Fragmentary Material Research Articles

New material of labyrinthodont amphibians from the Lower Triassic Fremouw Formation of Antarctica

ABSTRACT The fragmentary material described in this account supplements the initial report on the temnospondylous labyrinthodonts of the Lower Triassic Fremouw Formation of Antarctica given by Colbert and Cosgriff (1974). Some of the fragments are referred to the lydekkerinid Cryobatrachus kitchingi, others (with question) to the brachyopid Austrobrachyops jenseni, and still others to the family Rhytidosteidae without generic or specific determination. The rhytidosteid is a new entry for the tetrapod faunal list of the Fremouw Formation. Taphonomy is considered, and it is shown that the lithologie contexts of the Fremouw Formation which are productive of temnospondyls are consonant with the view that brachyopids, lydekkerinids, and rhytidosteids were tetrapods primarily adapted to the fresh-water and water-edge habitats of the general flood plain regime under which the Fremouw Formation was deposited.

Literary Letters from Deities and Diviners More Fragments

THAT LETTERS FORMED PART OF THE SCRIBE'S LITERARY TRADITION IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA has long been known and Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, whom we honour in this volume, has had a major role in recovering the Sumerian works which belong to this genre. The literary letters, which in fact are known both in Sumerian and Akkadian, can be distinguished from everyday letters by their elaborate style; by the content which often concerns matters of state importance; and by the fact that copies were kept in libraries and schools where they could be read by scholars and used as style manuals by teachers.2 Epistles between human and divine beings form an important corpus within the category of literary letters, the majority of these being letters to a god from a man.3 This corpus includes the letters of Assyrian kings to the god Ashur, the most famous of which is the letter of Sargon II reporting on his eighth campaign. The existence of letters addressed in the other direction, from a divine being to a human being, has on the other hand been poorly attested. It is therefore gratifying to be able to add some fragmentary textual material to this little known category. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to highlight the little known group of literary letters from deities and diviners; to publish a fragment of a previously unknown representative of this genre; and to edit a fragment previously identified with this group but never published. The letters from deities, of which two fragments are now extant, will be presented first and with full edition. This will be followed by a briefer treatment of the letters from diviners. The two letters from deities are K 2764 (Macmillan, BA 5/5, no. XVII)4 and BM 38630 (previously unpublished).

New basal Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) fishes and crustaceans found near Glasgow

I report here a recent discovery of new species of sharks, together with the most complete and best-preserved Carboniferous shark known, in Bearsden near Glasgow. Sharks of this age are significant because of their high diversification rate during the Carboniferous. This, coupled with their poor fossil record, has led to “almost as many classifications of Palaeozoic chondrichthyan fish as there are taxa in this group represented by adequate specimens”1. The new shark discoveries also throw considerable morphological light on relatively fragmentary material collected during the past few years from the Upper Mississippian (Lower Namurian) of Montana2. The fish found also include 11 new palaeoniscid (early ray-finned) fishes which represent the first known British Namurian marine species. The site has also yielded a crustacean assemblage which is probably the best preserved from Europe or even the Northern Hemisphere. The only comparable crustacean fauna, from beds of Wesphalian age at Mazon Creek in Illinois, is larger but is mainly preserved as moulds whereas the Bearsden material preserves the cuticle intact. The first (and last) major discovery of a substantial vertebrate and crustacean marine fauna from the British Carboniferous was made in 1879 when the Glencartholm site (Dumfries and Galloway) was found by Macconochie of the Scottish Geological Survey3 in the Lower Carboniferous, Upper Border Group (Upper Dinantian, Asbian).

First pterosaur from Australia

We report here the first evidence of pterosaurs from Australia. Our report is based on fragmentary material from marine Lower Cretaceous sediments, of the Eromanga Basin, western Queensland. These fragments represent at least one pterosaur allied to the well-known Pteranodon1,2, and establish a new southern limit of distribution for Cretaceous flying reptiles.

