Framework Of Racism Research Articles

¿No Hay Racismo?: application of the levels of racism framework to Latinx perspectives on barriers to health and wellbeing

Background The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the forms of systemic racism experienced by Latinx communities in North Carolina during the COVID-19 pandemic as identified by Latinx community health workers (CHWs) and community-based organization (CBO) leaders.MethodsWe held three focus groups in July 2022 (N = 16) with CHWs and CBO leaders in Spanish to discuss policy and community interventions that improved access to resources during the COVID-19 pandemic; policy or community interventions needed to improve care of Latinx communities; and lessons learned to improve the health of Latinx communities in the future. We performed directed and summative qualitative content analysis of the data in the original language using the Levels of Racism Framework by Dr. Camara Jones to identify examples of implicitly and explicitly discussed forms of systemic racism.ResultsLatinx CHWs and CBO leaders implicitly discussed numerous examples of all levels of racism when seeking and receiving health services, such as lack of resources for undocumented individuals and negative interactions with non-Latinx individuals, but did not explicitly name racism. Themes related to institutionalized racism included: differential access to resources due to language barriers; uninsured or undocumented status; exclusionary policies not accounting for cultural or socioeconomic differences; lack of action despite need; and difficulties obtaining sustainable funding. Themes related to personally-mediated racism included: lack of cultural awareness or humility; fear-inciting misinformation targeting Latinx populations; and negative interactions with non-Latinx individuals, organizations, or institutions. Themes related to internalized racism included: fear of seeking information or medical care; resignation or hopelessness; and competition among Latinx CBOs. Similarly, CHWs and CBO leaders discussed several interventions with systems-level impact without explicitly mentioning policy or policy change.ConclusionOur research demonstrates community-identified examples of racism and confirms that Latinx populations often do not name racism explicitly. Such language gaps limit the ability of CHWs and CBOs to highlight injustices and limit the ability of communities to advocate for themselves. Although generally COVID-19 focused, themes identified represent long-standing, systemic barriers affecting Latinx communities. It is therefore critical that public and private policymakers consider these language gaps and engage with Latinx communities to develop community-informed anti-racist policies to sustainably reduce forms of racism experienced by this unique population.

The Impact of Structural Racism on Continuity of Care at Pediatric Academic Primary Care Clinics

ObjectiveUsing a structural racism framework, we assessed racial inequities in continuity of care, using the Usual Provider Continuity Index (UPC – the proportion of visits with the provider the patient saw most frequently out of all visits), in a set of large pediatric academic clinics. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study. Patients 12–24 months seen at three pediatric academic primary care clinics for any visit during October 1–31, 2021 were included. We then reviewed continuity for these patients in the preceding 12 months. Outcomes included each patient’s UPC for all visits, and a modified UPC for well child checks only (UPC Well). Covariates included race, ethnicity, insurance, clinic site, age, sex, care management, or seeing a social worker. We evaluated for differences in outcomes using bivariate analyses and multivariable regression models. ResultsOur cohort included 356 patients (74% Black, 5% Hispanic, 85% Medicaid, 52% female, median age 15.8 months). The median UPC was 0.33 and median UPC Well was 0.40. Black patients had significantly lower median values for UPC (0.33 Black vs 0.40 non-Black, P < .01) and UPC Well (0.33 Black vs 0.50 non-Black, P < .01). There were similar inequities in continuity rates by insurance and clinic site. In multivariable models, clinic site was the only variable significantly associated with continuity. ConclusionsClinic sites serving higher percentages of Black patients had lower rates of continuity. The main driver of racial inequities in continuity rates was at the institutional level.

Negotiations with whiteness in British Turkish Muslims’ encounters with Islamophobia

ABSTRACT In the post-9/11 and 7/7 era in Britain, Muslim subjects have been racially labelled as non-white, equated with a security threat. Similarly, within Turkey's secular public sphere, Muslims are portrayed as anti-modern and illiberal. This prompts some British Turkish Muslims, descendants of immigrant Turks, to strategically embrace white, European identities. Drawing from semi-structured interviews, this article reveals how 'whiteness' is a privileged category that certain Turkish Muslims adopt or align with to counter Islamophobia. Following Hall's racism framework and Gramsci's ideas, the paper underscores how British Turks sustain and propagate 'whiteness' to assimilate into society and evade racialisation challenges faced by other Muslims. Importantly, the article interprets the adoption of hegemonic white identities not just as a response to British Islamophobia but also as a manifestation of a secular Turkish Orientalism, depicting Islam as a backward, illiberal, and irrational religion.

