Frame Format Research Articles

When Half Is at Least 50%: Effect of “Framing” and Probability Level on Frequency Estimates

ABSTRACTExpert judgment often involves estimating magnitudes, such as the frequency of deaths due to a pandemic. Three experiments (Ns = 902, 431, and 755, respectively) were conducted to examine the effect of outcome framing (e.g., half of a threatened group expected to survive vs. die), probability level (low vs. high), and probability format (verbal, numeric, or combined) on the estimated frequency of survivals/deaths. Each experiment found an interactive effect of frame and probability level, which supported the hypothesis that forecasted outcomes received by participants were implicitly quantified as lower bounds (i.e., “at least half”). Responding in a manner consistent with a lower‐bound “at least” interpretation was unrelated to incoherence (Experiments 1 and 2) and positively related to numeracy (Experiments 1 and 3), verbal reasoning (Experiment 3), and actively open‐minded thinking (Experiments 2 and 3). The correlational results indicate that implicit lower bounding is an aspect of linguistic inference and not a cognitive error. Implications for research on framing effects are discussed.

“It’s My Moral Responsibility to Protect Others!” Examining the Effects of Moral Framing and Message Format on Influenza Vaccination Attitude and Intention

ABSTRACT Vaccinations serve a dual purpose: safeguarding the vaccinated individuals while also preventing potential transmission to others. However, the pro-vaccine message has primarily emphasized the personal health risks and harms of not getting vaccinated, while rarely highlighting the moral responsibility of getting vaccinated to protect others. Guided by the Model of Intuitive Morality and Exemplars (MIME) along with the narrative persuasion framework, the current study conducted a 2 (moral framing: vaccination to protect oneself vs. protect others) X 2 (message format: statistical vs. narrative) between-subject online experiment to examine the effects of moral framing and message format on vaccination decision-making. The results revealed that individuals exposed to a pro-vaccine message framing vaccination as a moral responsibility to protect others from harm reported significantly higher levels of perceived moral responsibility and elevation, more positive attitudes toward the flu vaccine, and an increased intention to get vaccinated compared to a pro-vaccine message emphasizing vaccination for self-protection. Counterintuitively, presenting the moral responsibility of receiving the flu vaccine to safeguard others in a statistical format was discovered to be more effective in fostering favorable attitudes toward vaccination and increasing the intention to get vaccinated. This study offers a valuable insight: promoting vaccination as a moral duty could be a promising strategy for motivating individuals to get vaccinated.

A model for the formation of frames of fragmented user data packets with non-standardized protocol block headers at the channel level

The continuous and dynamic development of satellite communication systems actualizes the issues of the efficiency of using the frequency and channel resource of communication channels. In the conditions of using packet types of transmissions, fragmentation of user data packets is one of the ways to increase the efficiency of using a channel resource. A wide variety of approaches to the formation of the channel layer and their functional ambiguity in the conditions of fragmentation increase the level of uncertainty in the choice of the protocol stack used to build a communication channel, which in turn creates a prerequisite for a decrease in the quality of the use of the channel resource. In view of this, the task of modeling the procedure for forming frames of fragmented user data packets is relevant, taking into account possible variants of non-standardized protocol block headers at the channel level. Based on the studied non-standardized headers of channel-level protocol blocks, reflecting the features of their formation, to present a model for the formation of frames of fragmented user data packets. This will make it possible to identify the necessary set of informative features, the study of which will make it possible to efficiently and with high probability recognize frames of fragmented packets in a digital data stream with packet switching in channels of satellite communication networks for various purposes. The article considers the procedure for forming frames of fragmented user data packets with non-standardized headers of protocol blocks at the channel level used in data transmission channels with packet switching of satellite communication systems for various purposes. The structural and structural-linguistic models of frames of a fragmented package of user data in conditions of transmission over a satellite communication channel have been developed. The structure of signals with fragmented packets of user data based on a directed graph is presented and investigated. The service level indicators of the fragmented user data package frame formation model were evaluated according to parameters that allow an objective assessment of the effectiveness and validity of the use of fragmentation in data transmission in satellite communication channels. The data obtained using the developed model allows us to qualitatively assess the indicators of the level of service of the data transmission channel with fragmentation of user message packets and reasonably prove the effectiveness of the fragmentation described by the model when it is necessary to split the desired message into parts when it is transmitted over the CCC channel.

