Stakeholder Framework Research Articles

Influence of stakeholders and sources when implementing business sustainability practices

The objective of this paper is to assess the role of stakeholders and sources that are present in organisations, as well as their marketplace, business networks and society at large, in situations where organisations implement sustainable business practices. A questionnaire was developed, based upon qualitative research conducted and amongst executives of Norwegian organisations who have implemented business sustainability practices. A total of 110 useable responses was collected. The results indicate that the majority of organisations have implemented comprehensive sustainable business practices to a large extent. The study also indicates consistency, as well as differences across stakeholders, namely that economic, social and environmental aspects are taken into consideration in organisational efforts at sustainable business practices. The work furthermore provides empirical substantiation of a two-dimensional framework of sources in business networks and a five-dimensional framework of stakeholders in the marketplace and society.

Stakeholding as sorting of actors into categories: implications for civil society participation in the CDM

Following a deliberative shift towards public–private partnership networks in global environmental governance, the multi-stakeholder framework is increasingly advocated for engaging multiple actors in collective decision-making. As this arrangement relies on proper participatory conditions in order to include all relevant stakeholders, input legitimacy is crucial to achieving legitimate outcomes. However, ‘stakeholding’ implies that actors—recast into a specific institutional context—are sorted into new formal or informal categories. This paper scrutinizes the clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol to interrogate the problematic issue of ‘stakeholding’—i.e. the ‘sorting’ of actors—in enacting the multi-stakeholder framework. Based on an analysis of 25 CDM projects that provides insight into the widest range of participation opportunities for civil society regarding specific projects, this paper considers how certain institutional context of the Mechanism’s stakeholder framework affects the involvement of civil society actors and the implications of this for balanced and fair input legitimacy. The findings suggest that, in practice, the informal corporate-induced sorting of actors into internal and external stakeholders keeps civil society actors outside the CDM’s inner circle, forcing them to voice their concerns regarding specific projects via CDM insiders or through irregular channels. Furthermore, the absence of a clear definition of stakeholder in local consultations results in the inclusion of unsorted actors, destabilizing the distribution of participation opportunities. The paper concludes that recasting the deliberative principles of openness and plurality into the CDM’s corporate-inspired stakeholding creates a specific institutional context that imposes more than one set of perhaps incompatible stakeholder categories while impairing input legitimacy.

Simulative governance: on the collaborative narrative of civil society participation in the CDM stakeholder framework

ABSTRACTThe Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is often cited as an exemplar of new, hybrid forms of global environmental governance operating at the public–private interface. Practically, enacting this arrangement involves a wide range of non-state actors. This broad involvement is here assumed to mark a shift towards more polycentric and networked modes of governance in which agents collaborate as ‘stakeholders’ in the process of consensual rule-setting and implementation. Using post-political critique, the depoliticising effects of the stakeholder framework on civil society actors are interrogated, using formal and informal participation opportunities to raise concerns regarding specific CDM projects. The analysis suggests that the CDM’s collaborative narrative of stakeholding structurally fails to stimulate public (re)engagement and is, instead, a prime example of simulative governance that struggles to achieve the simultaneity of two incompatibilities: the participatory revolution and the post-political turn.

Biomarker Qualification: Toward a Multiple Stakeholder Framework for Biomarker Development, Regulatory Acceptance, and Utilization.

The discovery, development, and use of biomarkers for a variety of drug development purposes are areas of tremendous interest and need. Biomarkers can become accepted for use through submission of biomarker data during the drug approval process. Another emerging pathway for acceptance of biomarkers is via the biomarker qualification program developed by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER, US Food and Drug Administration). Evidentiary standards are needed to develop and evaluate various types of biomarkers for their intended use and multiple stakeholders, including academia, industry, government, and consortia must work together to help develop this evidence. The article describes various types of biomarkers that can be useful in drug development and evidentiary considerations that are important for qualification. A path forward for coordinating efforts to identify and explore needed biomarkers is proposed for consideration.

