Frame Of Theory Research Articles

Pictorial Framing of Farmer-Herder Conflict in Nigeria by Daily Trust, Nigerian Tribune and the Sun Newspapers

This study examined pictorial framing of farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria by Daily Trust, Tribune and the Sun newspapers for the period of six months June 2018 to December 2018. The objectives of the study are to identify issues of farmers-herders conflict portrayed in Daily Trust, the Sun and Tribune newspapers. Identify types of pictures the newspapers used in framing farmers-herders conflict in Nigeria. Examine tone of the pictures used by Daily Trust, the Sun and Tribune in framing the farmers- herders’ conflict in Nigeria. The study is situated within the arguments of framing and conflict theories which served as theoretical framework. The study adopted content analysis research design to fill the knowledge gap on how newspapers use pictures in framing the farmers-herders conflict in Nigeria during the period of study. Findings from the study indicated that Daily Trust, Tribune and the Sun used accompanied pictures with positive tone in the coverage of the farmers- herders’ conflict pictorially throughout the period selected for the research. The study concluded that, even though diverse media organizations paid attention to the coverage of the conflict pictorially, Daily Trust, Tribune and The Sun were able to show the different sides to the conflict (Resolved/ Rescued efforts, Mild, Grievous and Farmers Attack) but predominantly focused on village attack, herders with weapons and the physically traumatised angle to the story thereby showcasing more of a situation with devastating impact that is yet to be resolved. The study concluded that, in spite of the mild reports and footages about the issue, Daily Trust, Tribune and The Sun newspapers pictorially framed the conflict as and physically traumatizing, impacts community negatively thus downplaying the mild or commodification perspective of the situation in pictures. The study recommends that similar study should be conducted using the same newspapers but different period of study in order to ascertain if there is a paradigmatic shift in relation to issues of farmers and herders’ conflict pictorially framed by Daily Trust, Tribune and The Sun newspapers. There is need for Daily Trust, Tribune and the Sun to adopt the use of both accompanied and unaccompanied pictures in their pictorial reportage of the farmers and herders’ conflict. Further research should be conducted on the tone of pictures used by Daily Trust, Tribune and the Sun newspapers. This largely because, it is extremely unusual to see all the pictures have positive tone.

Media Framing Of the Russia-Ukraine War by Tass and Ukrinform during the First Month of the Invasion

When two countries go to war, the media in these countries also go to war through the use of framing in content production. This study focuses on the media framing of the Russia-Ukraine war by the TASS and Ukrinform during the first month of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. A descriptive content analysis guided by framing and political economy theories was used. A coding sheet was used as the instrument of data. A total of 1929 reports were identified during the first month of the invasion. Findings revealed that the Russian News Agency framed the conflict in Ukraine as a ‘special military operation,’ but did not make the ‘operation’ a media agenda. This was reflected in the low Average Daily Frequency (ADF) of 9 reports. On the other hand, the Ukrainian News Agency, Ukrinform framed the operation as a ‘war’ or ‘invasion’ of Ukraine. The Ukrainian News Agency made the operation a media agenda, this was reflected in the high Average Daily Frequency (ADF) of 53 reports. Further findings revealed that the dominant frame employed by the TASS and Ukrinform News Agencies is the attacks on civilians, residential areas and causalities. This was to expose the atrocities committed by the enemy (Russian or Ukrainian government) to either win sympathy or condemnation among supporters. Based on these findings, this study recommends media independence during wars. This will give even the state-owned news agencies the right to employ realist frames which could help save lives during wars and not political economy frames.

Multi-Converter UPQC Optimization for Power Quality Improvement Using Beetle Swarm-Based Butterfly Optimization Algorithm

The primary goal of this paper is to design a Multi-Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC). The proposed method is solved based on the Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory. The MC-UPQC involves two series Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) for power transfer between feeders to eliminate voltage sag, swell, interruption, and transient response in the system. The proposed model adopts control strategies based on an optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) in SRF, utilizing a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm called Beetle Swarm-based Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BS-BOA), which combines Beetle Swarm Optimization (BSO) and Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) for membership limit optimization and control rule generation. The major benefit of the optimized FLC-based MC-UPQC is its quick behavior in minimizing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in source and load side voltages and currents. Simulation and MATLAB environment are used for the entire system implementation. The comparative analysis of the proposed controller for MC-UPQC is performed against conventional controllers to validate its effectiveness. Quantitative data related to the main research outcomes, such as THD of source voltage and current, and dynamic behavior of the system, are included. The main benefit of the study is the significant reduction in THD and improved dynamic performance of the system.