Evidence inventory: A patient-centered framework for Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to assess the clinical benefit of drugs to inform its maximum fair price negotiation.

The Inflation Reduction Act passed in August 2022 empowers the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to negotiate maximum fair prices for certain expensive drugs. In the process of determining maximum fair prices, CMS gathers evidence on the clinical benefits of these drugs as compared with their therapeutic alternative(s) from various sources. As patients are the primary beneficiaries of the treatment, we recommend that CMS should embrace an approach that prioritizes patient experience when evaluating such diverse sources of evidence in the assessment of the clinical benefit. Thus, we propose to draw on several existing frameworks to support the concept of "evidence inventory," a patient-centered approach to systematically evaluate benefits of drugs under consideration. This 4-step process to develop an evidence inventory includes the following: (1) Formulate the research question-in a PICO(T) (P = population, I = Intervention or exposure, C = comparator, O = outcome, and T = time frame) format, (2) Synthesize evidence, (3) Evaluate the evidence-using evidence inventory, and (4) Reevaluate evidence as new information become available. Patients and other relevant stakeholders play a critical role in each of these 4 steps. The proposed evidence inventory holds the potential to provide a structured and transparent patient-centered framework for evaluating the clinical benefits of drugs as compared with their therapeutic alternative(s) informing CMS maximum fair price negotiation.

EESCN: A novel spiking neural network method for EEG-based emotion recognition

Background and ObjectiveAlthough existing artificial neural networks have achieved good results in electroencephalograph (EEG) emotion recognition, further improvements are needed in terms of bio-interpretability and robustness. In this research, we aim to develop a highly efficient and high-performance method for emotion recognition based on EEG. MethodsWe propose an Emo-EEGSpikeConvNet (EESCN), a novel emotion recognition method based on spiking neural network (SNN). It consists of a neuromorphic data generation module and a NeuroSpiking framework. The neuromorphic data generation module converts EEG data into 2D frame format as input to the NeuroSpiking framework, while the NeuroSpiking framework is used to extract spatio-temporal features of EEG for classification. ResultsEESCN achieves high emotion recognition accuracies on DEAP and SEED-IV datasets, ranging from 94.56% to 94.81% on DEAP and a mean accuracy of 79.65% on SEED-IV. Compared to existing SNN methods, EESCN significantly improves EEG emotion recognition performance. In addition, it also has the advantages of faster running speed and less memory footprint. ConclusionsEESCN has shown excellent performance and efficiency in EEG-based emotion recognition with potential for practical applications requiring portability and resource constraints.

UART communication protocol frame format explanation and application

Universal Asynchronous Transceiver (UART) is a Universal Serial Data Bus, hardware communication protocol using asynchronous serial communication in a configurable manner rate. In most embedded systems, microcontrollers and computers, UART plays an important communication role as a hardware communication protocol between devices to ensure the efficient transmission of communication data. The understanding and use of the UART protocol is crucial in our design process. In order to better understand. basic principle this protocol and realize the use of URAT, this paper introduces serial communication, UART frame format explanation, the working principle of UART, simulation of simple UART3. Depending on the source clock, also known as the Baud Clock, each heterogeneous device in a complete system may be able to create a distinct baud rate and connect with other devices over a UART interface. The fundamental tenet of the UART protocol stipulates that for proper communication, the transmitter and receiver must be set at the same baud rate. It also introduces several advanced designs and applications of UART with baud rate, namely UART with automatic frequency generator and frequency divider and Determination of UART Receiver Baud Rate Tolerance.