Anti-Muslim tribalism: a new framework for analysing Islamophobia in contemporary times

ABSTRACT One of the leading interpretations of Islamophobia in Europe is anti-Muslim racism. Scholars who conceptualize Islamophobia as a form of racism typically draw on the theoretical framework of cultural racism to contend that Muslims in Europe are discriminated against not only on the basis of religion and culture, but also on the basis of physical features or ancestry. This strand of contention is based on the fact that most Muslims in Europe are non-white immigrants from Asia, Africa and the Middle East and, as a consequence, generally appear phenotypically different from the white majority in European societies. In this article, Ejiofor argues that, even though the theoretical cultural racism framework utilized by some European and other western scholars to analyse Islamophobia in Europe is quite pertinent to some forms of Islamophobia in European or western societies, it does not apprehend the lived experiences of discrimination against Muslims in many non-European societies. Ejiofor contends that the cultural racism framework tends to sidestep the fact that Islamophobia is a global phenomenon that occurs in some non-European societies where colour racism is non-existent, where race―or racial identity―is not a relevant social category, and where discrimination against Muslims hardly has anything to do with whiteness or non-whiteness. What, then, does Islamophobia look like in some non-European contexts where racism―as the term is ordinarily used in Europe to refer to discrimination of peoples based on physical traits or ancestry―does not make sense? Drawing on the Nigerian context, in which discrimination against Muslims reflects ethnoreligious and ethnoregional conflicts arising from the complex political history of the Nigerian state, Ejiofor posits that Islamophobia in some non-European societies is about tribalism, as it involves the grouping of Muslims into a single tribe and associating Muslimness with terrorism despite the absence of racial identity. He proposes the novel framework of anti-Muslim tribalism so as to capture Islamophobia beyond the West.

Sociocultural engagement in a colorblind racism framework moderates perceptions of cultural appropriation

Cultural appropriation refers to an action whereby an individual makes use of, imitates, or takes possession of cultural products of an outgroup or source community. Compared to Black Americans, many White Americans do not differentiate between high (i.e., White) and low (i.e., Black) status actors when making judgments of cultural appropriation (Mosley & Biernat, 2021). The goal of the current research is to assess why some individuals exhibit a lack of recognition of structural and historical racism when making judgments of cultural appropriation. To answer this question, we draw on theoretical work on colorblind racism, a framework of racial ideologies that emphasize that group differences should be ignored, and that people should be treated as individuals (Bonilla-Silva, 2006). Three experiments investigate the colorblind - racism hypothesis: perceivers who are highly invested in a colorblind racism ideology —assessed along three dimensions including racial group identification, historical knowledge of racism, and endorsement of assimilationist ideologies—will see equal levels of appropriation in the actions of White and Black perpetrators. In contrast, perceivers low in a colorblind ideology will see White (versus Black) actors as more culturally appropriative. We see for evidence for this hypothesis among White (Studies 1–2) and Black (Study 3) perceivers. These findings suggest that endorsement in a colorblind ideology can facilitate ignorance of power differences between groups when perceiving cultural appropriation.

Examination of perceived religion in Muslim women's access to counseling and psychotherapy services: An audit study.

Across the United States and Canada, the marginalization of Muslims has contributed to many Muslim women having mental health difficulties, making it essential that services are available and accessible. An email correspondence audit design research study was used to investigate whether mental health practitioners demonstrate implicit bias in the form of aversive prejudice against Muslim women during a request for counseling/psychotherapy services. A total of 450 counselors or psychologists participated. Practitioners received an email from either a Muslim or non-Muslim woman, signified by name and a religious quotation, requesting an appointment. Based on the Aversive Racism Framework, it was hypothesized that practitioners would (a) respond more frequently to the Muslim woman and (b) respond faster to the Muslim woman but (c) offer services to the Muslim woman at a lesser or similar frequency. All three hypotheses were supported. Findings suggest that aversive prejudice appears active at the forefront of counseling and psychotherapy services for Muslim women, whereby counselors and psychologists are unknowingly acting in a biased manner toward a request for an appointment from a Muslim woman. Suggestions for overcoming this bias are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Anti-racism in coaching: a global call to action

