and eight glazing solutions (for single-, double, tripled-glazed). Environmental impacts were calculated for non-renewable primary energy, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone layer depletion. Pareto optimal frontiers were identified, showing the trade-offs between environmental impacts and thermal transmittance (U-value). The components of the two main parts of a window (frame and glass) have been characterized to identify those that contribute most to the total embodied impacts. The results show that tempered or laminated glass and the glass coating (low-E film) increase the embodied impacts of glazing solutions. Of the framing materials, wood has the lowest embodied impacts in all categories, while aluminum has the highest impacts for the double and triple-glazed solutions. The breakdown of the embodied impacts of aluminum-framed window systems shows that the frame has higher impacts than the glazing, as it accounts for 60–80% of total embodied impacts. In the windows with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and fiberglass frames, the frame is responsible for most of the embodied impacts for single-glazed windows (58–86%) and almost the same proportion for double-glazed windows (46–54%), but lower for triple-glazed (22–40%). The contribution of a wood frame (<30%) is much less significant. Pareto optimal frontiers are identified for the window systems and the non-dominated solutions are discussed for the various environmental impact categories.

Synthesis of Magnetic Metal-Organic Frame Material and Its Application in Food Sample Preparation.

A variety of contaminants in food is an important aspect affecting food safety. Due to the presence of its trace amounts and the complexity of food matrix, it is very difficult to effectively separate and accurately detect them. The magnetic metal-organic framework (MMOF) composites with different structures and functions provide a new choice for the purification of food matrix and enrichment of trace targets, thus providing a new direction for the development of new technologies in food safety detection with high sensitivity and efficiency. The MOF materials composed of inorganic subunits and organic ligands have the advantages of regular pore structure, large specific surface area and good stability, which have been thoroughly studied in the pretreatment of complex food samples. MMOF materials combined different MOF materials with various magnetic nanoparticles, adding magnetic characteristics to the advantages of MOF materials, which are in terms of material selectivity, biocompatibility, easy operation and repeatability. Combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) technique, MMOF materials have been widely used in the food pretreatment. This article introduced the new preparation strategies of different MMOF materials, systematically summarizes their applications as SPE adsorbents in the pretreatment of food contaminants and analyzes and prospects their future application prospects and development directions.

Experimental Study on Flight Time and Frame Toughness of Quadcopter Based on Waste Polystyrene Paper

Application of natural composite materials for aerial fields has been widely developed. One of the uses of natural composite materials for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) frame. In this study, waste polystyrene paper, bagasse powder and eggsheel powder was used for material of UAV frame. Type of UAV was made in this study is quadcopter. Addition of volume fraction of waste polystyene paper to 65 % in green composite material. The aims this study was determine the flight time and toughness frame of quadcopter based on waste materials. This study showed that there was increase of quadcopter flight time with the addition of waste polystyrene paper in composites up 65% by volume fraction. Addition of waste polystyrene paper in composites up 65% by volume fraction, the results showed that the toughness frame of quadcopter was decreased. Photomacro was used to show the stucture and porosity of frame quadcopter based on natural composite material.

Long Cycle Life TiC Anode Fabricated via High-Energy Ball Mill for Li-Ion Battery

Nano-TiC and nano-WC anodes for Li-ion battery were manufactured by high-energy ball milling. Pure titanium powder and toluene are mixed with a high-energy ball mill to prepare TiC powder. The powder is calcined at 750°C/1 h and secondary ball milled to make a negative electrode for lithium-ion battery. The phase composition and micromorphology of TiC powder are analyzed and observed, and the charge-discharge cycle performance of TiC anode material is tested. The results show that there are TiH2 and WC impurities in the product after primary ball milling. After calcination and secondary ball milling, TiH2 impurities are removed and the TiC grain size is refined, and TiC powder is obtained with a grain size of 12.5 nm. The specific discharge capacity of the TiC anode is stable during the long cycle discharge. When the current density is 1 A/g, the specific discharge capacity can still be maintained at 110 mAh/g after 3000 cycles. The results show that TiC anode materials have excellent long-cycle performance and could be used as the frame material of Si anode materials. Nano-WC powders are prepared by a ball milling method to investigate the effect of WC impurities on the performance of TiC lithium batteries. The charge and discharge capacity at 0.5 A/g current density is similar to that of TiC anode. After 2000 cycles, the discharge-specific capacity is about 100 mA/g, which is slightly lower than TiC, and the final capacity is maintained at 230 mA/g, but its low discharge capacity affects the performance of the TiC battery after a long ball milling. The results show that the performance of the TiC anode after the first 50 h of ball milling is poor. The main reason is the agglomeration of TiC nanoparticles.

