Framework Of International Cooperation Research Articles

The COVID-19 Vaccines Evaluation Program: Implementation, Management, and Experiences, 2021-2023.

In 2021, China's domestically produced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines received approval from regulatory bodies and were administered worldwide. Due to a low number of infections within China during that period, it became imperative to evaluate the vaccines' real-world effectiveness through international studies. To facilitate this, China CDC launched the COVID-19 Vaccines Evaluation Program (COVEP). This program formed research collaboration agreements with health institutes across five World Health Organization regions, addressing key questions about vaccine performance through ten cooperative agreements. The findings from COVEP projects reinforced confidence, both domestically and globally, in the effectiveness of the vaccines produced in China. Moreover, the outcomes observed internationally were frequently mirrored by later studies conducted within China. COVEP thus pioneered a novel approach for fostering cross-national research collaborations, addressing significant public health issues and exemplifying a framework for international cooperation. This approach is in line with the strategic objectives and other development efforts of China CDC's national disease control and prevention initiatives.

Interaction of law enforcement agencies within the framework of international cooperation during the gathering electronic evidence of the commission of a crime

The article deals with issues related to the interaction of law enforcement agencies within the framework of international cooperation during the gathering of electronic evidence of the commission of a crime. Some aspects of the procedural order of providing/receiving a request for international legal assistance and the procedural activities of joint investigative groups have been analyzed.
 Such features of electronic evidence of the commission of a crime as resistance to external interference and the time of preservation of electronic information on a certain medium, which directly affect the vectors of interaction of law enforcement agencies, are singled out.
 Attention was drawn to certain normative and legal provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine; Instructions on the organization of the interaction of pretrial investigation bodies with other bodies and units of the National Police of Ukraine in the prevention of criminal offenses, their detection and investigation; of the Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, which relate to issues of law enforcement cooperation and international cooperation.
 The shortcomings of the legal consolidation of certain procedural actions within the framework of international cooperation, which affect the subject of interaction of law enforcement agencies during the gathering of electronic evidence of the commission of a crime, in particular in emergency situations, are indicated. It was established that as a result of gaps in the law, which relate to the procedure for collecting electronic evidence during the investigation of crimes, in some cases, law enforcement agencies are forced to find ways to interact with other subjects on a voluntary basis. However, in the absence of voluntary consent from the other party, such an approach is not effective, and in combination with the overly bureaucratic order of international cooperation, the time spent on its compliance and the peculiarities of electronic evidence may lead to the loss of such evidence.
 Taking into account the shortcomings of the legislation, appropriate proposals for amendments and additions to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine were provided.

Legal aspects of international cooperation in combating organised crime

In the context of intensification of globalisation processes, researchers’ attention is drawn to organised forms of crime, which are substantially more difficult to counteract if criminal offences have transnational features. Considering this, it is vital to investigate the content of international treaties aimed at combating transnational organised crime. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify certain legal features of international cooperation in combating organised crime for further implementation of promising provisions in the work of law enforcement agencies in this area. The methodological framework of the study was formed by both general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition. The study also employed systemic, informational and functional approaches, as well as terminological, systemic-structural, formal-logical, and comparative legal methods of scientific cognition. The study confirmed that organised crime does not recognise the existing borders of states and constantly crosses them. At the same time, law enforcement agencies are quite limited in their actions by these borders, which substantially affects their ability to combat crime, especially organised crime. It was found that the legal framework for international cooperation in combating crime, including organised crime, is gradually being formed, but this process is influenced by the concept of primacy of national law over international law. The study proved that the current terminology of international treaties may not correspond to the terminology used in the national legislation of modern countries, but unification of legislation is reasonably necessary for effective crime prevention. The practical value of the findings obtained is that they can be used to further improve the legal framework for international cooperation

PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN GEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS OF UKRAINE AND SPAIN