ABSTRACT This article is based on original qualitative research involving key stakeholders from across the coaching eco-system and advances a call to action inspired by a growing vanguard of coaching practitioners, researchers and thought leaders seeking to deploy coaching in support of the global movement for racial justice and equity. The research, using focus group discussions and one to one interviews, gives primacy to the marginalised voices of Black, Indigenous and Other People of Colour (BIPOC) who work as coaches in the industry and their communities. This research is the result of a global collaboration with participants from the U.S.A., U.K., Kenya, South Africa and New Zealand (Māori). Our findings confirm that colour-blindness dominates across the coaching eco-system, and we argue for a shift to a colour/race-conscious stance that is the prerequisite to adopting an anti-racist approach. We take as our point of departure for analysing the data the Global Critical Race and Racism Framework which contextualises our research participants within the legacies of imperial colonialism, and the history of resistance against it. The article presents a 14-point manifesto drawn from analysis of the data, as a call to action to the coaching professionals and the industry they serve.

A Structural Racism Framework to Guide Health Equity Interventions in Pediatric Oncology.

A Structural Racism Framework to Guide Health Equity Interventions in Pediatric Oncology.

A Multilevel Framework of Racism as a Barrier to Teachers’ Implementation of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

Culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP; e.g., Ladson-Billings, 1995) is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to serve culturally and linguistically diverse student learners. Although a large body of work describes its tenets and permutations, and its implications for students, less work has been done to outline the myriad barriers that teachers face when trying to implement CRP. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a race-conscious, multilevel, ecological framework to illuminate the societal, institutional, and individual obstacles that teachers must navigate in the pursuit of CRP. Implications for teacher training and development are discussed.

The race/color question in the care process in a psychosocial care center for children and adolescents.

To recognize the actions related to race/color developed in the care process of the black child and adolescent population of a Psychosocial Care Center for children and adolescents in Brazil. This is a study with a qualitative approach focusing on the three-dimensional racism framework. Data were collected through active medical records and interviews with reference professionals. The results were categorized and thematized through content analysis and the following themes were found: typology of child violence, identification of racism, the school, access to black culture and representativeness. This study obtained ethical approval. The race/color question in the face of violation of fundamental rights of black children/adolescents contributes to the understanding of racism as a social determinant of mental health. Actions to empower the black population include the insertion of the race-color question as an analytical and procedural category in the Singular Therapeutic Projects, as an integral practice of multiprofessional teams work process. It is necessary to invest persistently in the identification and qualification of actions and systematic discussions to face the psychosocial effects of racism.

Absolving Responsibility and Dampening Activism?: The Structural Racism Framework, Democratic Motivation, and the Complex Systems Alternative

ABSTRACT Analytic power has always been a key consideration in adjudicating between analytic frameworks, but the political effects of frameworks have never been unimportant in assessing their relative value. This paper engages the question of whether the American Left’s dominant intellectual framework for understanding racial socio-political outcomes – the framework of “structural racism” – encourages a racial political pessimism that is disabling. Finding it at least plausible that this framework dampens democratic motivation, I then introduce an alternative framework for understanding racial stasis and change in the US and elsewhere – a “complex systems” framework. Even as it provides leverage on persistent racial inequality, I argue that this framework suggests the deep pessimism inspired by the structural racism framework is unwarranted. In addition to being analytically powerful, then, the framework can potentially have the particular political benefit of stoking democratic motivation.

What Racism Has to Do with It: Understanding and Reducing Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Youth of Color.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are high in populations of color compared to Whites. High-risk sexual behaviors are widely viewed as the key contributors to the levels of STDs, especially in adolescents and young adults. This article situates the sexual risk behaviors of Black, Indigenous, and other young people of color within the framework of racism. It begins with an overview of racial inequities in common STDs and shows how racism gives rise to several risk factors for high-risk sexual behaviors. These risk factors for STDs identified in prior research are best understood as adaptations to the challenges and constraints faced by youth in socially disadvantaged environments. Both social adversity and the mental health problems that it triggers can lead to risky sexual behaviors. Drawing on findings from prior research with youth of color, this paper describes the needed interventions that can markedly reduce STDs and their risk factors. It also describes needed research on interventions that could contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the adverse conditions fueled by racism that affect youth of color, their health, and their communities.