The Winchester Session of the 1449 Parliament: A Further Comment

SINCE THE DAYS of Bishop Stubbs, historians of the medieval English parliament and of the fifteenth century have lamented the serious lacunae which exist among the surviving sources for the study of this central institution of government and for the exploration of this muchmisunderstood period. Consequently, the crumbs of evidence which have been located-albeit sometimes in the shape of later copies or transcripts -have been subjected to ultramicroscopic analysis and minutely detailed interpretation. This has certainly been the fate of those fragmentary materials relating to the parliament of 1449 which (aside from the formal parliament roll) have been publicized recently by several historians. These materials consist of (1) a list of members-both lords and commons-of the parliament whose first session opened at Westminster on February 12, 1449; (2) a memorandum of lords' attendance at the same session on March 20, 21, and 24, 1449, along with a report of an exchange of views among the lords on March 20; and (3) a list of lords thought to have been present at the third session of this parliament, held at Winchester between June 16 and July 16, 1449, together with a report of another exchange of views between some of the lords.' These documents survive today as copies of the originals (or as copies of copies of the originals) written in the sixteenth or seventeenth century; but it is remarkable that of all Henry VI's parliaments, it is the assembly of 1449 alone to which all the surviving documents refer. This is undeni-

Numerical methods for the reconstruction of fossil material in three dimensions

SummaryDistances measured between homologous reference points on fragmentary fossil material can be used to recover a three-dimensional framework by operations of standard matrix algebra. A procedure that combines both linear and non-linear algorithms is described and illustrated in a simple reconstruction of Waptia fieldensis. The approach attempts to provide a modelling process in which a palaeontologist can explore the geometrical consequences of fossil measurements through continuous interaction with programmed reconstructions.

The Devonian actinopterygianCheirolepisAgassiz

SynopsisThe structure of the fishes constituting the Devonian genusCheirolepisis investigated. Articulated remains from the Scottish Old Red Sandstone and the Canadian Upper Devonian were studied and two species are recognised, the Middle DevonianC. trailliand the Upper DevonianC. canadensis.Recently described fragmentary material from Europe assigned to the genus is best regarded asincertae sedis. Cheirolepisis the earliest actinopterygian genus with extensive material. Neurocranial remains are described, with a crossopterygian-like parasphenoid. There seems to have been a mobile rostral region with several small bones between premaxilla and postrostral extending to the anterior corner of the small dermal orbit. New palatoquadrate and pectoral girdle material is described. The apparently primitive nature of the head skeleton is related to the cranial dynamics and the likely mode of life. The small scales and the elongate-fusiform body shape are a corollary of the method of swimming. The ecology of the fishes is touched upon. A taxonomic investigation of the two species was carried out but although interesting variation in the scale-row numbers came to light no changes at the specific level were deemed necessary. Revised generic and specific diagnoses are given.

Cuba Materials in the Bureau of Insular Affairs Library

For the better part of the last fifteen years, scholars in the United States researching late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Cuba have worked under severe handicaps. First and foremost, obviously the richest collections of Cuban materials—in Cuba—are beyond easy access. It is not without some irony that the very phenomenon that made Cuba the subject of intense interest also placed the vast corpus of sources vital to the study of the island beyond the reach of the researcher in the United States. The researcher has had to suffer a general paucity of sources, and has been forced to reconstruct the Cuban past from incomplete and fragmentary materials scattered in archives, libraries, and manuscript collections across the country.

A complete skeleton of the Late Triassic ornithischian Heterodontosaurus tucki

The first ornithischian dinosaur to be found in the Triassic (other than very fragmentary material) was Heterodontosaurus tucki from South Africa, described1 on its skull. The postcranial skeleton of another H. Tucki is described here. Heterodontosaurus is compared with its sympatric contemporary Fabrosaurus, the only other well known Triassic ornithischian, and the interrelationships of early dinosaurs are discussed briefly.

