Frame Rules Research Articles

Analysis of Novel Assistive Robotic Multi‐Stage Underwater Lift Design for Swimmer Safety

Unintentional deaths particularly near swimming pools are alarmingly increasing in recent times. The rate of increase in deaths was reported in the world health organization and other national health magazines. There were very few inventions and research work done on autonomous rescue designs. The paper introduced new methods and techniques to address the issues. The paper introduces very novel architecture; novel multilayer approaches especially worked on fail-proof autonomous rescue techniques by using natural buoyancy as a main source of mechanical power in lifting drowning persons from the water. The trials conducted by the paper were accurate and reliable and the proposed autonomous drown-rescue system design is suitable for most the situations. The placement of sensors, elevator, semiautomatic arrangements such as panic switches, and buoyancy helped elevator are the total innovative approaches in addressing the situation (cause). There is no big limitation in the proposed methods except 20–30% of the total cost of the construction of the swimming pool which is not a problem when addressing alarmingly increasing deaths due to drowning in all age groups people. The methods discussed in the paper are all possible and feasible cost-effective methods and add more confidence in maintaining a pool in-house without any health risks. The governments and communities must frame rules to implement the proposed system as mandatory to maintain a pool that is 100% safe for all age groups. The methods addressed in the paper are completely novel and new. The paper contributes major design contributions for the detection of drowning accidents using underwater and buoyancy-dependent lifts, proximity sensors, and laser tripwires.

Internet of health things driven deep learning-based system for non-invasive patient discomfort detection using time frame rules and pairwise keypoints distance feature

Nowadays, digitization has opened up various possibilities in the healthcare sector. Smart healthcare is becoming a field of remarkable transformations and growth in the new era of smart cities and digitally interconnected societies. In smart healthcare systems, multiple sensors, devices, and sources are interconnected through networks and collect valuable data that gives insights about the patient’s health status and ongoing health trends. Internet of Health Things (IoHT) is a concept that represents the identifiable sensors, devices, and sources connected to the internet and that can be utilized in various automated patient monitoring applications to provide remote healthcare services. This article aims to provide an IoHT driven deep learning-based system for non-invasive patient discomfort detection. The developed system comprises of an RGB camera device to identify discomfort in a patient’s body instead of utilizing any wearable sensors or devices. In order to identify movement and discomfort, the system utilizes the YOLOv3 model to detect the patient’s body and the Alphapose method to extract different keypoints information of the patient’s body. Applying association rules, the detected keypoints are then converted into six central body organs. To detect a patient’s discomfort, pairwise distance is measured between detected keypoints, and finally, time frame rules are applied to set a threshold in order to analyze movements as either associated with normal or discomfort conditions. The patient’s body is monitored continuously for multiple frames, based on which comfort and discomfort levels are distinguished. Different video sequences are used for experimental evaluations; results reveal the effectiveness of the developed system by achieving a True Positive Rate of 95% with a 6% False Positive Rate.

Influence of dairy industry leaders on the development of the Russian milk processing market

Subject. This article analyzes the position and role of leading dairy companies in shaping the modern Russian milk processing market. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the opportunities and threats associated with the influence of leading dairy companies on individual milk processing markets, especially, in the context of the advantages of location in the Voronezh and Leningrad Oblasts. Methods. To describe the process of forming a business group in a three-part sequence Growth–Development–Structure, I used the market positioning, resource, and transaction concepts. Results. The article reveals imbalances in volumes of raw milk processing and production caused by the policy of regional expansion, in markets dominated by dairy enterprises controlled by leading companies. Conclusions. Leading dairy companies frame rules required for all milk processing market participants, but some practices of competing are ambiguous. Their actions put antitrust policy in the regulation of certain segments of the dairy industry in perspective.

Law and Media Trial in India

Media is often termed as the fourth pillar of India; it is an indispensable part in keeping democracy alive and reaching out to the masses. The media plays an instrumental role in educating and delivering the truth to people. However, in recent times, the media has exceeded its role by bringing its lens into the courtrooms and setting up its own trials, parallelly. The transition from responsible reporting to investigating various high-profile cases or cases of infamous crimes has made the media trial a common practice. From aiming to grab the highest television rating points to trying to stay relevant in the changing times, the media has overstepped its own boundary. The unconscious transition in its role has not only interfered with the fair administration of justice but also pressurised the judiciary to act in a certain way. It has, also, hampered the fundamental and constitutional rights of both the accused and the victim of a crime. The courts have always, unfailingly, guarded the freedom of press, and they continue to do so. However, the judiciary sensed trouble in certain cases when the media began to deliver its own verdict before the evidence was verified or the guilt proved. It is here that the need to demarcate a line arose in order to ensure the media remains well within its job of fair reporting. In an attempt to contain this adverse effect of the media, the legislature and the judiciary have attempted to frame rules and guidelines to that effect. This article attempts to discuss the various facets of media trials and the laws pertaining to them.