Why someone did not stop them? Aversive racism and the responsibility of bystanders

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the impact of persistent racial bias, discrimination and racial violence is facilitated by otherwise well-intentioned individuals who fail to act or intercede. Utilizing the aversive racism framework, the need to move beyond awareness raising to facilitate behavioral changes is discussed. Examining the unique lens provided by the aversive racism framework and existing research, the bystander effect provides important insights on recent acts of racial violence such as the murder of Mr. George Floyd. Some promise is shown by the work on effective bystander behavior training and highlights the need for shared responsibility in preventing the outcomes of racial violence and discrimination to create meaningful and long-lasting social change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses literature based on the aversive racism framework together with the literature on the bystander effect to understand the factors, conditions and consequences for lack of intervention when the victim is African American. This paper also provides evidence and theory-based recommendations for strategies to change passive bystanders into active allies.FindingsThe use of the aversive racism framework provides a powerful lens to help explain the inconsistencies in the bystander effect based on the race of the victim. The implications for intervention models point to the need for behavioral and competency-based approaches that have been shown to provide meaningful change.Practical implicationsSeveral different approaches to address incidents of racial aggression and violence have been developed in the past. However, given the principles of aversive racism, a unique approach that considers the inconsistencies between self-perceptions and actions is needed. This sets a new agenda for future research and meaningful behavioral intervention programs that seek to equip bystanders to intercede in the future.Social implicationsThe need to address and provide effective strategies to reduce the incidence of racial aggression and violence have wide-ranging benefits for individuals, communities and society.Originality/valueBy connecting the aversive racism framework to the bystander effect, the need for different models for developing responsive and active bystanders can be more effectively outlined.

Customer Ethnic Bias in Service Encounters

As ethnic diversity continues to rise, customer bias in interethnic service encounters becomes an increasingly problematic issue for the parties involved, the service firms, and society at large. Against this background, the aim of our research is to examine ethnically biased customer responses, their key psychological mechanisms, and the effectiveness of enacted service scripts to shape interethnic service encounters. Building on the aversive racism framework and homophily theory, we propose a baseline effect of majority customers’ ethnic bias toward minority employees in the form of less positive behaviors in interethnic service encounters. In an initial laboratory study, we use experimental video simulations of frontline service encounters and confirm the robustness of this effect across two replications. In a subsequent field experiment, we test an extended framework of customer responses to interethnic service encounters, finding that customers’ experience of rapport and identification with the firm represent two serial mediators that facilitate the effects of interethnic service encounters on customer loyalty intentions. Together, these contributions enrich our understanding of how psychological mechanisms facilitate the incidence of ethnically biased customer behavior and also provide insights into viable ways to improve such encounters.

A Global Critical Race and Racism Framework: Racial Entanglements and Deep and Malleable Whiteness

Twenty years after Bonilla-Silva developed the analytic components of a structural race perspective and called for “comparative work on racialization in various societies,” U.S.-centric race theory continues to be mostly rooted in a U.S. focus. What is missing is a framework that explores race and racism as a modern global project that takes shape differently in diverse structural and ideological forms across all geographies but is based in global white supremacy. Drawing from Bonilla-Silva’s national racialized social systems approach, global South scholars, and critical race scholars in the world-systems tradition, the author advances a global critical race and racism framework that highlights two main areas: (1) core components that include the “state,” “economy,” “institutions,” and “discourses” and “representations,” as divided by “racist structure” and “racist ideology” and shaped by the “history” of and current forms of transnational racialization and contemporary “global” linkages, and (2) the production of deep and malleable global whiteness. With this framework, both the permanence and flexibility of racism across the globe can be seen, in all its overt, invisible, and insidious forms, that ultimately sustains global white supremacy in the twenty-first century.