The Ceratopsian Dinosaurs and Associated Lower Vertebrates from the St. Mary River Formation (Maestrichtian) at Scabby Butte, Southern Alberta

Scabby Butte, a limited exposure of late Cretaceous sediments in southern Alberta, Canada, is an important source for the large ceratopsian dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus Sternberg. New cranial material confirms this taxon's place among short-faced ceratopsids, and circumstantial evidence suggests that it possessed a spiked frill reminiscent of Styracosaurus. Postcranial bones associated with Pachyrhinosaurus skulls in a bonebed deposit probably belong to the genus and indicate a massive body approaching Triceratops dimensions. Another ceratopsian, Anchiceratops, is sparsely represented.All classes of gnathostomes, except birds, are represented by fragmentary material at Scabby Butte. Of 21 lower vertebrate taxa, fourteen are new to the St. Mary River Formation (Squatirhina, Squatina, Amia, Belonostomus, Paralbula, Platacodon, Opisthotriton, Boremys, Plioplatecarpus, a tyrannosaur, a coelurosaur, an ornithomimid, Troödon, Edmontosaurus, Edmontonia).

Glasses from Scandinavian burials in the first millennium A.D.

Abstract This study is an attempt to examine the significance of glass vessels from within burials. Anthropological, ethnographic, and literary evidence is deliberately avoided. The author maintains that by a careful examination of the material remains from the burial it is possible to throw some light on the importance of glass in daily life. This can be interpreted from the positions of the vessels, the presence of sets and pairs of matching vessels, the presence of fragmentary material in inhumation burials, and from the existence of repaired vessels. Particular emphasis is placed on the Norwegian material.

Sirenians in West Coast Marine Stratigraphy: ABSTRACT

Sirenians are fairly common as fossils in many late Tertiary nearshore marine deposits of the West Coast. The general pattern of their evolution in the North Pacific from early Miocene to recent times is now known. With the exception of the early Miocene forms, all the known species are stratigraphically successive and seem to belong to a single, unbranching evolutionary sequence. Their evolution was particularly rapid during the late Miocene and early Pliocene in response to changing climate, and the resulting morphologic changes were so profound that different evolutionary stages can be recognized, and rough stratigraphic correlations made, on the basis of quite fragmentary skeletal material. In at least two areas of California (Santa Cruz and Orange Counties), sea cows have been collected from several different zones near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. These sequences of fossils well illustrate these rapid changes, and in the former case considerable evolution can be observed even within a single species. More detailed study of these and other sections may permit the use of sirenians in correlating widely separated marine deposits on the West Coast. End_of_Article - Last_Page 432------------

From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls 1839-1915 (review)

BOOK REVIEWS265 dustry. This is well illustrated, not by die failures which were legion, but by the successes which were remarkable. This book is well written and researched and constitutes a muchneeded addition to Civil War naval history. Most of the records for Union shipbuilding are readily available at the National Archives. On the other hand, the Confederate documents are scattered, and although a large part of the operational accounts are published in the Official Records the business, supply and construction records were largely left out of this publication. As a result die audior has done a remarkable job of collecting this scattered and fragmentary material, providing an excellent , readable account of this very useful subject. Frank Lawrence Owsley, Jr. Auburn University From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls 1839-1915. By Okon Edet Uya. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Pp. 166. $6.00.) Okon Uya's book is one of a series of biographies of black Americans and black Africans being produced by die Oxford University Press to fulfill the need for biographies of black historical figures. The central figure of Uya's biography, Robert Smalls, born a slave in 1839, and trained as a boat pilot, became a hero on May 13, 1862, when he abducted a Confederate ship, die Planter, containing a cargo of Confederate artillery and sixteen blacks, from Charleston harbor and guided it to the Union fleet. Thereafter, Smalls was a controversial and colorful personality in South Carolina. Commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Union army, he was detailed to continue as pilot of the Planter, which was involved in numerous successful Union attacks. During the course of the war, Smalls actively solicited support for the Port Royal, South Carolina blacks who had been acquired as contraband when die Union army captured the area in November, 1861. At war's end, he was paid $1,500.00 as his interest in the Planter and discharged from service. After the Civil War, Smalls set up a school in Beaufort, South Carolina for black children and also acquired extensive real estate and other property for his own use. During Congressional Reconstruction in 1867, he was elected a delegate to the state constitutional convention. In the convention, he supported a proposal to exempt homesteads of 100 acres from court action while opposing a clause removing disabilities from rebels. His most important contribution according to Uya, was a proposal that free, state supported, compulsory public education be provided . The audior believes that no other leader could have challenged the popularity of Smalls among his Beaufort constituency in which blacks outnumbered whites 7 to 1. Besides being a war hero, he had acquired money and power, could speak the GuIIah dialect, had shown generosity to the slave holding family who had once owned him and in short could 266CIVIL WAR HISTORY do no wrong. He was elected a state senator in 1870, and as a representative in Congress in 1874. According to Uya, the economic deterioration of his home county of Beaufort as well as Reconstruction violence were the primary concerns of Smalls. Blacks in Beaufort needed to become land owning farmers, but most of the land belonged to federal government. Not until he was elected to Congress in 1875, did Smalls succeed in influencing the passage of a bill which made it possible to buy government lands at low prices. By 1890, three-fourths of land in Beaufort was owned by blacks. When the Democrats came to power again, Smalls was one of the Republican subjects of prosecutions carried out by the Redeemer government in 1876 and 1877. He was convicted of accepting a $5,000 bribe for fraudulently acknowledging that a printing claim of $25,000 had been passed and approved by the Assembly while he was chairman of the committee on printing. When Smalls appealed to the Supreme Court, a deal was arranged whereby his charges of federal election law violation against the state were dropped in exchange for South Carolina's dropping charges against him. Uya believes the case was a miscarriage of justice and motivated by political vendetta. Smalls served two more terms in Congress and retired after his defeat in 1886. He...