Improving Infant and Young Child Feeding in Ethiopia through Community Based Grain Banks Using Local Foods

BackgroundInadequate infant and young child feeding practices contribute to the concerning malnutrition situation in Ethiopia. To improve availability, accessibility and quality of complementary foods, development partners in Ethiopia supported women's groups to produce complementary food by processing local grains and legumes at community grain banks. Flour was sold in the semi‐urban communities and a subsidized barter system was created in the rural areas. 
ObjectiveTo assess the acceptability, perceived impact, feasibility and sustainability for local grain bank interventions to improve infant and young child nutrition, in four regions of Ethiopia. 
MethodsA total of 51 key informant interviews and 33 focus group discussions (n=237) were conducted based on a purposive sampling framework of project stakeholders. 
ResultsThe grain bank flour was valued for its quality and diverse locally grown ingredients. Mothers were motivated to give the flour because of perceived benefits to their child's health; while the community grain bank was credited as labor saving for women. The grain bank flour offered improved dietary diversity; however, further micronutrient interventions including dietary modification or fortification are needed to improve diet adequacy. The greatest risks to sustainability were dependence on external resources to subsidize the barter model and reliance on volunteer work from women's groups in the rural context. 
ConclusionsIntegrated agricultural and health interventions leveraging local crops can appeal to diverse stakeholders and may offer an acceptable approach to improving infant and young child feeding.Funding: UNICEF & Micronutrient Initiative

Stakeholder engagement in climate change policymaking in American cities

In all likelihood, climate change will be the most challenging environmental problem that society will face in the new century. Despite growing scientific evidence that climate change is taking place, skepticism still exists about whether it is actually occurring and, if it is, whether increased greenhouse gas emissions will have a significant adverse impact on the ecosystem. Unless divergent actor groups are able to establish a dialogue on these issues, meaningful discussions about the causes and effects of climate change will not take place, government action will not be forthcoming, and additional harm to the ecosystem will occur. This, in turn, will place an impediment in front of public and private efforts to promote sustainability, making it even that much more difficult to reverse course and adopt needed changes to energy production and consumption in the future. This paper contributes to the emerging scholarly discussion around the dimensions of climate change communication by conducting a stakeholder-focused analysis concerning climate change at the local level. The paper draws upon a theoretical framework developed by Sabatier et al. (2005) to analyze stakeholder involvement in collaborative watershed management, and applies the framework to climate change policymaking in American cities. A major goal of the study is to assess the value of this framework for analyzing the nature and extent of interactions between the major players involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation at the local level. Developing an effective stakeholder framework can help us to understand the multifaceted stakeholder dynamics around climate change communication at the municipal level and can be a critical contribution to theory and, subsequently, to policymaking by helping decision makers become aware and knowledgeable about their constraints and opportunities in addressing climate change within the urban context. Overall, research on climate change policymaking by cities is underdeveloped, and this paper adds to this literature.

Towards an interpretive measurement framework to assess the levels of integrated and integrative thinking within organisations

This research study is located within the context of corporate reporting and is relevant for the agenda of sustainability and sustainable development. The specific context for this study is the South African mining industry, within which three units in the form of three companies, were chosen to provide a coherent case for this study. The sample for the analysis is based on the integrated reports of these companies for the years 2012 and 2013. This gives this research a total sample size of six reports. Based on the research findings an initial interpretive measurement framework to assess the levels of capital integration has been theorised which enables the various stakeholders of an organisation to assess the integrated and integrative thinking capabilities. The level of integration is represented as a maturity scale on which integrated thinking is associated with the lower levels, while integrative thinking is attributed to higher levels of maturity. In the elaborated framework, integrated thinking is perceived as being a prerequisite for integrative thinking. The practical implication of this study is that it provides a potential measurement framework for various organisational stakeholders, including investors, to assess the thinking capabilities that are more likely to lead to long term financial stability and sustainability. The value of this research study is that it provides an initial step towards measuring the level of integrated and integrative thinking capabilities within organisations where no such measurement framework currently exists. The limitations and implications of this research study are that the interpretive measurement framework represents merely an initial step and an ongoing working hypothesis which requires further research to develop its maturity and usefulness.

