Packet Frame Research Articles

Interpolation-based reference image estimation for video display field communication.

Display field communication (DFC) is a frequency-based display-to-camera (D2C) communication technology. The digital display and the camera act as transmitter and receiver, respectively, and data are transmitted in a video via the D2C link. The essence of DFC is to minimize image distortion for the user while concealing data within the image for transmission. Unlike traditional Video-DFC methods that may suffer from high error rates due to reliance on a single reference image, our proposed Interpolated Video-DFC technique employs a novel interpolated reference image estimation strategy. This method significantly enhances data detection by leveraging interpolation between two reference image frames, enabling accurate estimation of each reference image frame corresponding to data-embedded frames. Comparative experiments highlight the advantages of our method, showing a data rate improvement of approximately 2.3kbps for frame packet length N = 10. Additionally, we achieved a substantial reduction in error rates to approximately 69% lower than those of conventional methods. These findings indicate a promising direction for improving the performance and reliability of D2C communication systems.

3D Convolutional Neural Network-Based Multi-Parameter Video Quality Assessment Model on Cloud Platforms

In light of the rapid advancements in big data and artificial intelligence technologies, the trend of uploading local files to cloud servers to mitigate local storage limitations is growing. However, the surge of duplicate files, especially images and videos, results in significant network bandwidth wastage and complicates server management. To tackle these issues, we have developed a multi-parameter video quality assessment model utilizing a 3D convolutional neural network within a video deduplication framework. Our method, inspired by the analytic hierarchy process, thoroughly evaluates the effects of packet loss rate, codec, frame rate, bit rate, and resolution on video quality. The model employs a two-stream 3D convolutional neural network to integrate spatial and temporal streams for capturing video distortion details, with a coding layer configured to remove redundant distortion information. We validated our approach using the LIVE and CSIQ datasets, comparing its performance against the V-BLIINDS and VIDEO schemes across different packet loss rates. Furthermore, we simulated the client-server interaction using a subset of the dataset and assessed the scheme's time efficiency. Our results indicate that the proposed scheme offers a highly efficient solution for video quality assessment.

Interference Cancelation for Coexistence of LoRaWAN With Wireless Power Transfer

Low power wide area networks (LPWANs), which realize long-distance communication with low power consumption, are suitable for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In particular, long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) has been actively studied in recent years. Since wireless power transfer (WPT) charges the battery of terminals by sending high-frequency signals, it can avoid operational disruption for battery replacement and unnecessitate wiring. However, if it is not well designed, WPT may cause interference to other wireless communication systems using the same frequency band. This paper proposes a simple yet effective WPT interference cancellation method, which is suitable for LoRaWAN, to take a step to move the coexistence of LPWAN and WPT forward. The proposed method estimates the initial phase of the interfering signal by utilizing the packet frame structure of LoRaWAN and removes the interfering signal from the received signal during the signal detection process. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve almost the same symbol error rate (SER) performance as the system without interference, even under WPT interference.

Selective and on-demand network measurement with SRv6 and INT

Network measurement plays a critical role in network management to provide rich real-time network state for further network analysis. The novel network measurement approach, In-band Network Telemetry (INT), provides real-time and fine-grained packet-level network measurement. However, INT incurs significant overhead and lacks of flexibility to perform configurable on-demand network measurement. In this work, by combining the programmability of SRv6 and the telemetry efficiency of INT, we propose a Selective On-demand Network Measurement mechanism (SONM-SR-INT) to enable customizable network measurement where the measurement targets and telemetry information can be both configured. SRv6 is applied to both drive the measurement probing packet to follow a certain probing path to cover a given list of network targets, and facilitate the upper layer INT to perform per-hop customized network telemetry. We determine the optimum probing path by solving a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) in an auxiliary graph. We also define the SONM-SR-INT probing packet frame and packet processing mechanism. Finally, we implement SONM-SR-INT in P4 and validate its performance through a set of experiments.