The Pedestals of Oceanic Volcanic Islands

The submarine volcanoes that form the pedestals on which basaltic islands built of subaerial lava flows stand must be composed largely of pyroclastic materials, for basaltic lava emitted under water—at any rate under shallow water—generally explodes, producing tuff and scoria. The steepness of their submarine slopes confirms this, for it indicates accumulation of fragmentary materials. Under very deep water hydrostatic pressure prevents vesiculation, so that lava flows are poured out quietly on the sea-floor. A more or less cylindrical core built of such flows probably, therefore, underlies oceanic basaltic islands at a considerable depth; the non-vesiculated basalt of this core will be sufficiently dense to account for the distribution of the Bouguer anomalies of gravity on the islands and for seismic-wave velocities under them. At a depth of about 2000 m, however, the dense core will be buried and surrounded by pyroclastic material, typical of the pedestal. On the island of St Helena a scoriaceous formation underlying the subaerial basalt flows is exposed as a result of erosion following an anticlinal upheaval; it seems to have originated as the submarine pedestal of the island. Certain uniformly upheaved volcanic islands—Mangaia in the Cook Group, Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa in the Marquesas, and probably Moorea, Huaheine, and Borabora in the western Society Islands—seem to be largely composed of pedestal material, and some of them are capped by remnants of the much more resistant subaerial lava flows of the original islands, which may form conspicuous buttes.