Conflict in Kosovo through the Conceptual Framework of Stakeholders

ВведениеИсследование вооруженного конфликта должно охватывать изучение роли и статуса его участников путем представления их интересов, целей, поведения и отношений. В этой работе мы в качестве исследуемого объекта выбрали сербско-албанский конфликт в Косо

Conflict in Kosovo through the Conceptual Framework of Stakeholders

IntroductionResearch into armed conflict should encompass the examination of the role and status of the participants by presenting their interests, goals, behaviors, and relationships. In this paper, we have chosen the Serbian-Albanian conflict in Kosovo as a case study. Although hostilities ceased in 1999, the conflict remains ongoing politically, and is largely unresolved.1 This conflict has proven to be one of the most enduring in contemporary Europe. The crux of the conflict has been a dispute over the political status of Kosovo. Owing to its rich history and past cultural experiences, Kosovo's territory has deep symbolic and mythological dimensions within the minds of both the Serbs and the Albanians. The conflict is embodied by the diverse natures of the participating stakeholders and the complexity of their interactions. These factors were manifested violently during the civil war from 1998 to 1999 that featured the horrors of ethnic cleansing, a crime against humanity. The war ended with the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in June of 1999. However, its full resolution remains incomplete.This article touches on the ethical and historical roots of the conflict. Most importantly, it attempts to illuminate the problem from the perspective of the interest groups that existed prior to and during the engagement in the conflict. The situational problematic includes the framework provided by the stakeholders that was used in strategic analysis. This analysis covers the period of the civil war, tracing the operations of a contractual system capable of building a future state with various stakeholders who have invested in realizing a fully functional statehood (the concept stakeholder, shareholders). Stakeholders are frequently organizations and groups residing within the analyzed entity (Kosovo as the state) that are further dependent on the decisions affecting, or potentially affecting, the state's direction and navigational decision-making (see Figures 1 and 2). These entities directly or indirectly benefit or incur costs that are intimately associated to the state's functioning. It is important to note that the interests of different stakeholders can be contradictory. These contradictions tend to breed differing levels of conflict and are linked to the conflict's resolution.It appears that the main actors must consider the specific needs and pressing force of establishing a critical hierarchy of importance in negotiations. Each of the interest groups or shareholders has their own authority, vulnerabilities, as well as vested interests. Also, each shareholder must reflect on the specific pressures prior to any major decision-making. Subject to analysis in this case are the authorities of Kosovo. This article thus presents the possibility of carrying out this kind of research with the Kosovo conflict as the case study, focusing on internal and external stakeholders.Participation of the Main Stakeholders in the Kosovo ConflictThe background of the conflict between the Albanians and the Serbs is primarily ethnic. Other aspects of life and lived experience are shared, such as history, religion, culture, and language. The Serbs consider Kosovo to be the cradle of their statehood, belonging to territory that they gained in the Middle Ages; in this area was the capital of the medieval state. Furthermore, the seat of the Orthodox Church was in Pec. The church served as the cultural center of statehood, as well as a source of national identity for the Serbs. The presence of numerous monasteries provided the Kosovo Serbs with what was www.euronews.com/2014/02/13/the-road-to-recognition-pm-thaci-on-statehood-corruptionand-kosovo-s-european-/ called a Serbian Jerusalem. For the Albanians, Kosovo has also been the cradle of both the state and the nation. In this line of thought, the Albanians robustly identify themselves with the Illyrians. This tribal population inhabited Kosovo during the second century B. …

Corporate Social Responsibility: The Link Between Sustainability Disclosure and Sustainability Performance

This paper explores the relation between sustainability performance and sustainability disclosure within the Australian extractive industries. The study utilizes Ullmann's (1985) stakeholder framework, which depicts sustainability disclosure and performance as two components of management strategy for dealing with stakeholder demands. Consistent with this framework, we predict a positive performance–disclosure relation. Extending prior research that has utilized problematic environmental performance indices such as CEP indices or toxic emissions levels, we develop a sustainability performance index based on the International Finance Corporation's Measuring Sustainability Framework (2001). Using data from 339 mining and energy firms listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in 2006, we find that corporate sustainability performance is strongly associated with disclosure as expected. Sustainability disclosure is also greater for firms with a proactive communication strategy as manifested through press release activity. Finally, asset age and firm size are both positively associated with sustainability, consistent with predictions from the stakeholder framework.

