Properties Of Healing Fractures Research Articles

The Impact of Rotational Malalignment Following Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fractures on Patients' Functional Outcomes: A Prospective Study.

Background & Aims: Rotational malalignment after intramedullary nailing of intertrochanteric fractures is a relatively common complication that may have a crucial impact on both functional outcome and a fracture's healing properties, ultimately affecting the patient's postoperative morbidity and mortality. Methods: 74 patients treated with intramedullary nailing due to an intertrochanteric fracture underwent a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan of the hips and knees. The femoral anteversion difference (D angle) between the operated and healthy hip was calculated using the technique described by Jeanmart et al. The patients were divided into two groups according to their D angle values: a D angle less than 15° was considered an acceptable rotational alignment (group A), while a D angle equal to or more than 15° was considered a rotational deformity (group B). Postoperatively, the functional level of each patient was evaluated at the 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits and compared to the pre-fracture status using the modified Harris hip score (mHHS). Also, fracture union, other postoperative complications, and patient mortality were noted. Results: The mean femoral anteversion difference was 12.3° with a standard deviation of 10.3°. Of the 74 patients, 51 (68.9%) were assigned to group A and 23 (31.1%) to group B. At the 6-month postoperative follow-up, 67 (90.5%) patients had survived and 7 (9.5%) were deceased, with our statistical analysis indicating a linear trend (p-value = 0.048) between the presence of rotational malalignment and 6-month mortality. At the 1-year postoperative follow-up, 63 (85.1%) patients survived and 11 (14.9%) were deceased, with the statistical analysis indicating a significant relationship (p-value = 0.031) between the presence of rotational malalignment and the 1-year mortality. Regarding the functional outcome six months after the operation, the difference between the pre-fracture and the postoperative mHHS was 8.7/100 with a standard deviation of 6.1 for the 49 patients in group A and 14.5/100 with a standard deviation of 12.4 for the 18 patients in group B, with the statistical analysis indicating a significant difference (t = -2.536, significance < 0.05) in the functional level between the two groups. As for the functional outcome one year after the operation, the difference between the pre-fracture and the postoperative mHHS was 4.9/100 with a standard deviation of 7.8 for the 47 patients in group A and 8.3/100 with a standard deviation of 13 for the 16 patients in group B, with the statistical analysis indicating no significant difference (t = -1.266, significance > 0.05) in the functional level between the two groups. The only postoperative complication noted was fracture non-union, presenting in two patients (3%), with the statistical analysis indicating no significant relationship (p-value = 0.698) between this complication and the presence of rotational malalignment. Conclusions: In this study, rotational malalignment after intertrochanteric fracture intramedullary nailing presents in 31.1% of cases. The correlation between this malalignment and functional outcomes shows a decline in patients' functional abilities during the first six postoperative months, a condition that improves over time, with most patients returning to their preoperative functional status one year after the operation. Furthermore, our results indicate a possible relationship between rotational malalignment and mortality within one year. Future research should focus on creating a more detailed, functional evaluation system for the elderly and applying it to a larger sample to confirm these findings.

Derivatisation mechanistic-guided identification of phytoconstituents of different extracts of Cissus quadrangularis by TLC and standardization by HPTLC