Analisis Ketepatan Pemberian Opini Akuntan Publik di Indonesia

Purpose: This study aims to explain the problem of the accuracy of giving opinions given by public accountants in Indonesia, using framing theory analysis. In this study we developed an analysis of the accuracy of opinions in which we observed matters that were the causes of non-compliance by public accountants, so as to be able to provide more complex and in-depth information to understand attitudes, perceptions, emotions, beliefs about the motives and behavior of informants. Methodology: The informants for this study were 12 Public Accountants who had permission from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia to sign the Independent Auditor's Report. Data collection techniques were using semi-structured interviews, testing the validity of the data using the triangulation method and analyzing and processing data using Nvivo software version 12. Results: The results of the study show that the accuracy of giving a Public Accountant's opinion is influenced by: Auditor, Client Integrity, Public Accountant Integrity and Audit Planning. The violation committed by the Public Accountant is giving an opinion that is not in accordance with the actual situation, due to: not complying with Standard Auditing (SA) 230 regarding Audit Documentation, not complying with SA 500 Audit Evidence, providing audit services not through KAP, providing audit services but the license has been revoked, audit reports are not supported by working papers, receive audit assignments that are being audited by another KAP, have not complied with SA 510 Initial Balances, have not implemented Quality Control Standards, have not fully reported audit clients, and have not maintained working papers. Limitations: This study examines the existence of Framing Theory, Auditing understanding, and the problems of the practice of the Public Accountant Profession regarding the implementation of Professional Ethics and Laws. To provide input to the practice of Public Accountants that in carrying out practices must be in accordance with Auditing Standards and applicable rules.

A Characterization of (Weak) Nonhomogeneous Wavelet Dual Frames and Mixed Oblique Principle in Sobolev Spaces on the Half Real Line

Due to being a group under Walsh addition ⊕, the wavelet frame theory on has been well developed in recent years. This paper addresses wavelet dual frames on Sobolev spaces defined on We introduce the Sobolev space with characterize (weak) nonhomogeneous wavelet dual frames for and establish mixed oblique extension principles for constructing them.

Isotropic stellar model in mimetic theory

We investigate how to derive an isotropic stellar model in the frame of mimetic gravitational theory. Recently, this theory has gained big interest due to its difference from Einstein’s general relativity (GR), especially in the domain non-vacuum solutions. In this regard, we apply the field equation of mimetic gravitational theory to a spherically symmetric ansatz and obtain an over determined system of non-linear differential equations in which the number of differential equations is less than the unknown functions. To overcome the over determined system we suppose a specific form of the temporal component of the metric potential, g_{tt}, and assume the vanishing of the anisotropic condition to derive the form of the spatial component of the metric, g_{rr}. In this regard, we discuss the possibility to derive a stellar isotropic model that is in agreement with observed pulsars. To examine the stability of the isotropic model we use the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation and the adiabatic index. Moreover, we test the model using a wide range of observed values of masses and radii of pulsars and show that they fit in a good way.

Media framing and construction of socio-political issues in Nigeria: (Dis)connection between theory and professional ethics?

For decades, the socio-political environment the press operates in had conditioned it to always build prominence around phenomena and people, using language as a strong carrier. Knowing full well that the press can escalate or de-escalate the salience of events through news reportage, media scholars saw the necessity for the institutionalization of some regulatory principles for the press. This is known as social responsibilities. This position paper interrogates the connection or disconnection between two media theories (framing and identity construction) and Nigerian journalism practice as codified by Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) code of ethics, using the farmer-herder crisis and Independent People of Biafra’s (IPOB) call for secession as cases. Having identified a plethora of negative frames and constructed identities around the two cases selected from 19 empirical papers conducted between 2015 and 2021, the findings show that the Nigerian press (newspapers) lean more towards war and ethnic journalism than peace/solution-driven journalism while reporting issues related to the two cases. The paper argues that the journalism practice of the Nigerian press, most times, aligns with the propositions of framing and identity construction theories, but largely disconnects from its ethical principles. In order to have a socially responsible journalism practice in Nigeria, this paper joins the conversation on advocacy for peace/solution-driven journalism.