The Will to Power (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 301 against Bulkeley's and Collins' determinism, Leibniz' notion of freedom as moral necessity, Reid's conception of moral agency, and finally Kant's transcendental freedom. This section is regretfully shorter than the preceding but far superior. Capizzi has been able to keep the debate between liberterians and determinists at the level of a conceptual dialogue without losing sight of the historical perspective. Some of these chapters (e.g., Ch. V, Part 2) read just like the contemporary controversy between Campbell and Iqowell Smith. In his defense against Hobbes, Bramhall is represented as oscillating between a form of extreme voluntarism (the will determines the motivation) and a form of "intellectual" determinism (the motivation determines the will). These are the dangers of Bramhall's "vicious circle" and none of the attempts succeeded in finding a solution between chance and fate. The first position, Capizzi argues, leads in fact to Clarke's freedom of indifference which issues in chance and the second position to Leibniz' which issues in fatalism. It is a pity that Capizzi has not dedicated more space to Jonathan Edwards. Unlike many determinists Edwards escapes the ghost of fatalism in a more satisfactory fashion than Leibniz with whom, according to Ramsey, he has so much in common (see P. Ramsey, The Works o] Jonathan Edwards, I, 117). Whereas Clarke's position reduces moral freedom to caprice and hence annihilates the notion of responsibility, it is debatable that Reid's "compromise between Leibniz and Clarke is not a satisfactory way out of Bramhall's vicious circle" (p. 220). Reid's free choice, Capizzi claims, is as arbitrary, capricious, and fortuitous as Clarke's and thus bereft of moral value. But the gist of Reid's theory is to prove that our choices can be free in the indeterministic fashion and yet substantially predictable. Reid repeats over and over again that to have free will does not imply that any choice we might make is as probable as any other. To have free will is to have a power over the determinations of the will. And we have this moral power in various degrees: "In different men the power of self government is different, and in the same man at different times" (see S. A. Grave, The Scottish Philosophy o] Common Sense, p. 218, and T. Reid, Works, II, 534, 619-620). The notion of moral agency and of power determining one's choices is metaphysically loaded. But the fact remains that for Reid it offers a solution for the dilemma of chance and necessity which in this section Capizzi was concerned to demonstrate insoluble. In the final chapter, Capizzi confesses his incapacity to appreciate Kant's solution of the conflict between causal necessity and moral freedom. "For Kant the two notions (noumenon and phenomenon) constitute the terms of a choice proposed to man by his immutable structure, and for Kant the first is better than the second. We do not believe in immutable structure and the problem of which of the two is better has meaning to us if and only if reducible to the problem which of the two corresponds to the spirit of our time" (p. 248249 ). Just as Socinus has solved the theological problem by rejecting Christianity, our contemporaries have solved the problem of reconciling science and morality by ignoring morality . L. M. PAL~R University o] Delaware Newark The Will to Power. By Friedrich W. Nietzsche. Trans. and eds. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. (New York: Random House, 1967. Pp. xxiii + 576. $10) Walter Kaufmann prudently suggests a middle course between regarding The Will to Power as Nietzsehe's magnum opus and discounting it as worthless (pp. xiii-xvi, 551-552, 557). He notes that much of its fragmentary material was later incorporated into Neitzsche's more systematic works. Even aphorisms not utilized in this way reveal insight of a high order. For a thoughtful man, a good book is one providing the occasion for deeper understanding of the most important problems. Surely The Will to Power is among the few works 302 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY of this nature, although it may seem unworthy of serious attention to those refusing to consider anything...

A C-14 Date for the Muscotah Marsh

Located 1 /2 miles south of Muscotah in the NE 1/4 sec. 16, T. 6 S., R. 17E., Atchison County, Kansas, is a raised artesian marsh at the edge of the Delaware River flood plain. The maximum height of the raised portion is 7 feet above the surrounding flat terrain, the width is 15 to 54 yards, and the length is 274 yards. The mound consists primarily of plant material which is only partially decomposed. Below the raised area is a stratum of 15 feet consisting of decomposed and fragmentary plant materials. Next is a 5 foot layer consisting of clay, sand, and about 8% organic material. This is followed by a 6 foot layer of fragmentary plant materials mixed with clay and sand. The bottom 3 feet is a mixture of clay, sand, and plant material. The whole deposit consists of 36 feet of material through which artesian water flows to the surface. Horr and McGregor (1948) described the surface features of the marsh and gave a list of 65 vascular plants growing on the raised area. In 1950 I obtained a core of the entire 36 feet of the marsh and at the lower levels found needles, twigs, wood, and pollen of Abies, Picea, Larix, and Tsuga. Nearer the surface, remains of grass and sedge culms, achenes of sedges and Polygonun were found. Horr (1955) described the pollen of the deposit but did not include a discussion of identifiable wood, twigs, needles, and fruits associated with the pollen when he published his profile. In the core I obtained there were Abies needles, twigs, and wood associated with Abies pollen in the lower 16 feet of the deposit. A large sample of Abies needles obtained from the 36 foot or bottom layer was submitted to the Harrison M. Randall Laboratory of Physics at the University of Michigan by W. H. Horr. Their number 352 gave the C-14 date as 15,500 years ? 1,500. Though Abies pollen is found in all but the upper 10 feet of the deposit, macro remains are not found above the 20 foot level. This level coincides with the period during which evidence indicates that the boreal forest was immediately succeeded by prairie without an intermediate pine or deciduous forest stage. The grass-sedge pollen at and above this level is associated with macro evidence of those groups.