Paradoxes of establishing mass rapid transit systems in african cities – A case of Dar es Salaam Rapid Transit (DART) system, Tanzania

African cities are growing rapidly both demographically and physically. It is estimated by 2050 the population of African cities will triple from 410 million in 2010 to 1.23 billion. The ensuing travel demand is expected to aggravate chaos in transport systems for almost all major African cities. This paper analyses the emerging paradoxes in the BRT system in Dar as Salaam city where the provision of an organized, affordable and cost-effective public transport system has been eagerly awaited by city residents. However, the Dar Rapid Transit (DART) system, recently established, has astonishingly witnessed opposition from some of the city residents. Findings reveal that the underlying reasons for this paradoxical situation include absence of a current land use plan, ineffective land use control and little adherence to the legal provision for property compensation and resettlement. Lack of common understanding between the government and the affected people, deters the implementation of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in the city. A well organised and inclusive framework of stakeholders and a well structured information dissemination system are the pillars on which successful MRT system can be built. Compensation payment to affected people, at market price, cannot be avoided in MRT development.

Scaffolding: Using Social Impact Assessment to Map Framework for Construction Stakeholders’ Engagement

Strategy to construction stakeholders’ engagement in Nigeria is anchored on environmental impact assessment (EIA) law. While EIA is conducted only in large projects, every project continues to witness one form of opposition or another from the community stakeholders. This study examined social impact assessment’s (SIA) procedures as a scaffold to mapping framework for construction stakeholders’ engagement. The objectives were to examine problems associated with the implementation of EIA which hitherto ought to address the social risk triggers in project delivery and to develop a framework embedded in SIA for construction stakeholders’ engagement in Nigeria. The study engaged a sample of 46 respondents comprising project managers, environmental management experts and community stakeholders in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria in a qualitative structured interviewing. Collected data were sorted and analysed. The study reveals extant approach to stakeholders’ management failed as a result of low social context and impact mitigation are based on monetary incentives whereas there are relevant urgent needs to be satisfied. A framework integrating SIA procedures and construction stakeholder engagement strategy was also developed based on the peculiarity of the industry needs. The implication is that construction stakeholders’ management must be structured on satisfying real needs of the citizenry.

Multi-Item Stakeholder Based Scale to Measure CSR in the Banking Industry

In recent years, both academics and practitioners are paying more attention to CSR activities due to its significant influence on stakeholders. With regard to this, CSR includes the companies’ responsibilities towards shareholders, customers, employees, environment and community. Despite numerous efforts to measure the consequences of corporate social responsibility (CSR), it remains unclear how stakeholders perceive CSR activities. This study aims at developing a measurement scale for corporate social responsibility activities in the Indian banking industry based on a stakeholder framework. A multistage method is applied to develop a valid and reliable scale. Items for the scale were generated from a qualitative research and literature review. The reliability and validity of the scale was confirmed through a first and second order confirmatory factor analysis. This study contributes to the literature by providing a valid and reliable scale to measure CSR and the successful implementation of the stakeholder theory in the banking industry.

Measuring the value of online communities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of measures that enable better understanding of online communities, their value and the strategic decisions best suited to them. Design/methodology/approach – After an initial definition of terms and classification of online communities, a framework for assessing the value of communities is presented, enumerating benefits by their relationship to risk and reward. The disconnect between such benefits and the normal statistical measures of success is then addressed. The paper concludes with a short review of a range of other factors that should influence the valuation of online communities. Findings – There are three key points that should allow a structured approach to estimating the value of communities: a 12-part model for classifying online communities by their purposes; a consideration of how these should be measured; and a review of some other factors affecting the valuation of communities. Originality/value – The paper allows a framework for stakeholders of online communities to converse, plan and make decisions regarding those communities. The paper uses a framework already tested in the charity sector by Z/Yen Group and applies it in the online community space.