Article 145: Rules of Court

For effective working management of the Supreme Court, Rules have been framed under Article 145 of the Constitution conferring power on the Chief Justice to constitute benches for disposal of cases. The Supreme Court Rules, 2013 provides that the procedural aspects of civil appeals, criminal appeals, original jurisdiction, review, supervisory jurisdiction, reference, review. Article 145 gives to the Supreme Court power to frame rules including rules regarding condition on which a person can practice before the Supreme Court. Such a rule would be valid and binding and such a rule if framed would not have anything to do with the disciplinary jurisdiction of State Bar Councils.

Article 137: Review of Judgments or Orders by the Supreme Court

When the Constitution was framed the substantive power to rectify or recall the order passed by the Supreme Court was specifically provided by Article 137 of the Constitution. The framers of Constitution who had the practical wisdom to visualise the efficacy of such provision expressly conferred the substantive power to review any judgment or order by Article 137 of the Constitution and clause (c) of Article 145 permitted the Supreme Court to frame rules as to the conditions subject to which any judgment or order may be reviewed. In exercise of this power Order XL had been framed empowering the Supreme Court to review an order in civil proceedings on grounds analogous to Order XLVII Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Code. The expression, for any other sufficient reason in the clause, has been given an expanded meaning and a decree or order passed under misapprehension of the true state of circumstances has been held to be sufficient ground to exercise the power. Apart from Order XL Rule 1 of the Supreme Court Rules, the Supreme Court has the inherent power to make such orders as may be necessary for the interest of justice or to prevent the abuse of process of Court. The Court is thus not precluded from recalling or reviewing its own order if it is satisfied that it is necessary to do so for sake of justice. The mere fact that two views on the same subject are possible is no ground to review the earlier judgment passed by a Bench of the same strength.

International Procedural Regulation in the Common Interest: The Role of Third-Party Intervention and Amicus Curiae before the ICJ

Abstract By adjudicating inter-State claims, international courts can also contribute to the protection and promotion of community interests. However, the main obstacle faced by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) relates to the existing tension between the bilateral nature of its own proceedings and the multilateral nature of the conflicting substantive law. As procedure may guide and shape the application of substantive law, it should itself be interpreted and developed in a manner to ensure community interests. By using its power to “frame rules for carrying out its functions”, the Court should assume expanded procedural powers in order to ensure the effective application of substantive law whenever community interests are at issue. Most procedural rules can be adjusted for multiparty aspects, notably the rules on third-party intervention, with the aim of protecting community interests and enhancing the Court’s legitimacy. It is up to the Court to find the balance between States’ rights and commonly aspired goals.

Human behaviour modelling for welfare technology using hidden Markov models

Abstract Human behaviour modelling for welfare technology is the task of recognizing a person's behaviour patterns in order to construct a safe environment for that person. It is useful in building environments for older adults or to help any person in his or her daily life. The aim of this study is to model the behaviour of a person living in a smart house environment in order to detect abnormal behaviour and assist the person if help is needed. Hidden Markov models, location of the person in the house, posture of the person, and time frame rules are implemented using a real-world, open-source dataset for training and testing. The proposed model presented in this study models the normal behaviour of a person and detects anomalies in the usual pattern. The model shows good results in the identification of abnormal behaviour when tested.

Enhancing ICJ Procedures in Order to Promote Global Public Goods: Overcoming the Prevailing Tension between Bilateralism and Community Interests

By developing international law, international courts - ‘intermediate Global Public Goods (GPG)’- can also contribute to the protection and promotion of final GPG. In international legal discourse, the term is often linked but not limited to the idea of erga omnes norms. The ICJ, in particular, is capable of promoting GPG by adjudicating inter-State claims. However, one of the main obstacles faced by the World Court relates to the existing tension between the bilateral nature of its own proceedings and the multilateral nature of the conflicting substantive law. Whereas the rules of substantive law that protect community interests are considered as GPG, those guiding international adjudication are of a procedural nature. Considering that procedure may guide and shape the application of substantive law, it will be argued that it should itself be interpreted and developed in a manner to ensure community interests. This article argues that using its power to ‘frame rules for carrying out its functions’, independently from States’ consent, the Court should assume expanded procedural powers in order to ensure the effective application of substantive law whenever GPG are at issue. Most procedural rules can be adjusted and tailored for multiparty aspects with the aim of protecting community interests and enhancing the international court’s legitimacy. It is up to the Court to find the balance between States’ rights and commonly aspired goals, acknowledging the relation between the emergence of soft international law-making (procedure) and its role of addressing the provision of GPG (substance).