The publication actualizes issues related to the prospects for geological science development and ways of cooperation between Ukraine and Spain. As part of the bilateral cooperation between these countries, at the end of February 2023, a meeting of geologists was held in Barcelona at one of the leading research institutes in Spain. The main issues discussed were the popularization of geology and the geological museum’s development. The first part of the article contains an overview of the peculiarities of the tectonic structure, stratigraphy, rock complexes, and unique reference sections within Ukraine, which are of world scientific importance. The second part is devoted to the characteristics of the Ukrainian museums of Earth sciences, the problems of modern scientific research, the geological monuments preservation, and strengthening the role of geological museums in popularizing knowledge about the Earth. As a result, joint projects within the framework of international cooperation between Ukraine and Spain are proposed. Cooperation will occur at the level of individual Institutes of Earth Sciences and Natural History Museums, as they store primary geological information. For the accumulation of geological information, its preservation and presentation, it is necessary to unite museums into a single museum space and international museum organizations. To create a general complex multi-level museum database. In addition, cooperation can be manifested in joint expeditions in which factual material can be obtained for further analytical research; in the organization and conduct of joint research, conferences, and educational seminars; in publishing joint scientific works, etc. Such events will contribute to exchanging information/specimens and improving external communication for further developing the museum business, educational and scientific activities in the geological field.

New developments in the global world: challenges and opportunities for Georgia

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the features of the current reality of globalization, to identify the created opportunities and threats, and to reveal the ways to overcome it. The object of research is the current economic and political processes in the world, as well as, especially, geopolitical issues and the Ukrainian crisis. The work is based on the analysis of various fundamental literature, synthesis, specific statistical data, components of globalization index. The work draws conclusions using the cause-and-effect relationship of facts. Based on the trend of strengthening the multipolar world order, important conclusions and recommendations are presented about the possibilities and threats caused by the modern new reality of globalization, and taking advantage of it. The new, modern trend of strengthening the multipolar world order not only brings visible positive results, also creates acute problems of protecting national priorities within the framework of international cooperation. Ensuring the country's security is significantly influenced by the growth of interdependence between the subjects of international relations, new events in the global world, the increased openness of the economy of the world’s most countries, the development of joint programs to solve contemporary, important problems. Keywords: sources of globalization, modern tendency of strengthen the multipolar world order, globalists, anti-globalists.

THE ISSUE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT THE UNITED NATIONS: SELECTED PROBLEMS

The paper is a critical analysis of the index of norms and mechanisms protecting the collective rights of indigenous peoples established at the United Nations. The norms and mechanisms for the rights of indigenous peoples have been studied from two viewpoints: firstly, through the prism of how the norm of ‘the right to self-determination’ is created and implemented within the framework of international cooperation; and secondly, as collective rights, which are both a form of implementation of the individual human right and its complement. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples has been analysed with the use of the legal and dogmatic method. The conclusion provides an assessment complemented by de lege ferenda postulates.

A Dynamic and Adaptive Cybersecurity Governance Framework

Cybersecurity protects cyberspace from a wide range of cyber threats to reduce overall business risk, ensure business continuity, and maximize business opportunities and return on investments. Cybersecurity is well achieved by using appropriate sets of security governance frameworks. To this end, various Information Technology (IT) and cybersecurity governance frameworks have been reviewed along with their benefits and limitations. The major limitations of the reviewed frameworks are; they are complex and have complicated structures to implement, they are expensive and require high skill IT and security professionals. Moreover, the frameworks require many requirement checklists for implementation and auditing purposes and a lot of time and resources. To fill the limitations mentioned above, a simple, dynamic, and adaptive cybersecurity governance framework is proposed that provides security related strategic direction, ensures that security risks are managed appropriately, and ensures that organizations’ resources are utilized optimally. The framework incorporated different components not considered in the existing frameworks, such as research and development, public-private collaboration framework, regional and international cooperation framework, incident management, business continuity, disaster recovery frameworks, and compliance with laws and regulations. Moreover, the proposed framework identifies and includes some of the existing frameworks’ missed and overlapped components, processes, and activities. It has nine components, five activities, four outcomes, and seven processes. Performance metrics, evaluation, and monitoring techniques are also proposed. Moreover, it follows a risk based approach to address the current and future technology and threat landscapes. The design science research method was used in this research study to solve the problem mentioned. Using the design science research method, the problem was identified. Based on the problem, research objectives were articulated; the objective of this research was solved by developing a security governance framework considering different factors which were not addressed in the current works. Finally, performance metrics were proposed to evaluate the implementation of the governance framework.