Stakeholder expectations and influence on company decisions

The purpose of the paper is to investigate relationship between stakeholder expectations and their impact on company decisions. Based on conceptual analysis of stakeholder framework, the role and limitation of stakeholder activism influencing companies’ strategies are revealed.

Extending the water safety plan concept to the urban water cycle

The urban water cycle (UWC) is often managed by several stakeholders dealing with specific components of the cycle such as water supply, wastewater systems and water bodies management. Therefore, risk management in the UWC benefits from an integrated approach to incorporate the interdependencies between elements. The water cycle safety plan (WCSP) provides a common risk management framework for stakeholders in the UWC. It is based on the water safety plan (WSP) approach for water supply and incorporates the latest developments in risk management approaches, such as ISO 31 000:2009 and ISO Guide 73:2009. Apart from protection of public health, the WCSP also addresses public safety and protection of the environment. The proposed WCSP is divided into nine steps including stakeholders’ commitment and team assembling, establishment of scope of the plan, characterisation of water systems, identification of risks, risk analysis and evaluation, selection of risk reduction measures, development of protocols for communication, monitoring and review. The WCSP approach was developed in the PREPARED project with a focus on UWC adaptation to climate change but can be applied in a broader context. This preventive and systematic risk approach supports decisions on adaptive measures and strategies for the whole UWC based on the best available knowledge.

Water and Soil Conservation from the Perspective of Stakeholders: Evidence from China and Policy Implications

Water and soil conservation is an important measure of ecological restoration in China. However, its success was elusive and often compromised the impoverished people who need to be protected most. Taking Changting County in southeast China as an empirical case, and within the framework of stakeholders, i.e. the government, the farmer, the business enterprise, and the non‐government organizations, this article explored the benefits to the multiple stakeholders in the progress of water and soil conservation. The results show that all stakeholders played various but important roles and their benefit changes from period to period. It was demonstrated that the different roles, pursuits for the ecological or economic benefits directly and largely drive and affect the consequence of water and soil conservation in Changting. The benefit and cost of multiple stakeholders should be identified in a meaningful way and balanced. It is important to improve the livelihoods of the farmer, in particular the impoverished farmer who are heavily dependent on the environment and most affected by the projects. This study demonstrates a new perspective for exploring the relationship between ecological restoration and poverty alleviation, and is conducive to understand the internal mechanisms and provides some general implications for similar areas in developing countries.

The Heterogeneous Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities That Target Different Stakeholders

We aggregate different dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities following the stakeholder framework proposed in Clarkson (Acad Manag Rev 20(1), 92–117, 1995) and present consistent evidence that CSR strengths targeting different stakeholders have their unique impact on firm risk and financial performance. Institutional CSR activities that target secondary stakeholders are negatively associated with firm risk, measured by total risk and systematic risk. Technical CSR that target primary stakeholders are positively associated with firm financial performance, measured by Tobin’s Q, ROA, and cash flow returns. Our results, based on a sample of S&P 500 component firms over the period of 1995–2009, are consistent with the risk management view of “altruistic” CSR activities and with the stakeholder salience theory. We also show that the impact of CSR activities on risk varies with the ethical climate, as proved in our subsample analyses on pre- and post-Sarbanes–Oxley periods. Our empirical analyses mitigate possible omitted variables and endogeneity concerns that are often overlooked in previous research. Our findings are robust to alternative CSR measures, to alternative risk and performance measures, and to alternative estimation methods.

The Heterogeneous Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities that Target Different Stakeholders

We aggregate different dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities following the stakeholder framework proposed in Clarkson (1995) and present consistent evidence that CSR strengths targeting different stakeholders have their unique impact on firm risk and financial performance. Institutional CSR (ICSR) activities that target secondary stakeholders are negatively associated with firm risk, measured by total risk and systematic risk. Technical CSR (TCSR) that target primary stakeholders are positively associated with firm financial performance, measured by Tobin’s Q, ROA, and cash flow returns. Our results, based on a sample of S&P 500 component firms over the period of 1995-2009, are consistent with the risk management view of “altruistic” CSR activities and with the stakeholder salience theory. We also show that the impact of CSR activities on risk varies with the ethical climate, as proved in our sub-sample analyses on pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley periods. Our empirical analyses mitigate possible omitted variables and endogeneity concerns that are often overlooked in previous research. Our findings are robust to alternative CSR measures, to alternative risk, and performance measures, and to alternative estimation methods.