Disputas morais nas músicas pop periféricas: estudo a partir do bregafunk

The beats of bregafunk and the praises that announce an evangelical cult, on a street in a neighborhood on the outskirts of Recife, bring to the forefront a set of moral disputes (MISKOLCI, 2021) in peripheral pop songs (PEREIRA DE SÁ, 2021) that pass through frameworks that link bodies to performance conditions in their leisure dynamics. A methodology that articulates Performance Studies for the interpretation of musical phenomena anchored in the spatial cleavage and the formation of dramatic frames (SOARES, 2017) in the urban fabric maps performative erasures (TAYLOR, 2013), sound policies, body choreography and ground policies (LEPECKI, 2011) in which, in addition to discourse, sensitive spheres emerge that problematize moral frameworks.

#EsLey2020. Los marcos de la acción colectiva de la IVE (Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo) en Argentina en redes sociales

Este artículo estudia los marcos de significación más propagados en Twitter durante el debate legislativo de la Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo: “pro-derecho” y “pro-vida”. Los hallazgos muestran una rotación de la red que redunda en una polarización menos intensa, donde la división partidaria no explica la conformación de encuadres. En el evento #EsLey, la aplicación del modelo Network Activated Frames (NAF) permite constatar la propensión selectiva de los usuarios a compartir contenidos con los que tienen afinidad cognitiva, y su consecuencia topológica, la sobrerrepresentación de los encuadres activados por los usuarios más ideológicos.

Effects of Message Framing and Narrative Format on Promoting Persuasive Conversations with Others About the Flu Vaccine

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of message framing (loss vs. gain) and format (narrative vs. expository) on intentions to discuss flu vaccination with a close social referent. We test the effects of video messages using a two-wave web-based randomized experiment among adults in Israel (baseline: N = 429, one-month follow-up: N = 241). Exposure to narrative messages was positively associated with intentions to discuss flu vaccination. Exposure to loss-framed messages was positively associated with increased likelihood of discussing vaccination with the referent at follow-up. Effects of message framing and format were moderated by concern for the referent’s health. Findings support the use of persuasive messages to motivate interpersonal conversation to promote vaccination. Results contribute to theory on risk-framing by showing that audiences may evaluate loss-framed messages according to their risk perceptions, when greater concern for health risks motivate action, not only for one’s own health but for another person’s health.

ELM-based stroke classification using wavelet and empirical mode decomposition techniques

ABSTRACT Biomedical signal processing is crucial in many sectors that save lives. Artificial intelligence improvement in signal collection and conditioning boosted this application’s adaptability to varied bodily circumstances. In this study, a novel method is put forth for predicting the type of stroke in the human brain based on the observation of the Electroencephalography (EEG) signal. The signal is the first condition for removing undesirable frequencies by passing through a lowpass filter. To accurately extract the signal features, the signal is first transformed into a 1-second frame format and then normalised. Certain statistical and frequency domain aspects are highlighted to increase taxonomic accuracy. Under the wavelet packet transform, the empirical mode decomposition approach is utilised to recover the most information feasible from the signal. After training on extracted characteristics, the extreme learning machine is regarded to conduct classification. These work achieves 94.95 of Sensitivity, 84.95 of Specificity, 93.74 of Precision, 96.96 of Accuracy, 96.12 of F1 Score. Compared to the standard procedures, the proposed techniques have a greater accuracy rate of about 98%.