Airborne Acoustic Chirp Spread Spectrum Communication System for User Identification in Indoor Localization

In this contribution, we propose a reliable, longrange, communication system based on chirp spread spectrum techniques for aerial ultrasonic channels, to be employed for user identification in ultrasonic indoor localization systems. We adopt binary orthogonal keying, where the binary information, modulates the shape of the chirp instantaneous frequency, mapping zeros onto down-chirps and ones onto up-chirps. In order to reduce the demodulation computational costs, we exploit the band-pass sampling theorem and develop an ad-hoc algorithm to under-sample the received signal. The incoming packet detection and frame synchronization are guaranteed by employing a characteristic chirp signal, typically utilized for localization purposes, as a pilot for the transmitted identification packet. A simple, yet efficient, pilot detection scheme enables live features by constantly listening to the channel, triggering the demodulator only when the pilot is detected. The performance of our system has been evaluated in low power and ultra-low power real-world experiments in a warehouse-like environment. It is demonstrated that our system is capable of error-free communication up to a range of 22 m in the low power setup, where the transmitter had a transmission power of 80 mW, corresponding to a sound pressure level of approximately 37 dBSPL at 1 m distance. In the ultra-low power mode, with a transmission power to 15 mW, corresponding to a sound pressure level of approximately 29 dBSPL at 1 m, the system achieved 99% success rate up to 16 m. Moreover, the capability of the system to be robust against the Doppler effect and in a multi-user environment has been tested via simulations.

NemFi

This paper presents NemFi: a trace-driven WiFi emulator. NemFi is a record-and-replay emulator that captures traces representing real WiFi conditions, and later replay these traces to reproduce the same conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate that the state-of-the-art emulator that was developed for cellular links cannot emulate WiFi conditions. We identify the three key differences that must be addressed to enable accurate WiFi record-and-replay: WiFi packet losses, medium-access control, and frame aggregation. We then extend the existing cellular network emulator to support WiFi record-and-replay. We evaluate the performance of NemFi via repeated experimentation across different WiFi conditions and for three different types of applications: speed-test, file download, and video streaming. Our experimental results demonstrate that average application performance over NemFi and real WiFi links is similar (with less than 3 percent difference).

Effect of Backhaul Technologies on 3G Network Performance: A Case Study of Ado-Ekiti

In the past years, when wireless network improvement occurs from 1G/2G to third generation (3G), the rate in the use of real-time traffic oriented applications for voice, video and data increases. Consequently, the bandwidth to be backhauled from the cell site to the mobile switching center increases rapidly. 3G network is most prevalent in Nigeria with wide area of coverage. However, in recent times, poor subscribers’ mobile broadband experience is still the major challenge faced by many GSM operators. One of the major causes of this challenge is the use of wrong backhaul for radio access network (RAN). This lead to poor traffic throughput, high packet loss or frame loss at the cell edge. To overcome this challenge, the use of appropriate backhaul technology is crucial. Third Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) recommends the use of either asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or internet protocol (IP) as the backhaul technologies for its RAN. This paper presents the performance analysis and the comparison of the ATM RAN and IP RAN backhaul technologies using six different 3G sites (with 3G base stations) located at Ado local government area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The performance of each base station with different backhaul technology was evaluated in term of average maximum throughput per day. The effect of frame loss (for ATM RAN network) and packet loss (for IP RAN network) on traffic throughput were also analyzed. The comparison of the overall result analysis shows that the 3G base stations with IP-based RAN backhaul has better performance than the base station with ATM-based RAN backhaul.

A note on discrete wave packet frames in ℂN

We show that for every nonzero vector [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], the discrete wave packet system [Formula: see text] constitutes a frame for the unitary space [Formula: see text]. An application of this result is given, where frame conditions cannot be derived from discrete wavelet systems in [Formula: see text]. The canonical dual of discrete wave packet frame is also discussed.