Recent progresses on paper‐based triboelectric nanogenerator for portable self‐powered sensing systems

AbstractIn recent years, as a new type of mechanical energy conversion technology, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction has shown distinct advantages in the field of distributed micro/nano power sources, high‐precision sensing, and portable high‐voltage sources. Typically, the main functional components of TENG include a tribo‐layer and the conductive layer, both of which need to be attached on the substrate material serving as support framework thus form a usable device. According to the property of different substrate materials, TENG can achieve various characteristics to meet different practical demands. Among plenty of materials, paper, a commend commodity in daily life, with the characters of cost effectiveness, flexibility, lightweight, integratability, and biocompatibility is considered as a promising substrate or frame material to form super‐portable TENG for self‐powered electronic devices. However, the rough and porous structure increases the risk of breaking conductive layer prepared by directly depositing metal film during continuously periodical deformation. Herein, focusing on paper‐based triboelectric nanogenerator, this article summarizes the preparation methods of paper‐based durable conductive layer. Then, the recent researches of paper‐based TENGs are systematically introduced from the aspects of mechanical energy harvesting, micro‐nano energy devices, self‐powered sensors and systems, and so on. Finally, future opportunities and the remaining challenges are expected and discussed.image

AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS WITH LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT, BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE FOR WINDOW MATERIALS: ASSIUT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CLINIC AS A CASE STUDY

The main goal of this study is to undertake the three methods of life cycle assessment (LCA), the environmental performance (EP), and the building information modeling (BIM) to determine the environmental performance and impacts of two window frame materials: aluminum and wood. This study has been carried out in a proposed project at the Assiut University campus. The LCA has been conducted by assessing materials and processes involved in manufacturing the two window frame types using the SimaPro. The LCA scope of this research covers from cradle to the gate with a designated system boundary. The network flow has been drawn to produce one kilogram of aluminum and wood; the quantities data were gathered from the BIM (using Autodesk Revit). Selecting the database is carefully picked from the Ecoinvent dataset to be closer to Egypt's manufacturing processes. Afterwards, the IMPACT 2002+ with midpoint and endpoint calculations has been used. Finally, the LCA results have been compared with the EP results (using DesignBuilder) to determine the best choice between the two materials. The integration analysis shows that the aluminum industry has higher negative environmental impacts and environmental performance than the wood industry. The total midpoint results of the two materials are found to be 29.6 for aluminum, and 7.57 the wood. Turning to the endpoint results, human health and resource depletion impacts are the most significant results. The human health scored the highest value, with 13.9 for aluminum and 3.51 for wood. A novel framework for integrating LCA, BIM, and EP for a proposed building during the early phases of a project has been conducted in this study. The presented study can be used as a model for integrating comparative analysis on other proposed projects as the LCA applications in Egypt are scarce due to the absence of a reliable database. This study has introduced a value applying an approach to select the appropriate life cycle inventory database from the Ecoinvent dataset. The research findings contribute to choosing the most suitable window frame materials with the most energy-efficient effect and the least environmental burden. Moreover, it can help the concerned legislative bodies and the decision-makers.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effect of Heel Plate Length and Thickness on the Structural Integrity of Cold-formed Steel Roof Trusses

Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) is widely used as secondary framing material. Nowadays, the research of CFS as a primary steel roof truss system became more favoured. Therefore, it is very important to understand the behaviour of CFS roof trusses due to the uncertainty of the configuration of CFS roof trusses can affect its structural integrity. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of heel plate length and thickness to the ultimate load capacity of CFS roof truss system. Nine different lengths and thicknesses of heel plate specimens were fabricated and subjected to concentrated loads until failure. The highest ultimate capacity for the experiment was 28 kN. Local buckling of top chords adjacent to the heel plate was the primary failure mode for all the heel plate. The results showed that the increment of the length and thickness of the heel plate had slightly increased the ultimate capacity, but decrease the deflection. The behaviour of the numerical results showed a good agreement with the experimental results. Numerical load capacity was higher than experimental load by an average ratio of 1.12. The behaviour of the bottom chord for both results was different after the load reached 20 kN.

MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA MELALUI MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL DI KELAS IV SDN MANGGARAI 09 PAGI JAKARTA SELATAN

The purpose of this classroom action research is to improve the science learning outcomes of human body skeleton material through audio-visual media in grade IV SDN Manggarai 09 South Jakarta. This study uses a cycle model from Stephen Kemmis and MC. Taggart. The research was carried out through the stages of recording, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. The results obtained from this study were an increase in science learning outcomes in grade IV SDN Manggarai 09 South Jakarta. In the first cycle the student learning outcomes were 65%. In cycle II, 75% of student learning outcomes have achieved the desired results. The implication of the results of this study is that using audio-visual media can be used as a means to improve science learning outcomes of human body frame material for grade IV elementary schools.

Effects of glass fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties of composite frame materials

Conventional metal materials are used in every field in industrial applications, but for contemporary requirements such as high vibration dampening, metal materials are unfortunately, not sufficient. However, the importance of composite materials in the industry increase because of requirements such as energy demand, environmental factors and carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint. On the other hand, vibration is one of the most important problems aimed to be solved in machine tools. The tool life, efficiency and tolerance ranges of the workpieces are directly affected by vibration. In this study is aim to development of composite materials used in machine tools that have high vibration-damping capability than existing materials. The developed composite materials should have some properties such as easy molding and low molding cost. The effects of fiberglass cloth added to the composite structure as an admixture to reduce the rigidity and increase the durability, tensile strength, natural frequency and vibration-damping capability of the composite material were examined through an experimental method. The experimental results of with and without reinforced specimens were compared. In consideration of quantitative data, high vibration-dampening capability and a high-strength composite structure have been developed for industrial applications.

Structural Simulation and Strength Analysis for Trailer Bogie Frame of High-Speed Train Based on CATIA and ANSYS Workbench

Background: As a key component of the rail transit vehicle, the railway bogie greatly affects the dynamic performance, reliability, and safety of the high-speed rail vehicle. In this paper, the structural strength of a typical trailer bogie frame is evaluated and its strength and dynamic requirements are verified. In addition, various patents on bogie structural strength have also been discussed in this paper. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate and verify the rationality of the bogie frame structure design with static strength and dynamic characteristics. Methods: A three-dimensional model of the trailer bogie frame was built by CATIA V5, and then, a finite element model of the frame was analyzed by ANSYS Workbench. Bogie frame loads, static strengths and dynamic characteristics of the frame under different conditions (straight, curve, braking and abnormal) were calculated based on its strength and design standards. Results: According to the requirement stress and dynamics standard, the maximum stress of the bogie frame was observed to be in the allowable stress value of the frame material, and the dynamic performance of the bogie model meets the design standards. Conclusion: The structural strength of the proposed bogie frame is reasonable, and the static strength and dynamic characteristics of the proposed bogie model are in accordance with the design requirements of the railway vehicle.

Pengaruh Clamping Frame Kayu Meranti dan ASTM A36 pada Friction Spot Joining AL 1100 dan PVC