Exploring Overseas Education: The Role and Challenges of Higher Vocational Colleges in the "Belt and Road" Framework

This study explores the development trends of overseas education in higher vocational colleges in the context of the "Belt and Road" initiative. Firstly, it introduces the "Belt and Road" initiative as an important framework for international cooperation, aiming to promote economic cooperation and connectivity among countries along the route. Subsequently, it discusses the basic situation of overseas education in higher vocational colleges, including development stages, policy formulation, establishment of communication platforms, and advantages. The study examines the impact of the development environment for overseas education, including China's modernization planning in education and policies on educational opening-up. The analysis identifies challenges faced by higher vocational colleges in overseas education, such as cross-cultural adaptation and language barriers, teaching quality and recognition, market demand and alignment of professions, financial and resource limitations, as well as management and operational challenges. Finally, strategies for the development of overseas education in higher vocational colleges are proposed, including strengthening cross-cultural training and language support, enhancing teaching quality and degree recognition, gaining a deep understanding of local market demands and professional alignment, exploring multiple channels for fundraising and resource acquisition, and establishing sound management systems and operational mechanisms. Looking ahead, the study indicates that overseas education in higher vocational colleges has vast development prospects. It can meet the demand for vocational talents in countries along the route, promote international exchanges and cooperation, and make significant contributions to global talent development and economic cooperation.

Analytical assessment of the volume of international financial assistance for Ukraine during the war period

The purpose of the paper is to carry out an analytical assessment of the amount of financial aid from international partners received by Ukraine under martial law within the framework of international cooperation and, on this basis, to determine the conditions for its further involvement for the purpose of post-war reconstruction of our state. By analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the scientific works of many economists, researchers and analysts, the essence of international financial aid was determined, its main forms were considered, and the amount of financial support received by Ukraine from international partners for the period from January 24, 2022, to February 24, 2023, was analyzed. It was found that the most desirable form of financial support for Ukraine is grants, therefore the study focused on the help provided by international partners in the form of grants. In more detail, attention is focused on financial assistance from international financial organizations, in particular the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The main problems that largely prevent Ukraine from receiving larger amounts of financial aid from international partners are highlighted. These are, in particular, the insufficiently good results of the fight against corruption, the unfinished reform of the economy and the budget system, the low level of trust in the Ukrainian authorities and the lack of transparency in the activities of power structures, the lack of proper transparency and efficiency in the use of budget financial resources, etc. As a result of the study, key recommendations were highlighted that will affect the prospects of Ukraine's accession to the EU - this is the possibility of conducting a constructive dialogue with international partners on a parity basis, as well as the possibility of support and assistance from international partners in the restoration of our country. Prospects for further scientific research will include such directions as evaluating the results of the implementation of international financial aid programs to Ukraine during the war and post-war periods, in particular in terms of achievements (advantages and disadvantages); assessment of the effectiveness of the use of the received funds; analysis of new financial instruments used by international partners in providing aid, etc.

MINE ACTION CENTER: MAIN ASPECTS OF ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Statement of the Problem. Ukraine is one of the ten countries with the most explosive contaminated territory, and this situation tends to worsen due to the scale of military operations and the use of so-called “mine warfare” tactics. Therefore, the сreation of an effective mine action system, taking into account the needs of safe demining of the territory of Ukraine from explosive objects, is a priority task at the national level.
 Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of professional literature has shown that the issues of creating an effective mine action system, improving the regulatory framework based on international experience, problems and ways to solve humanitarian demining, and the impact of explosive hazards on the environment are in the focus of attention of the scientific community. The issue of development and improvement of the mine action system has become even more urgent and requires further development taking into account the principles of international humanitarian law and measures to minimize the danger caused by explosive hazards.
 The purpose of the article is to study the activities and identify promising ways of development of the Center for Mine Action in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law.
 In Ukraine there is an effective mine action system with clear subordination to the National Mine Action Agency. In order to implement mine action measures in practice, the Mine Action Center was established, which has an effective mine clearance quality management system, including certification of mine action operators (Certification Agency) and control of demining quality (Inspection Agency).
 Within the framework of international cooperation, joint projects are implemented with foreign countries, international organizations and institutions, in which the Mine Action Center is an active participant. A system of training and advanced training of the Mine Action Center’s personnel involved in demining has been implemented.
 Promising ways of developing mine action within the competence of the Mine Action Center include the following: expanding the scope of accreditation of the Certification Agency; improvement of normative and legal acts of mine countermeasures (amendments to existing ones and creation of new ones); increasing the effectiveness of mine action tasks by conducting applied and fundamental research within the authority of the scientific research laboratory.

"THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN MITIGATING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE"

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty established in 1992 under the auspices of the United Nations. It aims to promote global cooperation in combating climate change and adapting to its impacts. The UNFCCC sets out a framework for countries to work together to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous human interference with the climate system. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared resource that requires international cooperation to protect. One of the key achievements of the UNFCCC was the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015. This historic agreement builds upon the principles of the UNFCCC and aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also emphasizes the need for countries to enhance their adaptive capacity and support developing nations in their climate actions. The UNFCCC facilitates regular meetings called Conferences of the Parties (COP) where countries come together to discuss and negotiate climate-related issues. These COP meetings provide a platform for countries to review progress, share experiences, and strengthen international cooperation in addressing climate change. The United Nations plays a vital role in mobilizing political will, fostering international collaboration, and supports countries in their efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to the impacts of climate change, and promote sustainable development. In conclusion, the UNFCCC, under the guidance of the United Nations, serves as a crucial platform for global action on climate change. It provides a framework for international cooperation, facilitates negotiations, and promotes sustainable solutions to address the urgent challenge of climate change.

The carbon border adjustment mechanism is inefficient in addressing carbon leakage and results in unfair welfare losses

The European Commission has proposed a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to reduce carbon leakage and create a level playing field for its domestic products and imported goods. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the proposal remains unclear, especially when it triggers threats of retaliation from trading partners of the European Union. We apply a Computable General Equilibrium model - Global Trade Analysis Project - to assess the economic and environmental impacts of different CBAM schemes. Here we show that the effectiveness of the CBAM to address carbon leakage risks is rather limited, and the CBAM raises concerns over global welfare costs, Correct to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) losses, and violation of equality principles. Trade retaliation leads to multiplied welfare losses, which would mostly be borne by poor countries. Our results question the carbon leakage reduction effect of a unilateral trade policy and suggest that climate change mitigation still needs to be performed within the framework of international cooperation.

Orphanage Trafficking and the Sustainable Development Goals

This article examines the intersections of orphanage trafficking, a form of child trafficking and modern slavery, and the sale and sexual exploitation of children with reference to the Sustainable Development Goals. It outlines the contextual challenges of these intersections highlighting the special protection needs of children residing in institutions and outlines how orphanage tourism and funding undermine care reform efforts of national authorities. To address these issues, we make recommendations to address both the in-country and external causal factors that drive and enable orphanage trafficking suggesting that governments of host and sending countries should work in tandem, under the framework of international cooperation, to implement practical measures to combat orphanage trafficking.

Popular Perceptions of China's Influence in Malaysia since the BRI: An Economic Perspective

:China's bold Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a multilateral framework of international cooperation particularly across developing countries, has captured worldwide attention and seen varied responses from different countries. While developed economies have often critiqued the Initiative and have also endeavoured to encircle and counterbalance China's ambitions through multilateral alliances, most developing countries appear to welcome the Initiative. As recipients of the Initiative, how do Malaysians perceive China, especially since the BRI started in 2013? What are the factors that determine the popular perceptions of China in Malaysia? Comparing public opinion data from the third and fourth waves of the Asian Barometer Survey, the author conducts an intervention analysis, a difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, and a multiple regression analysis to assess the impact. These empirical exercises reveal that the popular perceptions of China in Malaysia significantly improved since the launch of the BRI, as the economic incentives through the BRI loom larger over time. In addition, the author also conducted in-depth interviews and assembled other independent sources of survey data to further corroborate the above findings with more nuances of the attitudinal change.