북한 민요 5음음계 조식확장 양상에 관한 연구

The North Korean folk Music is characterized by the pentatonic scale, which is made up of the five tones of gong (C), shang (D), jue (E), zhi (G), and yu (A).
 There are five corresponding modes in it: gong mode, shang mode, jue mode, zhi mode and yu mode. It contains a unique 'sigimsae' (decorative expressions) and and exhibits a unique style. Given the researches on the pentatonic scale modes in the North Korean folk Music from 1950 to 2000, it is divided into studies on structural characteristics and types of the modes based on 'pyongjo three-tone serial' and 'gemyongjo three-tone serial' and studies on the mode expansion.
 Among those, the researches on the mode expansion are generally based on Hwang Min-myung's theory.
 This study examines the theoretical background and formation process of the pentatonic scale modes in the North Korean folk songs and analyzes the structure and tone characteristics between 'basic scale modes' and 'expanded scale modes', which have not yet been studied by the theory of expansion of the pentatonic scale modes in folk songs. Furthere, it seeks theoretical study on the modal development, aspects of modulation, and aspects of modal change in the same serial of extended scale modes. Therefore, this studycomposes the mode scales based on Hwang Min-myung's theory of the expansion of the pentatonic scale modes and divides the corresponding extended modes into 9 types. Among them, it is found that 'same serial modulation' and 'same tonic-note modulation' are made between scale modes due to the characteristics of 'same serials' and 'same scale modes' that appear in modes and extended scale modes in accordance to the alternative notes such as B, Bb, C#, Eb, F, and F#.
 This study aims to suggest the possibility of the development of the pentatonic scale modes in the Korean folk music. Therefore, it is expected that research on the pentatonic scale modes in Korea and other countries around the world will serve as a theoretical foundation for the creation of music by presenting the direction of research results that strengthen the basic frame of theory.

Disability Lense: Television Framing of Intellectual Disability and Inclusive Education Engagement in Kenya

Purpose: The study examined how the framing of intellectual disability in television influenced the level of involvement of learners with intellectual disability in inclusive education in Kenya.
 Methodology: The study which was guided by the framing theory utilized the descriptive cross-sectional research design. A sample of 10 teachers in inclusive education schools, 10 Sub-County Education Officers, three television stations, three television producers and five key informants from the Kenya Association of the Intellectually Handicapped was drawn. Data was gathered through questionnaires, interview guides and code sheets. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data.
 Findings: The study found that TV programmes aired disability thematic frames that did not support the mainstreaming of intellectual disability in education. The correlation between intellectual disability thematic frames in television and the involvement of learners in inclusive education was not statistically significant.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that representation of disability in media should be more meaningful and TV producers need orientation for the production of disability friendly content for inclusion in TV. Further, there is a need of expanding journalists’ capacity to report on pertinent issues that are deemed important by Persons with Disabilities, community in-depth news stories and reports with the objective of raising public awareness about issues important to disability communities. Regarding policy, media regulatory bodies like the Communications Authority of Kenya and the Media Council of Kenya can enforce the existing policies related to disability mainstreaming in the media.

Gain or loss frames: An assessment of vernacular radio programme in framing of risk about type 2 diabetes

Research has demonstrated that gain framing of risk about diseases is more preferable to loss framing. People are more likely to take preventive measure since gain frames emphasize the benefits of adopting suggested behaviour as opposed to loss frames which focus on the consequences of failing to adopt suggested behaviour. Accordingly, this paper proposes to assess how a leading vernacular radio station framed type 2 diabetes risks in terms of gain or loss frames. This was done by examining recorded audio from a radio health programme dabbed ‘Miya Ngima.’ Type 2 diabetes, accounts for about 90% of all diabetes cases in Kenya. The diseases’ prevalence is particularly on the rise besides low awareness levels. This is despite various programmes put in place towards reducing the diseases’ prevalence rates and increasing awareness; hence the basis of this study. The study used Framing Theory’s in understanding how messages are constructed by Miya Ngima programme. Descriptive research designs were applied in the study. The study population consisted of 13 Miya Ngima programmes and one Miya Ngima programme host. Purposive sampling was used to select 2 Miya Ngima programmes on type 2 diabetes and 1 Miya Ngima programme host. Structured interviews were used to collect data from Miya Ngima programme host. Coding sheets were used to get data from Miya Ngima programmes. Qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. Results were presented in text formats. The findings revealed that; Miya Ngima did not frame its messages targeting prevention of type 2 diabetes appropriately.