Housing Schemes, Price Fixation of Houses and Other Related Issues: A Study

In various housing scheme launched by State through its instrumentality like ‘Housing Boards’, the issues relating to allotment, price fixation and other connected matters often arise, quite frequently resulting in litigation. Courts are called upon to decide these issues in accordance with rules and procedures formulated by the appropriate State Governments or the Boards authorised to frame rules. The recent instance of such a case is M.P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam established under M.P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam Act, 1972. The Board floated the “Housing Scheme” for allotment of (36) residential houses for the employees of the State Government and of public sector undertakings. The scheme was named as “Riviera Towne” in Bhopal. An advertisement was published in newspaper by the Board specifying the terms and conditions for allotment to the applicants. The Board fixed an ‘enhanced’ estimated cost, after the tentative cost and revised calculations and price determined, which was informed to the allottees to give their consent or dissent within (15) days from the date of issuance of the said communication. In the case of allottees failing to do so, they will not be allotted and amount already paid will be refunded to them with interest as per provisions of the Act. The enhanced rate was more than 30% of the original price. Apart from this, notified the price of the land for registration and the stamp duty in contravention of the law laid down by the courts. All then issues were the subject-matter of litigation in courts on various grounds.

Judicial Control Over Delegated Legislation

The Indian Constitution has established a Welfare State which mandates that the State shall legislate on innumerable activities touching human lives in order to promote the ‘maximum happiness of the maximum number of people’. Consequently the State has to undertake legislation on a variety of subjects. In view of this increasing legislative activity, the legislatures will not find adequate time to legislate on every minute details and limit themselves to ‘policy matters and leaving a large volume of area to executives to frame rules to carry out the purposes of legislation. Thus, the need for delegation became indispensable and it was sought to be justified on grounds of ‘speed’, flexibility and adoptability’. The application of law to changing circumstances was made feasible through the instruments of ‘rules’ framed by the executive. It is not a surprise to find that during the years (1973-77) spanning a period of 4 years Parliament enacted 300 statutes but the rules framed by the executive exceeded 25000. This has been observed by the apex court in the Arvind Singh’s case.

Layered graph logic as an assertion language for access control policy models

We describe a uniform logical framework, based on a bunched logic that combines classical additives and very weak multiplicatives, for reasoning compositionally about access control policy models. We show how our approach takes account of the underlying system architecture, and so provides a way to identify and reason about how vulnerabilities may arise (and be removed) as a result of the architecture of the system. We consider, using frame rules, how local properties of access control policies are maintained as the system architecture evolves.

DMD mutation spectrum analysis in 613 Chinese patients with dystrophinopathy.

Dystrophinopathy is a group of inherited diseases caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Within the dystrophinopathy spectrum, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are common X-linked recessive disorders that mainly feature striated muscle necrosis. We combined multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification with Sanger sequencing to detect large deletions/duplications and point mutations in the DMD gene in 613 Chinese patients. A total of 571 (93.1%) patients were diagnosed, including 428 (69.8%) with large deletions/duplications and 143 (23.3%) with point mutations. Deletion/duplication breakpoints gathered mostly in introns 44-55. Reading frame rules could explain 88.6% of deletion mutations. We identified seventy novel point mutations that had not been previously reported. Spectrum expansion and genotype-phenotype analysis of DMD mutations on such a large sample size in Han Chinese population would provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanism underlying dystrophinopathies.

E – Banking: Challenges and Development in India

The changing financial landscape has posed new challenges for banks and policymakers/supervisors. Banks now have increased reliance on technology to compete in an increasingly competitive business environment and thus need to effectively manage the IT security and other related risks. Central Banks and supervisory authorities are facing new challenges in banking supervision as well as in designing and implementing monetary policy. The growing scope of E-Banking and increasing complexity of banking products and services demands continuous adaptation of regulatory framework and effective supervisory oversight. In India, there are guidelines or legal frame work for regulating the system and try to control the risks. Reserve Bank of India and judiciary took number of steps and frame rules and regulation so that there should not exist any lacuna in regulating the system. And they are always in a position to satisfy the need of the hour for that they occasionally amend laws and even frame laws. Still in India, due to the system it can be traced out that along with the development of economy, country facing various problems like cyber crime and other frauds.