BackgroundCissus quadrangularis is an indigenous medicinal herb which belongs to the family Vitaceae & commonly found in tropical and subtropical xeric wood. This plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic with excellent bone fracture healing properties. Different analytical approaches must be used to characterise the extracts to ascertain the therapeutic efficacy of different solvent-based plant extracts. AimDifferent extracts of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) were screened by TLC, antioxidant activity and HPTLC. MethodsIn the present study, the preliminary phytoconstituents’ analysis of sequential extracts of CQ; Petroleum ether extract (PECQ), Chloroform extract (ChCQ), Ethanol extract (EtCQ) and Water extract (WCQ) has been done by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Additionally, the usage of derivative reagents and the reaction mechanism between derivative reagents and phytoconstituents were used to confirm the kind of phytoconstituents. The extracts were also evaluated by antioxidant activity that was accessed by the DPPH assay. The extract with the highest antioxidant activity was standardised by HPTLC. ResultsTerpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarin, steroidal (phytoestrogen) and other phenolic/polyphenolic phytoconstituents were found to be present in extracts of Cissus quadrangularis. EtCQ showed the highest radical scavenging activity with an IC50 of 31.71±0.30 µg/ml which was significantly higher than PECQ, ChCQ and WCQ extract with an IC50 of 84.82±0.35 µg/ml, 79.16±0.35 µg/ml and 215.06±0.25 µg/ml respectively. EtCQ was standardized by HPTLC to quantify the marker constituent. ConclusionThis publication is the first to describe the in-depth analysis of Cissus quadrangularis extracts using thin-layer chromatography, as well as potential detection pathways using different reagents. TLC profiling also justifies the antioxidant behaviour of different extracts.

A study on antimicrobial and anticancer properties of Cissus quadrangulris using lung cancer cell line

Cissus quadrangularis plant from Vitaceae family, native in India. Many parts of this plant have medicinal values but most precious is stem of this plant. In past years number of studies reported their activities and secondary metabolites in Cissus quadrangularis plant and their pharmacological activities and uses in traditional medicine system. It is reported to possess excellent medicinal properties and potent fracture healing properties, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antioxidative, cholinergic activity and beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, possesses antiulcer and cytoprotective property in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury. The aim of this study was to determine the qualitative phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity, cell viability and in vitro anticancer activity of a potential of Cissus quadrangularis stem extract against A549 human lung cancer cell line. The disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antimicrobial activity of Cissus quadrangularis stem extract and showed potential antibacterial and antifungal activity against various microorganisms. Results have shown that Stem methanolic extract induced a significant decrease of tumour cell viability. The cell viability assay clearly showed that the cells treated with Cissus quadrangularis methanolic extract has significantly reduced the lung cancer cell viability in a dose dependant manner. The stem methanolic extract was tested for the in vitro antiproliferative potential on A549 human lung cancer cell line using different concentrations, namely 1000, 62.5 and 7.8 µg/ml. We observed the IC50 dose at 65.2 μg/ml concentration. In cell culture A549 cells treated with Cissus quadrangularis stem methanolic extract in 24 h the cells growth is controlled.

Histopathological and radiographical evaluation of caprine demineralized bone matrix in a critical ulnar defect in a rabbit model

BackgroundCaprine species satisfy the conditions of an ideal donor animal when compared to bovine species that has been extensively studied and commercialized for bone xenograft. Histopathological and radiological evaluations of caprine demineralized bone matrix (CDBM) were therefore carried out for fracture healing properties for its possible use in bone grafting procedures.Materials and methodsTwenty-four rabbits were used for this study and were divided randomly into three groups of eight (n = 8) rabbits each. Critical bone defect was created on the ulnar diaphysis under xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia for autogenous bone graft (ABG) group, CDBM group and the last group was left unfilled as negative control (NC). Immediate post-grafting radiograph was taken and repeated on days 14, 28, 42 and 56 to monitor the evidence of radiographic healing. The animals were euthanized on day 56 and defect sites were harvested for histopathology.ResultsThere was a progressive evidence of radiographic healing and bone formation in all the groups with significance difference (P = 0.0064). When compared with ABG, NC differ significantly (P < 0.0001) whereas the CDBM did not differ significantly (P = 0.6765). The histopathology sections of ABG and CDBM showed normal bone tissue while the NC section was predominated by fibrous connective tissue. There was therefore an overall significant difference (P = 0.0001) in which CDBM did not differ from ABG (P = 0.2946) while NC did (P = 0.0005).ConclusionThe ABG and CDBM groups showed a similar healing effect in the critical bone defect. Therefore, CDBM could be used as an effective alternative to ABG in orthopaedics to circumvent the limitations and complications associated with it.Level of evidenceNot applicable.