Design of Software Defined Networking Gateway for the Internet-of-Things

Pervasive computing is becoming a reality with the interconnection of numerous objects with unique identifiers and the ability to transmit data over the network. The heterogeneity in data traffic is on the rise with the evolution of the Internet of Things. The need for the gateway node in IoT to be equipped with more efficient networking capability to tackle the data traffic is becoming inevitable. This paper discusses the integration of Software Defined Networking paradigm with the gateway node to manage the data in the network optimally. A routing algorithm called Ethernet packet frame based routing that improves the Quality of Service is implemented by instantiating an OpenFlow compliant Software Defined Networking controller on the IoT gateway. The results corresponding to the statistics of the experimental setup is tabulated which shows an improvement of bandwidth by 44.98% and reduction of jitter by 33%.

A Novel Tensor CS-Based NOMA MIMO System for the Downlink of Massive Mission-Critical MTC in 5G and Beyond

The introduction of 5G and beyond systems brings new challenges for efficiently supporting the random access of a massive number of users with ultra-reliable low-latency requirements. To address these challenges, we propose a novel compressed sensing (CS)-based nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme, called the CS-NOMA MIMO scheme, for the downlink of massive mission-critical machine-type communication (mmcMTC). By taking advantage of tensor CS techniques, a novel tensor CS-based packet (frame) structure, called TCS packet (frame), is proposed for the CS-NOMA MIMO scheme to further reduce the transmit time intervals (TTIs), resulting in smaller latency than that using the conventional packet (frame) structure. In the TCS packet (frame) structure, the CS signatures are assigned not only to different users but also to different time slots and different symbols of a time slot, thus achieving a user, time slot, and symbol overload system. We present a sufficient condition for the construction of the CS signatures that ensure effective deployment of tensor CS-based multiuser detection (CS-MUD) in user receivers. Furthermore, we consider the case of imperfect channel state information (CSI) and present an upper bound for the performance of the proposed scheme. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve high user overload (up to 5) and time slot overload (up to 3) when the activity ratio of users is 1%. When the time slot overload is 3, the proposed scheme with the TCS packet (frame) shortens time slots by at least 2/3 times that of the typical grant-based NOMA schemes. In addition, the block error rate (BLER) of the proposed scheme with the TCS packet (frame) is much lower than that with the conventional packet (frame), even less than 10−9 by repeat transmission when the time slot overload is 3.

Robust pulmonary segmentation for chest radiography, combining enhancement, adaptive morphology and innovative active contours

Abstract Introduction Statistical data reveal that approximately 140 million radiological exams are performed annually in Brazil. These exams are designed to detect and to analyze fractures, caused by different types of trauma; as well as, to diagnose pathologies such as pulmonary diseases. For better visualization of those lesions or abnormalities, methods of image segmentation can be implemented. Such methods lead to the separation of the region of interest, which allows extracting the characteristics and anomalies of the desired tissue. However, the methods developed by researchers in this area still have restrictions. Consequently, we present an automatic pulmonary segmentation approach that overcomes these constraints. Methods This method is composed of a combination of Discrete Wavelet Packet Frame (DWPF), morphological operations and Gradient Vector Flow (GVF). The methodology is divided into four steps: Pre-processing - the original image is enhanced by discrete wavelet; Processing - where occurs a combination of the Otsu threshold with a series of morphological operations in order to identify the pulmonary object; Post-processing - an innovative form of using GVF improves the binary information of pulmonary tissue, and; Evaluation – the segmented images were evaluated for accuracy of detection the pulmonary region and border. Results The evaluation was carried out by segmenting 247 digital X-ray challenging images of the thorax human. The results show high for values of Overlap (97,63% ± 3.34%), and Average Contour Distance (0.69mm ± 0.95mm). Conclusion The results allow verifying that the proposed technique is robust and more accurate than other methods of lung segmentation, besides being a fully automatic method of lung segmentation.