Promoting Citizens' willingness to participate in coproduction in public service through information frames

AbstractPublic service provision reform widely calls for coproduction. Based on the framing effect theory, we took waste sorting as a research context and explored the effects of goal frames and temporal frames on citizens' willingness to participate in coproduction through two between‐subject survey experiments. We found that citizens' participation willingness was significantly increased when using goal frames or temporal frames. Furthermore, compared with gain frames, the effect of loss frames on citizens' willingness was significantly stronger, whereas the difference in the effect of present‐oriented frames and future‐oriented frames was not significant. When the information was constructed by combining loss frames and present‐oriented frames, citizens' willingness reached the highest level among the four combinations. This study has implications for nudging coproduction by information frames and implies that presenting the loss‐framed information in present‐oriented frames can maximally promote citizens' willingness to participate in coproduction.

Make me happy, make it credible – the effect of CSR message framing on online brand engagement

PurposeThe objective of this study is to investigate the differential impact of gain versus loss message framing on the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) communications in eliciting online brand engagement within the hospitality industry. Furthermore, this research aims to examine the extent to which evoked happiness and message credibility mediate the relationship between CSR message framing and online brand engagement, as these mediating factors have not been thoroughly examined in the existing academic literature.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes a between-subjects experimental design to test an integrative research framework, which is grounded in message framing theory and the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), in order to examine the interrelationships among the various constructs of the study within a coffee shop context on Facebook.FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that gain framing is a more powerful predictor of online brand engagement than loss framing. A mediation analysis supports the assertion that the effects of CSR framing communications on online brand engagement are mediated by evoked happiness and message credibility. Specifically, when the CSR message was framed in a positive (gain) manner, it was perceived as more credible and evoked more happiness, leading to increased online brand engagement. Additionally, the study’s results provide empirical evidence for the notion that the happiness elicited by brand messages enhances their credibility, leading to further online brand engagement.Originality/valueThis research makes a novel contribution to the literature by investigating the distinct effects of message framing on online brand advocacy and examining the complex interrelationships that modulate consumer engagement within the context of the hospitality industry.

Gaussian Gabor frames, Seshadri constants and generalized Buser–Sarnak invariants

We investigate the frame set of regular multivariate Gaussian Gabor frames using methods from Kähler geometry such as Hörmander’s {overline{partial }}-L^2 estimate with singular weight, Demailly’s Calabi–Yau method for Kähler currents and a Kähler-variant generalization of the symplectic embedding theorem of McDuff–Polterovich for ellipsoids. Our approach is based on the well-known link between sets of interpolation for the Bargmann-Fock space and the frame set of multivariate Gaussian Gabor frames. We state sufficient conditions in terms of a certain extremal type Seshadri constant of the complex torus associated to a lattice to be a set of interpolation for the Bargmann-Fock space, and give also a condition in terms of the generalized Buser-Sarnak invariant of the lattice. In particular, we obtain an effective Gaussian Gabor frame criterion in terms of the covolume for almost all lattices, which is the first general covolume criterion in multivariate Gaussian Gabor frame theory. The recent Berndtsson–Lempert method and the Ohsawa–Takegoshi extension theorem also allow us to give explicit estimates for the frame bounds in terms of certain Robin constant. In the one-dimensional case we obtain a sharp estimate of the Robin constant using Faltings’ theta metric formula for the Arakelov Green functions.

