Frame Error Ratio Research Articles

Joint Source-Channel Decoding of Polar Codes for HEVC-Based Video Streaming

Ultra High-Definition (UHD) and Virtual Reality (VR) video streaming over 5G networks are emerging, in which High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is used as source coding to compress videos more efficiently and polar code is used as channel coding to transmit bitstream reliably over an error-prone channel. In this article, a novel Joint Source-Channel Decoding (JSCD) of polar codes for HEVC-based video streaming is presented to improve the streaming reliability and visual quality. Firstly, a Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) fitting approach is proposed to estimate the positions of error channel decoded bits. Secondly, a modified polar decoder called R-SCFlip is designed to improve the channel decoding accuracy. Finally, to combine the KDE estimator and the R-SCFlip decoder together, the JSCD scheme is implemented in an iterative process. Extensive experimental results reveal that, compared to the conventional methods without JSCD, the error data-frame correction ratios are increased. Averagely, 1.07% and 1.11% Frame Error Ratio (FER) improvements have been achieved for Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels, respectively. Meanwhile, the qualities of the recovered videos are significantly improved. For the 2D videos, the average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) gains reach 14% and 34%, respectively. For the 360֯ videos, the average improvements in terms of Weighted-to-Spherically-uniform PSNR (WS-PSNR) and Voronoi-based Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion (VI-VMAF) reach 21% and 7%, respectively.

Pass/Fail Quality Assessment in Last Mile Smart Metering Networks Based on PRIME Interface.

The pass/fail form is one of the presentation methods of quality assessment results. The authors, as part of a research team, participated in the process of creating the PRIME interface analyzer. The PRIME interface is a standardized interface—considered as communication technology for smart metering wired networks, which are specific kinds of sensor networks. The frame error ratio (FER) assessment and its presentation in the pass/fail form was one of the problems that needed to be solves in the PRIME analyzer project. In this paper, the authors present their method of a unified FER assessment, which was implemented in the PRIME analyzer, as one of its many functionalities. The need for FER unification is the result of using different modulation types and an optional forward error correction mechanism in the PRIME interface. Having one unified FER and a threshold value makes it possible to present measurement results in the pass/fail form. For FER unification, the characteristics of FER vs. signal-to-noise ratio, for all modulations implemented in PRIME, were used in the proposed algorithm (and some are presented in this paper). In communication systems, the FER value is used to forecast the quality of a link or service, but using PLC technology, forecasting is highly uncertain due to the main noise. The presentation of the measurement results in the pass/fail form is important because it allows unskilled staff to make many laborious measurements in last mile smart metering networks.

Performance Analysis of NOMA Multicast Systems Based on Rateless Codes With Delay Constraints

To achieve an efficient and reliable data transmission in time-varying conditions, a novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission scheme based on rateless codes (NOMA-RC) is proposed in the multicast system in this paper. Using rateless codes at the packet level, the system can generate enough encoded data packets according to users’ requirements to cope with adverse environments. The performance of the NOMA-RC multicast system with delay constraints is analyzed over Rayleigh fading channels. The closed-form expressions for the frame error ratio and the average transmission time are derived for two cases which are a broadcast communication scenario (Scenario 1) and a relay communication scenario (Scenario 2). Under the condition that the quality of service for the edge user is satisfied, an optimization model of power allocation is established to maximize the sum rate. Simulation results show that Scenario 2 can provide better block error ratio performance and exhibit less transmission time than Scenario 1. When compared with orthogonal multiple access (OMA) with rateless codes system, the proposed system can save on the transmission time and improve the system throughput.

Efficient Belief Propagation Polar Decoder With Loop Simplification Based Factor Graphs

The performance of belief propagation list (BPL) decoding of polar codes is related to the selection of $L$ factor graphs (FGs), which have the least number of girths. However, the straightforward search of such FGs is of high complexity. To achieve good performance with reasonable complexity, we propose an efficient method to find FGs with the least number of length-12 loops in all permuted FGs. Since some length-12 loops have been destroyed by redundant decoding operations, the corresponding FGs can be simplified to different numbers of length-12 loops. Thanks to the proposed loop simplification (LS), BPL decoding is now based on more efficient FGs, resulting in better performance and lower average decoding latency than the state-of-the-art. Numerical results have shown that the performance improvement is 0.15 dB when frame error ratio (FER) is $10^{-4}$ , for $(1024, 512)$ codes with $L=64$ .

Non-Coherent Near-Capacity Network Coding for Cooperative Multi-User Communications

Near-capacity Non-coherent Cooperative Network-coding aided Multi-user (NNCNM) systems are designed with the aid of Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts for the sake of approaching the Differential Discrete-input Continuous-output Memoryless Channel's (D-DCMC) system capacity <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> . The upper and lower Frame Error Ratio (FER) performance bounds are derived for aiding our network coding design. The outage capacity of the D-DCMC channel is also calculated and used for computing the best-case performance bounds of both the corresponding single-link scheme and of the proposed NNCNM system. Moreover, a new technique referred to as the Pragmatic Algebraic Linear Equation Method (PALEM) was proposed for determining the exact number of information sources that may be recovered from the composite NNCNM stream, which constitutes a lower-complexity evaluation of the attainable FER performance of the NNCNM systems without resorting to high-complexity Monte-Carlo simulations. The NNCNM systems advocated are capable of operating within 0.3-0.5 dB from the corresponding D-DCMC capacity. A joint treatment of channel and network coding is considered in our system <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The design principles presented in this contribution may be extended to a vast range of NNCNM based systems using arbitrary channel coding schemes.