Conflict Prevention in the Framework of Contemporary Government Procedures and International Cooperation

This article reviews the basic functions and interactions of the state with diverse stakeholders on a global level to identify the sources of conflict on a contemporary setting. The subject of this research is the measurement of state capacity as an outcome of governance largely influenced by the process of globalization and its repercussions on conflict prevention. The goal consists on finding possible solutions to the contemporary capacity-sovereignty dilemma under the relationship of the state with international policy brokers to shield its functions from foreign interference and threats without undermining its international participation and growth. The core definitions and characteristics of governance are determined to reveal the peculiarities and limitations of the state in preventing conflicts. The interactions of the state with a wide array of stakeholders on a global level are analyzed to assess the nature of their outcomes in relation to governance and state capacity. The capacity and legitimacy of international policy brokers in conveying the national interests of the state in the framework of international cooperation are reviewed. In order to achieve the set research goal, the author reviews the core functions of the state when interacting with international stakeholders of different configurations. In order to create the necessary conditions for conflict prevention, this work recommends the development of flexible government procedures to shield the core functions of the state as unimpeded cooperation is carried in all areas. This article provides a theoretical framework applicable to a wide array of contemporary nations for supporting the examination and elaboration of dedicated mechanisms in the conflict prevention area by reviewing the elemental processes of the state rather than analyzing particular conflicts and their causes.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЗАСОБІВ ІМІТАЦІЙНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ У ПРОЦЕСІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ОФІЦЕРІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The main problematic issues in the training of officers of the tactical and operational levels of the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU) are the lack of a sense of the dynamics of the development of events in real time when performing the tasks of the CPX training, which reduces the quality of coordination of the headquarters (military management bodies) of the NGU; lack of functional compatibility between NGU and military formations of NATO member countries for the training of military management personnel. A promising way to improve the process of officer training is the use of means of simulating combat operations, on the basis of which it is necessary to conduct practical classes and CPX training, as well as various activities within the framework of international cooperation. The article deals with the training of officers of the tactical and operational level and the conduct of military training of units of the NGU with the use of means of simulating combat operations. Reasoned purpose, structure and main tasks of the simulation modeling center of NSU as part of the National Academy of the NGU. The simulation modeling center of NGU will consist of two research departments and a department of software and technical support and maintenance. In addition, the structure and tasks of the stationary and mobile components of the simulation modeling center of NSU are given. The center's specialized software is based on the JCATS simulation system. The JCATS simulation system is a multi-functional, interactive, multi-level system used by the military and other government organizations as a tool for training, analysis, research, planning and practice for a variety of tasks. The capabilities of the JCATS simulation modeling system and the concept of conducting CPX training in accordance with the specifics of the service and combat activities of units and parts of the NGU were considered. Conducting exercises using combat simulation tools is aimed at practicing the practical skills of commanding troops in a constantly changing environment. Modeling is possible at the level of an individual soldier to NGU brigades. The proposed proposals for the creation and implementation of means of simulating combat operations will allow solving both educational tasks related to the training of tactical and operational level officers, as well as scientific and research tasks.

Сутність і роль ділового туризму в сучасному світі

The aim of the article is to study the essence and role of business tourism in the modern world. Business tourism is defined as a special type of tourism aimed at attending business events, scientific conferences, exhibitions and other events that involve active professional activity and exchange of information within the framework of international cooperation. The article determines that the essence of business tourism lies in its ability to unite professionals from different industries and countries, creating conditions for the exchange of innovative ideas, advanced technologies and increasing the level of knowledge. This type of tourism is an important tool for economic development and contributes to the creation of a favorable environment for the exchange of knowledge and experience between various sectors of business and the scientific and pedagogical sphere. Attention is also focused on the relevance of organizing international tourism events in the current conditions of globalization and international cooperation. It is highlighted that business tourism can play an important role in the country’s economy, promoting the exchange of information and cooperation between various subjects of the world market. The study of these aspects is extremely important for the further development of the country’s innovative potential, especially in the context of growing globalization and internationalization of the economy. It is noted that the study of the essence and role of business tourism in the modern world is an important task that reflects important aspects of economic, sociocultural and international development. It is substantiated that business tourism is important not only for the participants of this process, but also for the economy of the State as a whole. It contributes to an increase in tourist revenues, creates new opportunities for the development of infrastructure, hotel business, restaurant industry and other related sectors. In addition, business tourism can become a source of jobs and contribute to improving the standard of living of the local population. It is found that further study of these issues can make a significant contribution to understanding the impact of business tourism on modern global dynamics and determine strategies for further development of this type of tourism to achieve sustainable growth and development