Demonstration of mobile backhaul uplink jitter reduction with optical-wireless cooperative control for multiple traffic flows

We experimentally demonstrate the performance of mobile backhaul (MBH) uplink jitter reduction techniques with optical-wireless cooperative control under multiple traffic flow conditions. Mobile systems beyond the 5th generation (5G) and 6th generation (6G) will require low jitter in addition to low latency, but current new radio (NR) mobile systems cause packet jitter in uplink traffic because of the radio transmission schemes used, such as downlink/uplink separation in time division duplexing (TDD) and medium access control (MAC) service data unit (SDU) concatenation to compose transport blocks. Our proposed uplink jitter reduction techniques perform traffic shaping at a router in the MBH network to reduce uplink jitter. The shaping rate is calculated with mobile scheduling information forwarded from a next generation node B (gNB) via an extended cooperative transport interface (eCTI). The eCTI is an interface between gNBs and network equipment for realizing optical-wireless cooperative control. We developed a shaper prototype that implements functions for receiving mobile scheduling information as eCTI frames, calculating the shaping rate, and executing shaping. eCTI frame formats are also defined by specifying where the mobile scheduling information is stored in an Ethernet frame. Using a shaper prototype, we experimentally evaluated the end-to-end (E2E) jitter performance for a single traffic flow, multiple gNB traffic flows, and multiple user equipment (UE) traffic flows. The results show that the uplink jitter reduction techniques reduce jitter from more than 1 ms to less than 300 µs, which meets the future jitter requirement of less than 1 ms.

Analysis of the baud rate of the UART to affects the data

This article explores the impact of different baud rates on Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) asynchronous serial communication. It discusses the frame format and calculation method of baud rate error, as well as the main reasons for error, such as clock error, sampling error, line noise, data bit error, and software delay. To ensure reliable communication, it is essential to test and debug the actual baud rate and adjust it accordingly. The study found that higher expected baud rates resulted in higher baud rate errors, affecting transmission distance, speed, reliability, and system complexity. The appropriate baud rate should be selected based on specific application scenarios and requirements. Higher baud rates are needed for high-speed transmissions, while lower baud rates are required for long transmission distances or high reliability requirements. However, further research is needed to determine the impact of unallocated baud rates on data. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the development of UART.

A Full-Duplex Decode-and-Forward Relaying Approach Based on QAM Constellation Suitable for Small-Size Devices

The explosive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) is putting higher requirements for the performance of co-time co-frequency full-duplex relaying (CCFD-R) due to small-size devices appearing in abundance. In this paper, we present a novel CCFD-R approach with very low complexity to deal with the issue above. Based on the orthogonality of its two components, a distributed usage mode of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation is proposed to perform self-interference cancellation (SIC) without the complicated processing modules, as used widely in traditional full-duplex techniques. Instead of the conventional practice of assigning the entire QAM constellation to only one communication node, our scheme (termed as QAM-R) splits the constellation into two parts and further assigns them to different communication nodes, respectively. With the principle above, the mapping pattern and the frame format are carefully designed. Then, the corresponding signal model is established and the approximation of end-to-end bit error probability (BEP) is derived. Finally, numerical simulations validate the theoretical analysis and show that QAM-R can balance spectrum effectiveness and transmission reliability very well and, especially, performs even better in the low range of signal noise ratio (SNR) when adopting higher-order QAM constellations.

Joint Radar Communication With Novel GCC Preamble and Point-Wise Minimum Fusion

In this paper, a new preamble waveform design and a corresponding minimum-point processing algorithm at receiver are proposed to perform radar sensing of communication signal echoes. In our design, we consider the millimeter wave (mmWave) 802.11ad/802.11ay communication frame format as a reference. Our proposed new preamble replaces the second pair of single-carrier (SC) Golay complementary code (GCC) used in the preamble of IEEE 802.11ad/802.11ay by orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) GCC waveform, resulting in a SC-OFDM GCC preamble waveform. At the receiver, a point-wise minimum operation is performed on the separate radar ambiguity functions (AF) of the SC-GCC and OFDM-GCC to improve the overall quality of the preamble AF. Furthermore, point-wise minimum processing is applied to fuse the communication data AF and the preamble AF, so as to further enhance the radar sensing quality of the entire communication frame. In addition, theoretical analysis of the performance gain of such radar AF fusion is provided. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the newly proposed SC-OFDM GCC preamble design and the minimum-point fusion of data AF and preamble AF provide a significant performance improvement for automotive radar sensing. Specifically, the proposed SC-OFDM GCC preamble with minimum-point processing algorithm improves the peak-to-max-sidelobe ratio (PMSR) of radar AF over the conventional 802.11ad/802.11ay preamble. Moreover, the proposed preamble-data AF fusion technique further enhances the PMSR as well as the Doppler resolution over the existing joint radar communication systems (which process either the preamble echo or the data echo only). Finally, the proposed minimum-point processing and data AF fusion are extended from single-frame to multi-frame processing to further improve the Doppler resolution.