Wave Packet Frame in Two Dimensions in General Lattices

Frame theory is a useful tool for many engineering applications such as in signal processing, image processing, data compression and sampling theory. In this paper, symmetric wave packet frames with several generators about general shift lattices in two dimensions are constructed from any frames given, which generalizes the existing results to the case of general shift lattices.

Construction of dual wavelet frame pairs and signal recovery

Signal processing is an enabling technology that helps us to denote any operation which modifies or analyzes the information contained in a signal. In this paper, we first decompose the original signal by a wavelet packet frame and analyze the coefficients. Then, by using dual wavelet frames, we reconstruct the original signal. In this reconstruction, the standard choice for duals which plays a key role is the canonical dual. Our aim is to develop new duals to obtain more accurate results. To this end, we consider wavelet frames which Fourier transform of generators form a partition of unity. Then we introduce several explicit duals for them and compare the advantage of these duals in signal processing. This indicates that we may obtain more reliable estimates by alternate duals.

A Novel DDoS Floods Detection and Testing Approaches for Network Traffic based on Linux Techniques

In Today’s Digital World, the continuous interruption of users has affected Web Servers (WSVRs), through Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. These attacks always remain a massive warning to the World Wide Web (WWW). These warnings can interrupt the accessibility of WSVRs, completely by disturbing each data processing before intercommunication properties over pure dimensions of Data-Driven Networks (DDN), management and cooperative communities on the Internet technology. The purpose of this research is to find, describe and test existing tools and features available in Linux-based solution lab design Availability Protection System (Linux-APS), for filtering malicious traffic flow of DDoS attacks. As source of malicious traffic flow taken most widely used DDoS attacks, targeting WSVRs. Synchronize (SYN), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Flooding attacks are described and different variants of the mitigation techniques are explained. Available cooperative tools for manipulating with network traffic, like; Ebtables and Iptables tools are compared, based on each type of attacks. Specially created experimental network was used for testing purposes, configured filters servers and bridge. Inspected packets flow through Linux-kernel network stack along with tuning options serving for increasing filter server traffic throughput. In the part of contribution as an outcomes, Ebtables tool appears to be most productive, due to less resources it needed to process each packet (frame). Pointed out that separate detecting system is needed for this tool, in order to provide further filtering methods with data. As main conclusion, Linux-APS, solutions provide full functionality for filtering malicious traffic flow of DDoS attacks either in stand-alone state or combined with detecting systems.

Perturbation of irregular Weyl-Heisenberg wave packet frames in $L^2(\mathbb{R})$

In this paper, we consider the perturbation problem of irregular Weyl-Heisenberg wave packet frame $\{D_{a_j}T_{bk}E_{c_m}\psi\}_{j,k,m\in \mathbb{Z}}$ about dilation, translation and modulation parameters. We give a method to determine whether the perturbation systems is a frame for wave packet functions whose Fourier transforms have small support and prove the stability about dilation parameter on Paley-Wiener space. For a wave packet function, we give a definite answer to the stability about translation parameter $b$.

Construction of -stage discrete periodic wave packet frames

In this paper, our main goal is to introduce the construction of the -stage periodic wave packet frames in a discrete setting. We first establish a general characterization of wave packet systems to be Parseval frames in using discrete Fourier transforms, and provide a sufficient condition for the system to be a first-stage discrete periodic wave packet frame for . And then, we construct a class of -stage discrete periodic wave packet frame by iterating the filter sequence, and establish the associated decomposition and reconstruction algorithms for these wave packet frames, which include the corresponding results of wavelet analysis and Gabor theory as the special cases. Finally, we give an illustrative example to demonstrate the validity of the proposed scheme.