Селекционные испытания факториальных гибридов Populus tremula L. в ювенильном возрасте

The aspen is known for its rapid growth, unpretentiousness to growing conditions, valuable timber and some other useful properties. The largest areas on the Eurasian continent are occupied by Populus tremula L. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to heart rot Fomes igniarius Fr., which is a significant drawback. Considering this drawback many scientists had carried out selection of rot-resistant stands and individual aspen trees in natural forests, and later proceeded to artificial hybridization. Besides different crossing options, factorial hybridization, in which several females are crossed with several males, is of interest. The resulting hybrids provide an opportunity to determine the best parental individuals or their pairs. Factorial hybridization of P. tremula in Russia was first carried out in the Central Chernozem region in 2015–2016 within the framework of international cooperation with the Institute of Forest Genetics of the Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (Germany) under the MARussiA project. The purpose of the work was to carry out hybridization, create a field experiment on variety testing of the resulting hybrids and observe them to identify the best hybrids and parents. The hybrids were tested at experimental field sites in the Voronezh and Lipetsk regions. This paper presents the results of field testing at the Latnoye variety test plot in the Semiluky district of the Voronezh region (51°42’ N, 38°56’ E; total area – 2,160 m2). Survival of plants of different hybrid families in the 4-year field experiment ranged from 67 to 100 %; on average, it was 88 %. The average height of plants at this age in individual families varied from 349±38.7 to 510±30.0 cm, being on average 419 cm in the experiment. The average diameter at breast height (1.3 m) was 3.4 cm with fluctuations by families from 2.4 to 4.6 cm. The average size of species cylinders of aspen hybrids by families was 3.5 dm3 with fluctuations from 1.7 to 7.7 dm3. The general and specific combining abilities of the parental forms had been preliminarily found. The results have been compared with the results obtained in other countries. Performed laboratory and field experiments on hybridization of P. tremula L. in the Central Chernozem region will allow to determine the best parental forms and select a number of economically valuable hybrids.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE FIGHT AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

This scientific article provides a systematic analysis of the international legal foundations of cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime. In the article, the author tried to highlight the theoretical aspects of the issue of international cooperation of law enforcement agencies in the system of combating transnational organized crime. The content and essence of the concepts “international criminal group” and “international criminal community”, which were considered relevant today, were also analyzed in this article. The comparative analysis of the author on international conventions, declarations, and legislation of foreign countries served as a reflection of the specifics of this article. Moreover, the relevance of the research topic is because the commission of transnational organized crimes is characterized by the use of modern technical means and technologies. The predicted result was a significant increase in the number of serious crimes of a transnational nature. The lack of proper legal cooperation between States leads to the emergence and spread of dangerous practices when criminals, committing a crime in one State, illegally cross the borders of another in order to avoid justice and criminal prosecution. The problem of disclosure, investigation, and prevention of transnational organized crimes within the framework of international cooperation in criminal matters is the most urgent today.

Extradition models within the framework of international cooperation of states in criminal cases

The article examines the basic models of extradition within the framework of international cooperation of states in criminal cases. It is emphasized that modern models of issuing persons in criminal cases that develop and expand within international organizations are distinguished. Adoption by international organizations of conventions as multilateral international treaties has a key role in the legal regulation of issues of issuance of persons and the formation of new models. The following models include: Universal Model Issuance within the UN, Model of the Institute of Issuance within the Council of Europe, Model of the Institute for Issuance under the European Union. The article describes the last model. It was noted that before the formation of the European Union in 1993, 28 Member States relied on the European Convention on the Issuance of Persons in 1957 and most European countries implemented the rules of this Convention. Therefore, some other international legal acts were adopted within the framework of this international organization. For example, the Council of Europe Framework on the European Arrest Order and the procedures for transferring offenders between Member States of 13 June 2002, which defines new directions of development of the Institute for the Issuance of Persons. Its feature is the accelerated process and the maximum possibility of issuing persons. It is this model that is now more in demand and new. It is concluded that each state retains its identity in the regulation of issues of issuing persons who assist in the formation of a national model of issuing persons in the framework of international cooperation in criminal cases. In no state in the world, you can find the full similarity of the norms for the issuance of persons. Key words: extradition, international search, legal system, extradition models, European arrest warrant, European Union, international legal acts