Calculation Method of Stable Bearing Capacity of Fastener-Type Steel Pipe Formwork Support Upright Rod

In this paper, the torsional moment of the right-angle fastener bolt is taken as the main research parameter, and the torsional stiffness performance of the right-angle fastener under different working conditions is studied experimentally. By establishing the moment–rotation relationship model of the node, the mechanical performance and rotation characteristics of the semirigid connection of the node are studied. According to the joint stiffness value determined by the experimental study and the theory of semirigid connection frame with lateral displacement, the calculation formulas of the stiffness correction coefficient αu of the transverse bar and the constraint coefficient K at the end of the vertical bar are derived, and the effective length coefficient μ of the vertical bar and the theoretical value of the stable bearing capacity of the vertical bar under different working conditions are given. Compared with the current standard values, it is found that the theoretical calculation results of the percentage increase of the stable bearing capacity of the vertical bar are 3 to 4 times larger than the standard calculation results when the step distance is reduced. The theoretical calculation method can better consider the semirigid characteristics of the joint and the influence of adjacent members on the stable bearing capacity of the vertical bar.

Functional contextual implementation of an evolutionary, entropy-based, and embodied free energy framework: Utilizing Lagrangian mechanics and evolutionary game theory's truth vs. fitness test of the veridicality of phenomenological experience.

The Bayesian approach of cognitive science largely takes the position that evolution drives perception to produce precepts that are veridical. However, some efforts utilizing evolutionary game theory simulations have shown that perception is more likely based on a fitness function, which promotes survival rather than promoting perceptual truth about the environment. Although these findings do not correspond well with the standard Bayesian approach to cognition, they may correspond with a behavioral functional contextual approach that is ontologically neutral (a-ontological). This approach, formalized through a post-Skinnerian account of behaviorism called relational frame theory (RFT), can, in fact, be shown to correspond well with an evolutionary fitness function, whereby contextual functions form that corresponds to a fitness function interface of the world. This fitness interface approach therefore may help provide a mathematical description for a functional contextual interface of phenomenological experience. Furthermore, this more broadly fits with a neurological active inference approach based on the free-energy principle (FEP) and more broadly with Lagrangian mechanics. These assumptions of how fitness beats truth (FBT) and FEP correspond to RFT are then discussed within a broader multidimensional and evolutionary framework called the extended evolutionary meta-model (EEMM) that has emerged out of the functional contextual behavioral science literature to incorporate principles of cognition, neurobiology, behaviorism, and evolution and are discussed in the context of a novel RFT framework called "Neurobiological and Natural Selection Relational Frame Theory" (N-frame). This framework mathematically connects RFT to FBT, FEP, and EEMM within a single framework that expands into dynamic graph networking. This is then discussed for its implications of empirical work at the non-ergodic process-based idiographic level as applied to individual and societal level dynamic modeling and clinical work. This discussion is framed within the context of individuals that are described as evolutionary adaptive and conscious (observer-self) agents that minimize entropy and can promote a prosocial society through group-level values and psychological flexibility.

Shaping media relations scholarship: A systematic review

The present meta-analysis study systematically reviews articles on media relations published from 1945 to 2021. It aims to explore media relations research in terms of progression, journals, theories, methods and data analytical tools, media genres and platforms, geospatial distribution of discussed issues and first author affiliations, organization types, most frequently used words, and major themes covered through a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative text mining approach. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 276 articles from 2006 to 2017 were collected as the final sample. Public Relations Review has published the most articles, while the most commonly used theories were agenda setting /building theory, rhetorical theory, and framing theory. Media relations articles utilize qualitative methodologies more than quantitative ones, while the commonly used data analytical tools were content analysis, interview, survey, and case study. Our analysis of the discussed regions and geospatial distribution of first-author show that the North American, European, and Asian continents and the US, the UK, China, and Australia have relatively more publications. The majority of media relations articles discussed governmental organizations. Five themes dominated media relations articles: public relations strategy, media relations practice, mass media and journalism, state–media relations, and organizational media relations.