A New Delay-Based Congestion Control for Ad-Hoc Wireless Network

The traditional congestion control mechanism of transport control protocol (TCP) has been proved cannot satisfy the wireless scenario. The extensive research has been done to understand the drawback of TCP in wireless networks. In this paper, we proposed a new congestion control algorithms for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) at the TCP sender side which efficiently adapts to the maximum transmission rate of a mobile wireless link, the new algorithms follow the idea of FAST TCP which uses delay as congestion measure. However, FAST TCP has limitations when used over a dynamic mobile wireless link with a high frame error ratio (FER) and frequent delay changes due to the variable rate. The new algorithms overcome this shortcoming by improving the congestion signal choice. By using analysis, we proved that the new congestion control mechanism provides superior performance over mobile wireless network environments.

Feedback-based adaptive network coded cooperation for wireless networks

A novel feedback-based adaptive network coded cooperation (FANCC) scheme is proposed for wireless networks that comprise a number of terminals transmitting data to a common destination. The proposed FANCC exploits network coding and matches code-on-graph with network-on-graph, which is a substantial extension of adaptive network coded cooperation (ANCC). In the relay phase of FANCC, the terminal will be active when its channel fading coefficient magnitude |h| is larger than the threshold T th and the broadcast-packet of one terminal will be possibly selected for check-sum when |h| is less than the threshold R th . In the indication phase, the destination broadcasts above message at cost of 2 bits per terminal. Therefore, distributed fountain codes are generated at the destination. Both achievable rates and outage probabilities are evaluated for FANCC and closed-form expressions are derived when the network size approaches infinity. Moreover, compared with ANCC, analysis results demonstrate that FANCC achieves 1-2 dB performance improvement at the outage probability of 10-6 and 1-2 dB gain at the same achievable rate and the simulation results shows that FANCC has better Frame error ratio (FER) performance. Index Terms--cooperative wireless network, network coding, fountain codes, distributed coding

Performance Bounds of Network Coding Aided Cooperative Multiuser Systems

In this contribution, we derive the upper and lower Frame Error Ratio (FER) performance bounds of cooperative multiuser communications systems using network coding. Our Monte Carlo simulation based results confirm the accuracy of our derivation.

Reliability analysis of on-chip communication architectures: An MPEG-2 video decoder case study

In this paper, we present reliability analysis and comparison between on-chip communication architectures: dominant shared-bus AMBA and emerging Network-on-Chip (NoC); in the presence of single-event upsets (SEUs) using MPEG-2 video decoder as a case study. Employing SystemC-based fault simulations, reliability of the decoders is studied in terms of SEUs experienced in the computation cores and communication interconnects. We show that for a given soft error rate (SER), NoC-based decoder experiences lower SEUs than AMBA-based decoder. Using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and frame error ratio (FER) metrics to evaluate the impact of SEUs at application-level, we show that NoC-based decoder gives up to 4 dB higher PSNR, while AMBA experiences up to 3% lower FER. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of routing, application task mapping (distribution of tasks among computation cores) and architecture allocation (choice of number of computation cores) on the reliability of the decoders in the presence of SEUs.

The lowest-possible BER and FER for any discrete memoryless channel with given capacity

We investigate properties of a channel coding scheme leading to the minimum-possible frame error ratio when transmitting over a memoryless channel with rate R > C. The results are compared to the well-known properties of a channel coding scheme leading to minimum bit error ratio. It is concluded that these two optimization requests are contradicting. A valuable application of the derived results is presented.

A TCP acceleration algorithm for a wireless link using rate adaptation based on round-trip-time and virtual receiver window information

Fast transmission control protocol (TCP) was previously proposed for high capacity network environments with long delay, and TCP with Snoop performs better than conventional TCP enhancements in mobile wireless network environments. However, FAST TCP has limitations when used over a dynamic mobile wireless link with a high frame error ratio (FER) and frequent delay changes due to the variable rate. We propose an enhanced TCP acceleration algorithm at the TCP sender side which efficiently adapts to the maximum transmission rate of a mobile wireless link using the round trip time (RTT) and virtual receiver window (RWND) information. The proposed algorithm provides superior performance over mobile wireless network environments.

Objectives for New Error Criteria for Mobile Broadcasting of Streaming Audiovisual Services

This paper demonstrates the need of and objectives for new error criteria for mobile broadcasting and the problems related to defining numerical error criteria for video services. The current error criterion used in digital video broadcasting to handheld (DVB-H), namely, multiprotocol encapsulation forward error correction (MPE-FEC) frame error ratio (MFER) 5%, was defined to enable instantaneous measurements but is not accurate enough for detailed simulations or postprocessing of measured data. To enable accurate transmission system design, parameter optimization, and performance evaluation, it is necessary to define new practical criteria for measuring the impact of transmission errors. The ambiguity of the MFER criterion is studied, and results for other conventional error criteria are derived from transmission system simulations and objective video quality measurements. The outcomes are compared to results from studies on subjective audiovisual quality. Guidelines are given on the next steps of developing new objective criteria for wireless and mobile video. It is suggested that subjective tests are performed based on the average length and average amount of errors derived from verified mobile radio channel models.

A Multi-User Cooperative Diversity for Wireless Local Area Networks

In this paper, an idea of using space-time block coding (STBC) in multi-user cooperative diversity has been exploited to improve the performance of the transmission in wireless local area networks. The theoretical and simulation results show that, using STBC approaches can always achieve the better performance than existing techniques without introducing the space-time coding. By analyzing the throughput and frame error ratio (FER) of the two different STBC cooperative schemes, we find the trade-off between throughput and reliability. The location of the relay is crucial to the performance, which supposes a rule for future cross-layer design.