An Effective Security Scheme for Attacks on Sample Value Messages in IEC 61850 Automated Substations

The trend of transforming substations into smart automated facilities has led to their swift digitalization and automation. To facilitate data exchange among equipment within these substations, the IEC 61850 standard has become the predominant standard. However, this standardization has inadvertently made these substations more susceptible to cyberattacks, which is a significant concern given the confidential information that is transmitted. As a result, cybersecurity in substations is becoming an increasingly critical topic. IEC 62351 standard provides guidelines and considerations for securing the IEC 61850 messages to mitigate their vulnerabilities. While securing Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages has received considerable attention in literature, the same level of scrutiny has not been applied to Sampled Value (SV) messages despite their susceptibility to cyberattacks and similar frame format. This paper presents the impact of replay and masquerade attacks on SV messages. It also develops a scheme for securing SV messages against these attacks. Due to high sampling rate and time critical nature of SV messages, the time complexity of security scheme is critical for its applicability to SV messages. Hence, in this work, SV emulators have been developed in order to send these modified secure SV messages and investigate their timing performance. The results show that the proposed scheme can mitigate replay and masquerade attacks on SV messages while providing the necessary high sampling rate and stringent timing requirements.

이청준의 ｢가수(假睡)｣에 나타난 타자 재현 양상 연구

The location of Lee Cheong-joon's “Gasoo” is a time when the historical events of the April 19 democratic revolution and the military coup of May 16 led to hope and frustration with a time difference of less than a year. In this period, individuals are established as others, not as subjects. Lee Cheong-joon reveals the violent nature that occurs in this subject-other relationship by reproducing the other. The reproduction of the other person as an 'anonymous being' in 'Gasoo' is presented through the testimony of the related person. The location where the two main heroes are reproduced as anonymous beings is in the imaginary identification of the witnesses. Lee Cheong-joon reveals the violent situation in which anonymous beings are prohibited from being alone as a whole, with the gloomy atmosphere that dominates the text and the disconnection of communication. And again, as an alternative for the subject to stand alone, it is found in communication in a conversational relationship. This writer's alternative is also revealed in the narrative strategy of “Gasoo”. It avoids violent foundations against others by showing a three-dimensional view of others with a complex and multi-layered narrative situation in the frame format.

AUTOMATIC TRAINING EXPERT SYSTEM

Group training in general secondary education, secondary and higher specialized educational institutions involves the transfer of knowledge and the development of skills, with an orientation to the "average" according to the abilities of the student. At the same time, achieving such a level of training as "skills" is, in principle, impossible. The level of skills requires, as a rule, individual training with the use of various kinds of teaching and training systems together with the method of iterative learning. The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and the transition to distance learning have intensified the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) for teaching without the presence of a teacher. All this determines the relevance of the development of an automatic training system based on an expert system that ensures, in the absence of a teacher, the achievement of the maximum for each student, depending on his intelligence, the required level of training. In this paper, the structure of an automatic learning system is proposed, which ensures the assimilation of educational material to a given level of learning without the participation of a teacher. Using the example of using such a system for training operators of an arc steelmaking furnace, the work of the system elements is shown: the object simulator model, the trainee error analysis blocks, the synthesis of training information, as well as database and knowledge functions. The issues of obtaining andformalizing the knowledge of expert teachers are considered separately. Examples of the formation of knowledge frames for the training of chipboard steelworkers are given. For example, to teach the process of mixing an electric steelmaking process, 81 frames of information are needed, providing educational comments for all kinds of mistakes of the trainees. Conclusions were drawn based on the results of the work.