In this paper, the effect of welding parameters on the shear strength of Al-PVC hybrid structures was discussed. This Research developed welding parameters in the form of Plunge Depth, heating time, and clamping frame materials. By these different parameters would result in different shear strength of welded materials. Following optimization of the process, a detailed comparison of the properties and microstructures of two different materials (meranti wood and ASTM A36 Steel) would affect to different values of thermal conductivity. The Aluminum used was Al 1100, which was welded by using a friction stir spot welding method with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). In this study, by the different heating times, the shear test was carried out with the ASTM D3163 standard. In this study, it was found that the maximum temperature of Aluminum occurs during the 2 nd second of the welding process and then decreased in the 5 th second until 60 th second. However, the optimum shear strength found at 20 th second. Following heat transfer and degradation materials, the 2mm plunge depth has a higher temperature and higher shear strength than 1,5mm plunge depth. Differences in the response of the two depth were attributed to the difference in mechanical interlocking. This study found that the ASTM A36 clamping frame maximum shear load of 182.4 N is higher than meranti wood frame of 125.5 N. Differences in these value are attributed to the differences of the thermal conductivity, which meranti wood had a lower thermal conductivity than ASTM A36. These have findings significant implications for the commercial application of welding hybrid structures. The best way to take advantage of the benefit of AL-PVC Structure Hybrid for friction stir spot welding would appear to be 20 second heating time, 2mm plunge depth with ASTM clamping frame.

Experimental assessment of thermal break strips performance in load-bearing and non-load-bearing LSF walls

A reliable evaluation of thermal behaviour and energy efficiency of buildings depends on the accurate thermal characterization of the envelope components. One of the most reliable methodologies to perform this thermal characterization is the measurements under laboratory-controlled conditions. The thermal performance assessment of lightweight steel-framed (LSF) building components exhibits particular additional challenges related to the strong thermal conductivity contrast between cavity insulation and steel frame materials, which may originate unwanted significant thermal bridge effects. The use of thermal break (TB) strips is one of the most currently used thermal bridge mitigation strategies. It was not found in the literature any experimental campaign for TB strips thermal performance evaluation in LSF elements. In this paper the thermal performance of twenty load-bearing (LB) and non-load-bearing (NLB) LSF walls configurations are measured, using the heat flow meter (HFM) method under controlled laboratory conditions. Three thermal break (TB) strip materials and three TB strip locations in the steel stud flanges are assessed. It was found that the inner and outer TB strips show very similar thermal performances, while double TB strips have a relative significant thermal performance increase. Aerogel was the best performance TB material, exhibiting a substantial improvement relatively to recycled rubber and cork/rubber composite TB strips. Furthermore, the TB strips performance was identical for the evaluated structural (LB) and non-structural (NLB) LSF walls.

Multi-objective Collaborative Optimization for the Lightweight Design of an Electric Bus Body Frame

To analyze the rollover safety, finite element models were established for the electric bus body frame, rollover simulation platform, living space, and bus rollover. The strength and stiffness of the body frame were calculated under four typical working conditions considering the main low-order elastic modal characteristics. The results indicate that the initial body frame of the electric bus satisfies the required structural strength, stiffness, modes, and rollover safety, and it has great potential for lightweight design. Sensitivity and structural contribution analyses were performed to determine the design variables for lightweight optimization of the body frame, and a mathematical model was established for multi-objective collaborative optimization design of the electric bus. Then, the radial basis function neural network was used to approximate the optimization model. Besides, the accuracy of the approximate model was verified, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II was employed to determine solutions for the lightweight optimization. Compared with the initial model, the mass of the optimized model is reduced by 240 kg (9.0%) without any changes in the materials of the body frame.

Life cycle energy analysis of a glazed commercial building using building information modelling (BIM) tools

Buildings play a major role in increasing energy consumption and bulk atmospheric emissions. Energy analysis must be taken into consideration because of increased global warming. In the present scenario, Glazed walls with gas infills are preferred for their aesthetic appearance by AEC designers (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) in commercial buildings. The environmental impact must be considered in the selection of glazing panels and framing materials of a building. In this work, a fully glazed commercial building (FGCB) is chosen and modelled using Autodesk-Revit (BIM software) and then simulated using Green Building Studio Software. The life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) results are compared to come out with energy-efficient and cost-effective material. The optimized energy usage of Double low-E glazing and Double reverse glazing with glass infill were compared with the existing single clear glass for their performance over its entire life cycle based on both energy usage, cost, and greenhouse gas emission by analysing its embodied and operating energy.