Decoding a construction organisation's tendency to litigate: an understanding through financial statements

PurposeDespite the availability of amicable means to resolve construction disputes, litigation remains a mainstream dispute resolution process in some countries. This tendency to litigate (TTL) calls for research to develop appropriate precautions to encourage stakeholders to resolve most commercial disputes through alternate dispute resolution (ADR) techniques. While a claimant's TTL arise from the individual, project and organisation preferences, this study, which can benefit both potential claimants and employers by saving time and money on litigation, identifies a bidder's financial parameters that may increase its litigation propensities, as a first step towards aiding employers to incorporate precautions to discourage such tendencies.Design/methodology/approachAfter the literature review, the theoretical construct proposed by Rachlinski's “framing theory of litigation” (based on Kahneman and Tversky's Prospects Theory) is used to explain organisation-level litigation decision-making. The study sources data from the financial statements of Indian construction/real estate firms, followed by panel regression analysis to test the theoretical construct's validity.FindingsThe results show that the TTL (risk-seeking behaviour) generally increases with a lower value of sales, higher assets and profitability. Interestingly, organisation-level cash flow shows an insignificant influence on litigation tendencies.Practical implicationsKnowing which financial parameters may increase litigation tendencies could help employers evaluate a bidder's propensity to litigate project disputes.Originality/valueResearchers use financial statements to explore correlations among financial variables. However, in the construction context, there are no empirical studies with data from construction firms to understand potential litigation expenses compared to specific financial ratios.

Interrogation in clinical supervision sessions: Exploring the construction of clinical psychology trainees’ professional identities

BackgroundProfessional socialisation is a complex process through which learners become healthcare professionals. This process occurs in relational spaces: learners are exposed to norms and expectations of them in interactions during formal and informal learning activities. Research exploring socialisation into the healthcare professions is extensive yet inadequately captures details of the actual processes of socialisation and forming of professional identity. Our study offers a moment-by-moment examination of clinical psychology trainee supervision to provide a deeper exploration of novice healthcare professionals’ identity development within formal educational interactions. AimsWe sought to explore how, and in what ways, supervision interactions impact clinical psychology trainees’ professional identity development. MethodOur data comprises 12 audio recordings of supervisor-trainee interactions in a clinical psychology training clinic. Initial data engagement identified 20 instances of interrogation instigated by supervisors (i.e., repetitive questioning, enquiry) as being key events in which identities are contested and re-negotiated. These sections were transcribed verbatim. Drawing on positioning, framing and impression management theories, we explored identity construction in interrogations using discourse analysis. ResultsSupervisors approached interrogations of trainees from either a quality control or a reflective frame focusing on the client or trainee respectively. These frames influenced the positions being made available to trainees. Reflective frame interrogations often defaulted back to quality control. Trainees employed impression management tactics to manage perceived face-threat. DiscussionFindings highlight challenges with maintaining a reflective space in supervision during interrogations. Supervisors had authority to initiate interrogations that could be taken up, negotiated or resisted by trainees, ultimately maintaining certain professional knowledge and truths. We illuminate the ways in which socialisation processes at the interactional level during formal learning activities ultimately make available (and restrict) certain ways for trainees to think, feel and be.

Translanguaging in Brazilian bilingual education: analyzing attitudes and perceptions of translanguaging practices in fifth-grade students and their teachers

Grounded in the translanguaging theory, which as a decolonial theory and pedagogy frames languages as a unified semiotic repertoire, this study explores participants’ attitudes and perceptions toward their translanguaging practices. The investigation examines the answers to Questionnaires for Linguistic Characterization and Use completed by fourteen students and three of their teachers at a bilingual school in Southern Brazil. The teachers also answered a written interview. Results showed a solid stance for language separation in formal contexts, contrasting with a positive attitude toward multilingual behavior. Despite students and teachers prioritize the use of the target language, translanguaging practices are clearly manifested in class. Considering these results, translanguaging pedagogy seems to be valid for minority language development contexts, in which educators are committed to promoting the translanguaging corriente to promote biliteracy by valuing bilinguals’ repertoire to create fluid and dynamic spaces allowing learners to critically convey their thinking.

An Analysis and Comparison of the Instructor-Student Relationship Using Relational Framing Theory

This study extended previous research on interpersonal dynamics between instructors and students by applying relational framing theory to participants’ (N = 544) reports on instructor-student relationships, compared to friends, family members, roommates, and significant others. The instructor-student relationship was similar to other relationships in dominance, similar to the roommate in involvement, and least like any relationship in affiliation. The affiliation frame was most salient in each relationship. In support of the intensifier hypothesis, affiliation was correlated with involvement in all relationships except the instructor-student relationship. Involvement was equally related to affiliation and dominance for students.