Fundamentals of technology theory of production, calculation physical and mechanical properties and indicators chemical and biological properties of frame building composites

Energy saving, operational reliability of buildings and structures for various purposes is determined by the durability of building materials and products used in their construction. To date, frame building composites have been developed on the basis of polystructural theory. The frame technology for the manufacture of building products consists in the preliminary manufacture of frames from coarse-pored mixtures, followed by filling voids in the hardened frame with a matrix-plasticized binder, fine-dispersed or fine-grained composition, while the frames and matrix can be formed on various binders. This technology makes it possible to obtain building materials and products with a combination of the most diverse and even incompatible binders with a predetermined set of properties, i.e. opens the way to directional materials science. The paper presents the results of theoretical research and calculation of the technological physical and mechanical properties of frame composite building materials. The regularities of the structure formation of frame composites at the level of the formation of frames and matrices, as well as when they are combined, are revealed. It is established that the process of impregnating the frame with a matrix obeys the laws of motion of freely dispersed or connected dispersed systems. Formulas for calculating structural stresses in hardening frame composites are derived. Analytical dependences for calculating the thermal conductivity coefficient of products are obtained from phenomenological positions. Expressions for the calculation of the modulus of elasticity are obtained for models of ordered aggregates and the kinetics of the processes of destruction of frame composites under their loading is shown. Theoretical dependences for calculating the diffusion coefficient in frame composites on the main structure-forming factors are established.

A SiC MOSFET Isolated DC/DC Converter for a Hybrid Vehicle

This article deals with development of a DC/DC converter for use as a device for charging the traction storage batteries of an unmanned vehicle with a solid-oxide fuel cell stack. A phase shift controlled 8 kW full-bridge DC/DC converter was modeled, developed, manufactured, and tested within the frame of a research work. The device operation principle is described. The device control system developed on the basis of the Cortex ARM STM32F407VGT6 controller uses original software. The software supports the converter operation in an automatic mode by receiving, from the central processor device, operation mode setting commands (including the current, voltage, and power setpoints) and transmitting the remote measurement data (input and output circuit voltages, and the power switches and housing temperatures). Communication with the vehicle central processor is performed using the CAN protocol as per the SAE J1939 standard. The CAN is a standard serial communication protocol (its support for real-time distributed control with multiplexing allows information to be exchanged between various vehicle components). The classic CAN frame format allows data transmission rates up to 1 Mbps and payloads up to 8 bytes per frame. However, the recently introduced format (a CAN flexible data transmission rate frame format) allows higher data transmission rates and payloads higher and longer than these ordinary values. The transmission rate in the developed converter is 250 kbps. The converter operates in the input voltage range from 180 to 250 V and output voltage range from 500 to 800 V. The output current limit is 10 A. The converter efficiency was estimated to be 93%.

Embedding OFDM-Based Carrier Communication Into Power Control Loop of Converter in DC Microgrids

In direct current (dc) microgrids, communication between converters is necessary for better power distribution and finer energy scheduling. This article proposes an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based carrier communication method for dc microgrid applications. The method integrates the communication function in the process of power conversion by modulating data into power control loop. To maximize the communication rate in a narrow band limited by pulsewidth modulation control, OFDM technology is applied in the data modulation process. The data is modulated to multiple low-frequency signal carriers, then the modulated wave is added to the output of the power control loop. Since no additional component is needed for sending data, this method has the advantages of low cost and simple implementation. In order to provide theoretical guidance for system design, the dc microgrid applying the proposed method is modeled. Furthermore, important issues of the communication system are discussed, including data frame format and intersymbol interference problem. At last, a 2 kW dc microgrid experimental platform is established and 9.6 kbps communication rate with a transmission distance of 200 m is achieved, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.