MC-MAC: a multi-channel based MAC scheme for interference mitigation in WBANs

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) support the inter-operability of biomedical sensors and medical institutions with convenience and high-efficiency, which makes it an appropriate solution for the pervasive healthcare. Typically, WBANs comprise in-body or around-body sensor nodes for collecting data of physiological feature. Therefore, the efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol is a crucial paramount to coordinate these devices and forward data to the medical center in an efficient and reliable way. However, the extensive use of wireless channel and coexistence of WBANs may result in inevitable interference which will cause performance degradation. Besides, contention-based access in single channel in WBANs is less efficient for dense medical traffic on account of large packet delay, energy consumption and low priority starvation. To address these issues above, we propose a multi-channel MAC (MC-MAC) scheme to obtain better network performance. Considering the characteristic and emergency degree of medical traffic, we introduce a novel channel mapping and selection mechanism, cooperating with conflict avoidance strategy, to organize nodes to access available channels without collisions. In addition, we have evaluated the performance of MC-MAC and the standard IEEE 802.15.6 via simulation and hardware test. The test is conducted by hardware platform based on prototype system of WBANs. Both of the analysis and simulation results show that MC-MAC outperforms the IEEE 802.15.6 in terms of packet delay, throughput, packet error rate and frame error rate.

Real-time wireless multisensory smart surveillance with 3D-HEVC streams for internet-of-things (IoT)

This paper presents the design of a novel, real-time, wireless, multisensory, smart surveillance system with 3D-HEVC features. The proposed high-level system architecture of the surveillance system is analyzed. The advantages of HEVC encoding are presented. Methods for synchronization between multiple streams are presented. Available wireless standards are presented and compared. A network-adaptive transmission protocol for a reliable, real-time, multisensory surveillance system is proposed. Adaptive packet frame grouping (APFG) and adaptive quantization are deployed to maximize the quality-of-experience (QoE). Measurements of the proposed protocol have been shown to provide superior results compared to existing transport protocols.

REVAMPING QUALITY OF SERVICE OF VIDEO STREAMING OVER WIRELESS LAN

Just like video streaming over a wired network, streaming can also be done over a wireless LAN. However, real-time streaming over wireless networks is a challenging proposition due to the highly variable nature of wireless links and the resource-poor nature of mobile devices. In such a context, transmission control schemes have to dynamically adapt both to the application requirements and the channel conditions. In this paper, we put forward a short review of some recent innovations, which have been devised to thoroughly revamp the Quality of Service (QoS) of video streaming over WLANs. Depending on their applications, the solutions have focused mainly on the following three network layers: Media Access Control layer (MAC), Application layer (APP) and Physical layer (PHY). In this paper, we propose an adaptive cross-layer quality-of-service (QoS) scheme for wireless channel and streaming applications. For the sake of adaptive QoS, the cross-layer architecture assumes that layer information could be exchanged between application layer and lower layers. In addition, priority-based adaptive QoS scheduling for MPEG video streams is proposed here. It considers the frame type of the MPEG-4 video file so as to efficiently provide non-similar priorities to important packets of video. IEEE 802.11e protocol assigns top priority to video applications. It does this in order to reduce delay and packets losses, which could happen due to other competing traffic. Simulation results performed with the network simulator ns-2 will show that the cross-layer architecture allows a good performance under both, light and heavy loads, while minimizing the mean packet delay and frame jitter. We aim to minimize the dropping of frames and frame jitter while gracefully degrading video quality to enable the same.

Quality of Variable Bitrate HD Video Transmission in New Generation Access Network

Article presents influence of multiplying variable bitrate high definition (HD) video streams in an access network link on Quality of Service (QoS). The aim of a conducted study is to define key parameters influencing Quality of Experience (QoE). Numerous simulations were performed and indicators like packet loss, delay, jitter, frame loss and bandwidth utilization were observed. Moreover, two independent algorithms were used to indicate QoE values of video streams. These are SwissQual VQuadHD and Telchemy VQMon applications which provided credible full reference and no reference algorithms, respectively. In the article evaluation of accuracy of no reference algorithm is performed. In future work it is planned to build analytic model of VBR video transmission and to undertake more thorough research of transmitting multiplied HD video streams in an access network using various QoS policies and optimizing size of buffers.