The phylogeny of the chimaeroids

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evidence afforded by the chimaeroids and fossil holocephalans on the origin and evolution of the Holocephali, and, in particular, on the hypothesis recently proposed by Ørvig of a relationship between chimaeroids and ptyctodont arthrodires. Members of all the fossil holocephalan groups which are known by moderately complete specimens except the petalodonts and edestids are described, particular attention being paid to the histology of the dermal skeleton. Three species from the English Lower Lias,Squaloraja polyspondylaAgassiz,Myriacanthus paradoxusAgassiz andMetopacanthus granulatus(Agassiz) (a species previously placed inMyriacanthus) are described in detail. From the British Lower CarboniferousDeltoptychius armigerus(Traquair), previously placed inOracanthus, is described in detail and two new species,Deltoptychius moythomasisp.nov. andMenaspacanthus armaghensisgen. and sp.nov., are described on fragmentary material. The genusOracanthusAgassiz is reviewed: it is shown that the type species is probably acanthodian but that many species have been wrongly included in the genus. There is found to be strong evidence that the chimaeroids are derived, through the Jurassic myriacanthids and allied forms, from a Palaeozoic group which includes the PermianMenaspisand whose most primitive known genus isDeltoptychius. The most striking feature ofDeltoptychiusis the dermal armour of dentine-like tissue on the head which includes a complete head shield bearing a pair of sensory canals. This armour is of a peculiar type which is not homologous with the armour of the arthrodires, and appears to be confined to the Chimaeriformes. It is suggested thatHelodusis not directly related to the Chimaeriformes. These conclusions are embodied in a new classification of the Holocephali in whichHelodusis made the type of a new order Helodontiformes and in which the Chimaeriformes is divided into four sub-orders, Chimaeroidei, Squalorajoidei, Myriacanthoidei and Menaspoidei, with new families being made in the last two sub-orders. On the basis of the information obtained from the systematic part, the origin and evolution of the various characters of chimaeroids are discussed. The ethmoid canal appears to be a recent acquisition which occurs only in Chimaeroidei. The tritors on chimaeroid tooth plates are another recent adaptation. There is no convincing evidence that the teeth of Holocephali were primitively numerous, as they are inHelodus, petalodonts and edestids: this ‘selachian’ type of dentition is quite possibly secondarily derived from a 1chimaeroid ’ type of dentition. The dorsal fin spine of the chimaeroids appears to be a recent adaptation which first appears in the myriacanthoids and has arisen independently, being unrelated to the fin spine ofHelodus. A series of changes has taken place in the structure of the fin spine in Chimaeriformes which is similar to the changes which have occurred in the fin spines of sharks. The scales ofDeltoptychiusare cyclomorial: the change from a cyclomorial to a placoid (synchronomorial) scale has taken place independently among elasmobranchs at least three times: in the selachians, in the edestids, and in the Chimaeriformes. The scales ofHelodusare synchronomorial: this is the only Palaeozoic elasmobranch in which this condition has yet been found. The crescentic calcifications surrounding the sensory canals of chimaeroids are shown to be modified scales. The pre-pelvic tenacula of male chimaeroids have evolved from groups of enlarged scales without skeletal support which occur in myriacanthoids. It is suggested that the frontal clasper of male chimaeroids has evolved from paired structures, defensive in function, which occurred in both sexes in Palaeozoic Chimaeriformes. The dermal armour of Chimaeriformes is formed by fusion of scales. It has undergone a series of changes in histological structure which is similar to that undergone by the dorsal fin spine, but which took place much earlier in time. The evidence for a relationship between Holocephali and the selachians or arthrodires is reviewed. It is concluded that there is evidence of relationship between holocephalans and arthrodires, but that the resemblances between the two groups are in general features only. Mainly because of the structure of the exoskeleton inDeltoptychius, a relationship with the ptyctodonts is very unlikely. The holocephalans seem to be closest to the most primitive arthrodires (rhenanids and stensioellids), suggesting that the two groups share a common ancestor but are not directly related.