European, Middle Eastern, and African Society for Biopreservation and Biobanking (ESBB). 2012 Conference Session on Biobanking in Emerging Countries.

Biopreservation and BiobankingVol. 11, No. 3 Meeting ReportsEuropean, Middle Eastern, and African Society for Biopreservation and Biobanking (ESBB). 2012 Conference Session on Biobanking in Emerging CountriesRita T. Lawlor, Patrick M. Sluss, Rupert Langer, Maher A. Sughayer, Michael A. Igbe, Khalid Siddiqui, Pasquale De Blasio, Bonginkosi Duma, Maimuna Mendy, Christian Chabannon, and Muntaser IbrahimRita T. LawlorARC-Net Applied Research on Cancer Centre, University of Verona, Italy.Search for more papers by this author, Patrick M. SlussPathology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author, Rupert LangerInstitute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.Search for more papers by this author, Maher A. SughayerDepartment of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.Search for more papers by this author, Michael A. IgbeFederal Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Division, National Onchocerciasis Control/Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programmes, Abuja, Nigeria.Search for more papers by this author, Khalid SiddiquiStrategic Center for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Search for more papers by this author, Pasquale De BlasioIntegrated Systems Engineering Srl, R&D Milano, Italy.Search for more papers by this author, Bonginkosi DumaNational Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.Search for more papers by this author, Maimuna MendyLaboratory Services and Biobank Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.Search for more papers by this author, Christian ChabannonCentre de Ressources Biologiques, Departement de Biologie du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes & Inserm Marseille, France.Search for more papers by this author, and Muntaser IbrahimDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:11 Jun 2013https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2013.0017AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byAn Overview of Benefits and Challenges of Rare Disease Biobanking in Africa, Focusing on South Africa Engela H. Conradie, Helen Malherbe, Christian J. Hendriksz, Marli Dercksen, and Barend C. Vorster19 April 2021 | Biopreservation and Biobanking, Vol. 19, No. 2Wellcome Open Research, Vol. 4Role of a regulatory and governance framework in human biological materials and data sharing in National Biobanks: Case studies from Biobank Integrating Platform, Taiwan and the National Biorepository, Uganda1 September 2020 | Wellcome Open Research, Vol. 4Barriers and Opportunities in Consent and Access Procedures in Low- and Middle-Income Country Biobanks: Meeting Notes from the BCNet Training and General Assembly Ma'n H. Zawati, Anne Marie Tassé, Maimuna Mendy, Elodie Caboux, Michael Lang, and 1 June 2018 | Biopreservation and Biobanking, Vol. 16, No. 3Biobanks in Low Resource Contexts7 June 2017Practical Approach to Biobanking in Zimbabwe: Establishment of an Inclusive Stakeholder Framework Alice Matimba, Gunnel Tybring, Jekoniya Chitereka, Rutendo Zinyama-Gutsire, Collet Dandara, Eva Bürén, Milcah Dhoro, and Collen Masimirembwa1 October 2016 | Biopreservation and Biobanking, Vol. 14, No. 5A call for global governance of biobanks24 November 2014 | Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 93, No. 2Infrastructure and Facilities for Human Biobanking in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Situation Analysis16 March 2015 | Pathobiology, Vol. 81, No. 5-6 Volume 11Issue 3Jun 2013 InformationCopyright 2013, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Rita T. Lawlor, Patrick M. Sluss, Rupert Langer, Maher A. Sughayer, Michael A. Igbe, Khalid Siddiqui, Pasquale De Blasio, Bonginkosi Duma, Maimuna Mendy, Christian Chabannon, and Muntaser Ibrahim.European, Middle Eastern, and African Society for Biopreservation and Biobanking (ESBB). 2012 Conference Session on Biobanking in Emerging Countries.Biopreservation and Biobanking.Jun 2013.176-181.http://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2013.0017Published in Volume: 11 Issue 3: June 11, 2013PDF download