Papua New Guinean Understandings of Corruption: Insights from a Nine-Province Survey

This report sheds light on what Papua New Guineans think about corruption and anti-corruption efforts. It does so by presenting data from a survey into citizens’ understandings of corruption conducted during 2010 and 2011 by Transparency International Papua New Guinea. We interviewed over 1800 rural and urban citizens across nine provinces and asked them about definitions, causes, and reporting of corruption, and their perceptions of the effectiveness of organisations in addressing corruption. In addition, we asked respondents to evaluate scenarios that might be considered corrupt, as well as a variety of statements about corruption, trust, democracy, the legal system and leadership. For a long time there has been little evidence of what Papua New Guineans think about corruption. Building on findings from qualitative research undertaken by Transparency International Papua New Guinea in 2008, this report aims to – in a small way – help address this gap. The report’s findings suggest that to address corruption in PNG more effectively it is important to:1. Strengthen government institutions and encourage citizens to hold them and political leaders to account.2. Build a common understanding about corruption between policy makers and citizens by encouraging debate about corruption and anti-corruption, and prioritising research to inform such debate. It is suggested that such discussion could help to better frame rules and laws about corruption in the future (see recommendation 6 below).3. Fight the structural causes of corruption by addressing the causes of poverty and poor infrastructure, and demonstrate the link between accountability and transparency and development. 4. Conduct anti-corruption communication campaigns, which clearly communicate what corruption means. They should clarify which types of corrupt conduct are unlawful/unacceptable, so that citizens can better relate to the concept.5. Expand and support anti-corruption mechanisms across the country to make it easier for citizens to report corruption.6. Support efforts that ensure stricter enforcement of existing laws, and review laws and legal institutions for their relevance.

A step-indexed Kripke model of hidden state

Frame and anti-frame rules have been proposed as proof rules for modular reasoning about programs. Frame rules allow the hiding of irrelevant parts of the state during verification, whereas the anti-frame rule allows the hiding of local state from the context.We discuss the semantic foundations of frame and anti-frame rules, and present the first sound model for Charguéraud and Pottier's type and capability system including both of these rules. The model is a possible worlds model based on the operational semantics and step-indexed heap relations, and the worlds are given by a recursively defined metric space. We also extend the model to account for Pottier's generalised frame and anti-frame rules, where invariants are generalised tofamiliesof invariants indexed over preorders. This generalisation enables reasoning about some well-bracketed as well as (locally) monotone uses of local state.

Nested Hoare Triples and Frame Rules for Higher-order Store

Separation logic is a Hoare-style logic for reasoning about programs with heap-allocated mutable data structures. As a step toward extending separation logic to high-level languages with ML-style general (higher-order) storage, we investigate the compatibility of nested Hoare triples with several variations of higher-order frame rules. The interaction of nested triples and frame rules can be subtle, and the inclusion of certain frame rules is in fact unsound. A particular combination of rules can be shown consistent by means of a Kripke model where worlds live in a recursively defined ultrametric space. The resulting logic allows us to elegantly prove programs involving stored code. In particular, using recursively defined assertions, it leads to natural specifications and proofs of invariants required for dealing with recursion through the store.

The Paradox of Rules

There is limited scholarship considering how social status factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and age frame rules in public organizations. Using data collected from semistructured interviews with 49 local government officials, the author argues that there is a paradox of rules. Women and people of color are increasingly entering the ranks of local bureaucracies, but they experience their authority differently than white men. Their claim to authority is challenged more often. Unable to rely on implicit rank and social status as a defense, they must rely instead on official rights and rules. The very meaning of their authority is therefore different: It is more rule and rights based, more formal than informal, more explicit than implicit. Yet, because it is more rule based, formal, and explicit, their authority is also more open to question and challenge, and more resented as an artifice. People of color and women in positions of authority thus face the paradox of rules: They must rely on formal rules as a key basis for their authority, but relying on rules makes their authority seem more artificial than real.

Application of D-S Evidence Deducing Theory to one Kind of Mechanical Fault Diagnosis

Rotor rub-impact fault may be diagnosed through several kind signal such as rotor vibration, stator vibration and rotor transient speed, and every signal include fault features of different side, so it is possible to improve diagnosis successful probability by mul-information fusing method. The fault identifying frame and combination diagnosis rules are determined using stator vibration and rotor transient speed signals. It is adopted to determine mass function by the S-function, and the deducing method is put up. After peak value of stator resonance demodulation and rotor transient speed fluctuation amplitude information are fused, the method is applied to diagnose rotor rub-impact fault successfully.

Relational bytecode correlations

We present a calculus for tracking equality relationships between values through pairs of bytecode programs. The calculus may serve as a certification mechanism for non-interference, a well-known program property in the field of language-based security, and code transformations. Contrary to previous type systems for non-interference, no restrictions are imposed on the control flow structure of programs. Objects, static and virtual methods are included, and heap-local reasoning is supported by frame rules. In combination with polyvariance, the latter enable the modular verification of programs over heap-allocated data structures, which we illustrate by verifying and comparing different implementations of list copying. The material is based on a complete formalisation in Isabelle/HOL.