Study of Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fiber Composites for Electric Bicycle Frames

Electric bicycles are one of the two-wheeled transportation that has been widely used. The structure of the bicycle is generally composed of several components, one of which is the frame. The frame serves to support the load on the bicycle. At present, many changes in design, geometry and bicycle-forming materials have been carried out. In general, bicycle frames are made of metal and alloy because they have good strength to support the load of the driver. Lately, the use of composites has begun to develop as a bicycle frame material, because the frame of the bicycle has become lighter but still has the strength to support the load. This paper presents a study of the structure of electric bicycles using composite material based on epoxy matrices with rami fiber reinforcement. This study used an experimental and simulation method by designing composite laminates with A(90o/90o/90o), B(90o/45o/90o), and C(45o/45o/45o) fiber webbing layout and then carried out free compressive strength (UCS), optical microscopy and simulation using ANSYS 19.0 software. The results obtained are composite laminate design with a woven fiber layout (45o/45o/45o) having the highest strength value with a compressive stress value σ=58.64 MPa in the axial compressive plane, and σ=1.539 MPa in the tangential compressive plane. Likewise, the simulation results also obtained the highest strength in the webbing design (45o/45o/45o) which is equal σs=58.72 MPa in the axial compressive plane and σs=1.531 MPa in the tangential compressive plane.

Analysis on Physical Deformation and Subjective Discomfort of Spectacle Lens

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of distortion, curve change, and dizziness by classifying variables according to the spectacle frame and lenses for those who feel uncomfortable when wearing new glasses without change in other variables of the spectacle frame and lens power. Methods : For 206 eyes of 103 people(55 men and 48 women) who have no changes in lens power and the variables of the glasses and no ophthalmic diseases and other diseases, the spectacle frame (material, shape, processing method) and spectacle lens(refractive index, design method, coating type) were analyzed the variables and the effect of those variables on the degree of distortion, curve change, and dizziness of the lens was measured. Results : In the classification by lens, it was shown that there was a difference in the degree of distortion, curve change, and dizziness in the refractive index and coating method. It was also shown that there is a difference in distortion degree, curve change, and dizziness in material, shape, and processing method in classification according to the frame. As a result of the correlation analysis of the degree of distortion, curve change, and dizziness, the correlation analysis shown that the more severe the distortion of the glasses, the greater the curve change. It was confirmed that the degree of dizziness increased as the curve change of the glasses increased. Conclusion : As a result of this study, differences in distortion degree, curve change, and dizziness appeared according to the frames and lenses used. Therefore, it is necessary to select the frame and the lens and process accordingly.

Pengaruh Beban terhadap Prediksi Umur Fatik Rangka Meja Kerja Balai LAPAN Garut Menggunakan Ansys Workbench

The study examines the effect of the load on fatigue life prediction of a workbench frame using the finite element method. The design of the workbench frame uses Autodesk Inventor Professional 2017, while finite element analysis uses Ansys Workbench. The workbench frame is subjected to loads 150, 175, 200, and 225 kg with a fully-reserved type of loading. Fatigue life prediction using Gerber's mean stress theory. The material of the workbench frame using Aluminum alloy 6061. The simulation results show that the workbench frame has a minimum fatigue life for loads of 150, 175, 200, and 225 kg, respectively 1 x 108, 6.61 x 107, 1.69 x 107, and 4.09 x 106 cycles. Whereas the minimum safety factor for fatigue life is 150, 175, 200, and 225 kg, respectively 1.395; 1,196; 1,046; and 0.930. It shows the workbench frame can withstand the fatigue life to a minimum of 107 cycles for a load of 150, 175, and 200 kg because it has a safety factor of more than 1. While for the 225 kg load, the workbench frame fails to reach a minimum age of 107 cycles due to fatigue life prediction is only 4.09 x 106 cycles with a safety factor of less than 1, which is 0.930.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSING SEQUENCE ON AIRFRAME STRUCTURES MACHING DEFORMATION

In order to reveal the influence of different processing procedures on the machining deformation of the whole structure of aviation frame type, a prediction model for the deformation of frame type integral structure caused by initial residual stress was established based on finite element. According to the deformation law of frame parts caused by initial stress of blank, the deformation of whole structure parts based on aviation frame is minimized. The influence of processing process on deformation of frame structure is studied. The results show that when removing the frame material, the deformation of the workpiece can be slowed down by first removing the area with large deformation and relatively concentrated material. And symmetrical removal of the frame material can also slow the deformation of the workpiece.