Between the Lines: Diversity and NCAA Division I Athletic Department Mission Statements

Given the increasing number of student–athletes of color participating in college sports [Lapchick, R., Hoff, B., & Kaiser, C. (2010). The 2010 racial and gender report card: College sport. Orlando, FL: The Institute for Diversity in Ethics in Sport], the athletics department is rarely viewed as needing to address diversity (Unzueta & Binning, 2009); yet, diversity goes beyond numbers. With the importance of written documents to expressing a value for diversity, this study examined how NCAA Division I athletic department mission statements address diversity and how those messages compare to the university missions. Chesler and Crowfoot's (1989, Racism in higher education: An organizational analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan) organizational analysis of racism framework was adapted to consider diversity in a broader sense, and 40 department and university mission statements were examined. The iterative content analysis produced five overarching themes for form of inclusion: explicit, implicit, policy, indirect, and absence. Further analysis was done on the extent of inclusion, population focus, and level of accessibility. Findings show that while the majority of mission statements address diversity, the nature and extent of that inclusion varies greatly by document type as well as across institutions, affecting the clarity of the messages conveyed.

Aversive Racism in Spain--Testing the Theory

This study applies the aversive racism framework to Spain and tests whether aversive racism depends on intergroup contact. Relying on a 3 (qualifications) by 3 (ethnicity) experiment, this study finds that aversive racism is especially pronounced against the Mexican job applicant, and emerges among those who held overtly positive attitudes toward immigrants. Friendships with Latinos predicted decreased overt prejudice yet exacerbated aversive racism. Exposure to immigrants in one’s neighborhood, in turn, predicted overt prejudice but was unrelated to aversive racism. These results suggest that (i) aversive racism emerges in Spain and against some immigrants, (ii) overt attitudes do not reliably reflect subtle biases, and (iii) among this sample, intergroup contact does not improve deep prejudices and is limited to affecting overt prejudice against out-groups only.

Deconstructing the Pipeline: Evaluating School-to-Prison Pipeline Equal Protection Cases Through a Structural Racism Framework

This article posits that a wide range of U.S. education and criminal justice policies and practices -- such as zero tolerance regimes, academic sorting, and school district financing methods -- collectively result in students of color being disparately pushed out of school and into prison. Vast empirical and qualitative research indicates that this dynamic process, known as the pipeline, wreaks havoc upon today's minority population. Both anti-pipeline legal scholarship and equal protection caselaw tend to examine school-to-prison pipeline issues through an isolated, or perhaps overly-restricted, lens which inhibits the development of a jurisprudence that allows the pipeline's systemic invidiousness to be meaningfully redressed. This article attempts to advance normative viewpoints and legal doctrine by deconstructing the pipeline through a structural racism framework.

Race, Space, and Struggles for Mobility: Transportation Impacts on African Americans in Oakland and the East Bay

A long history of overt discrimination left an enduring racialized imprint upon the geography of the East Bay. While the benefits of a metropolitan decentralization of jobs, housing, and public investment fell to Whites, discrimination in employment and housing trapped African Americans in urban neighborhoods burdened by infrastructure encroachment and divestment. By circa 1970, overt discrimination succumbed to new, racially neutral, legal, and administrative forms, including regional planning processes. Using an environmental racism framework, we show that these new forms reproduced the existing racialized geography by means of new inequalities in representation and transportation service provision. These new regional transportation policies, like those challenged by a 2005 civil rights lawsuit, favored the mobility needs of more affluent suburbanites over those of African American East Bay bus riders. These policies, layered onto an existing racialized geography, reinforced existing inequalities by failing to address racial barriers to opportunity in the built environment. [Key words: transportation, race, segregation, Oakland]

`Where the rubber hits the road’ en route to inter‐group harmony: Examining contact intentions and contact behaviour under meta‐stereotype threat

Although inter-group contact reduces prejudice, intra-group contact is most typically preferred. Understanding factors contributing to out-group avoidance, therefore, is imperative. Unlike previous correlational studies, other-stereotype (out-group is biased) and meta-stereotype (out-group sees one's in-group as biased) information was manipulated in an inter-group contact setting, at the personal (you/partner) or group (in-group/out-group) level. Whites under threat generally indicated positive expectations and intentions to approach Black interaction partners. However, at the behavioural level, personal meta-stereotype manipulations (your partner thinks you are biased) generated out-group avoidance several times stronger than in the other threat conditions. Implications for the development of prejudice interventions are discussed within an aversive racism framework.