The Songwe scarp carbonatite and associated feldspathization in the Mbeya Range, Tanganyika

The carbonatite and associated rocks described occur on the Mbeya mountain range, which is at the junction of the eastern and western rift valleys in south-west Tanganyika. The main occurrence of carbonatite is a dyke-like body, possibly in discontinuous lenses, with an approximately linear outcrop trending nw-se over a distance of some 12 miles at the base of the Songwe scarp. This scarp bounds the Mbeya Range and delimits the southern end of the Rukwa trough. The carbonatite was emplaced in a zone of structural weakness along which there was probably rift-valley faulting before the introduction of the carbonatite and along which there has since been considerable faultmovement. The rift-faulting here follows the north-westerly trend of the crystalline basement rocks. Typically the carbonatite is ankeritic, fine-grained, and not flow-banded. Commonly there is a fragmentary or brecciated texture, the fragmentary material consi sting largely of feldspathized and carbonated country-rock. Minor amounts of niobium, uranium, and thorium are present but the location of these elements is uncertain and rare accessory minerals have not been detected. Feldspathization by the introduction of potassium is strongly developed in the immediate vicinity of the carbonatite and also sporadically elsewhere on the Mbeya Range; both quartzofeldspathic cataclastic schists and coarsegrained mica-garnet schists have been converted to aggregates of potassium feldspar. Such feldspathization is particularly well displayed in the vicinity of Itete on the north-east flank of the Mbeya Range, where elongated belts of feldspathized country-rock illustrate the strong control exercised over their formation by the regional schistosity. Injection and brecciation of these feldspathized schists by carbonatite veins is common. It is suggested that the Songwe scarp carbonatite is a high-level representative of the crystallization of a parent carbonatite at depth; the unusual form is due to the strong structural grain of the basement schists of the area.

Histology and Cytochemistry of Human Skin: XXIV. Further Observations on the Axillary Organ

In contrast to the usual fragmentary material used for studying the skin of the axilla, we have heen able to survey a large number of specimens, removed at the same time, from selected subjects of comparable age and sex, and the material treated exactly alike and at the same time. This wealth of excellent specimens has given new dimension to our understanding of the sweat glands of the axilla. We are now able to point up many of the older observations, and to reemphasize those details which have been largely neglected. The skin of the axilla is unique for the study of both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. Nowhere else on the body are these glands so intimately associated, and in no other animals is this mixed population of sweat glands so plentiful. There is here further documentation of the fact that the axillary apocrine sweat glands of the Negro are surrounded by varying numbers of nerves that contain acetylcholinesterase (Montagna and Ellis 1). After diligent search and improved technics, however, we have also found such nerves around some of the apocrine glands of Caucasian subjects.

SOME NEW SPECIMENS OF THE FOSSIL FISH LEPIDOTES FROM THE ENGLISH UPPER JURASSIC

Three undescribed specimens of Lepidotes in the British Museum (Natural History) are illustrated, described and discussed. One specimen from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough, is referred to Lepidotes leedsi. The characters of L. leedsi are compared with those of the two other well‐established species of Lepidotes from the same horizon and locality. Some fragmentary material from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, and previously referred to L. leedsi is reviewed. Two specimens of Lepidotes from the Kimeridge Clay of Cambridgeshire, represented by associated heads, are referred to a new species, L. toombsi; the characters of the new species are compared with those of the better known forms from the Solenhofen Stone of Europe.Although species of Lepidotes have variable numbers of cheekplates, variation occurs within certain limiting numbers which distinguish two groups of Lepidotes species. One group has two to six cheekplates, more commonly four to six. The other group has seven or more cheekplates, and the number may be considerable in some species. The second group can be divided into two subgroups: those with the cheekplates forming a single row adjacent to the preoperculum, and those with more than one row, or an irregular mosaic of bones in front of the preoperculum. All the species described are members of the first group, but examples and figures are given of both types in the second group.