Cissus quandragularis Linn and Bone Health: A Comprehensive Review

Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (CQL) is a fleshy plant found in major parts of the world, especially in Asia, Africa, and a few other warm tropical regions. It is one of the common food items in India. Apart from other pharmacological activities of CQL has been used by common folk in India for promoting the fracture healing process. It was prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic texts as a general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties. Hence, herein we aimed to document on traditional medicinal uses of CQL and its role and mechanism of action with special reference to one healing process. In conclusion, CQL is a climbing herb commonly known as Hadjod and Asthisamadhani in India and traditionally used in the management of many illnesses. The major pharmacological activities of the plant include bone healing, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, cardiovascular and hepatoprotective. Therefore, Cissus quadrangularis appears worthy of pharmacological investigations for new drug formulations especially in bone and joint health formulations.

Effect of Cissus quadrangularis on Fracture Healing in Laboratory Animal

Objectives : The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis paste on fracture healing in artificially induced fractured rabbits. Methods : Fifteen rabbits were separated into three groups namely A, B, and C. Veldt grape paste was applied in groups B and C (Treatment Group) by close reduction and open reduction methods of fracture management; respectively, while group A was kept as control. The blood parameter and fracture healing properties in all animals have been monitored and examined routinely during the study period. Results : Both treated groups revealed lower serum calcium levels (SCL) than the control group after 24 hours of fracture that became within the normal range on the 14th day. Fracture healing in the treated groups has been commenced more rapidly than the control group with complete bridging of discontinuity by a distinct osseous callus in the fracture line on day 7 and complete effacing of fracture line on day 14. Conclusion : We did not find any type of anomalousness, clinical deviations, and alteration of serum calcium level on the 14th day of the fracture in treated animals hence Veldt Grape paste could be readily applicable to the management of the fracture in animals.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Galloyl Conjugates of Flavanones as BMP-2 Upregulators with Promising Bone Anabolic and Fracture Healing Properties.

The molecular hybridization concept led us to design a series of galloyl conjugates of flavanones that have potent osteoblast differentiation ability in vitro and promote bone formation in vivo. An array of in vitro studies, especially gene expression of osteogenic markers, evinced compound 5e as the most potent bone anabolic agent, found to be active at 1 pM, which was then further assessed for its osteogenic potential in vivo. From in vivo studies on rat calvaria and a fracture defect model, we inferred that compound 5e, at an oral dose of 5 mg/(kg day), increased the expression of osteogenic genes (RUNX2, BMP-2, Col1, and OCN) and the bone formation rate and significantly promoted bone regeneration at the fracture site, as evidenced by the increased bone volume/tissue fraction compared with vehicle-treated rats. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship studies and pharmacokinetic studies suggest 5e as a potential bone anabolic lead for future osteoporosis drug development.

Assessment of fracture healing properties of lovastatin loaded nanoparticles: preclinical study in rat model.

Bone fracture, being mainly caused by mechanical stress, requires special and quick attention for a rapid healing. The study presented here aims at formulating nanoparticulate system to overcome the solubility issues of lovastatin. The lovastatin nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionotropic gelation method using chitosan and tri-polyphosphate as polymers. Thus prepared nanoparticles were found to be smooth and spherical with average particle size of 87 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 86.5%. The in-vitro drug release was found to be almost 89.6% in the first 360 minutes. Artificial fracture was produced in female Wistar rats at right leg using fracture apparatus. After administration of lovastatin nanoparticles or saline solution, the respective groups were observed for various parameters. The X-ray imaging showed that lovastatin accelerated bone healing, compared to control. The growth of animals was not hampered by lovastatin by any means. The radiographic examination confirmed a role of lovastatin in increasing bone density. The histological study showed the broken, proliferated and discontinued trabecullae in the control, while at the same time point, the normal, thick, continuous and connected trabecullae were observed in animals administered with lovastatin nanoparticles. The biomechanical studies showed high breaking resilience and minimum bone brittleness in animals injected with lovastatin nanoparticles. Considering these observations we state that lovastatin helps in rapid bone healing after fracture via increasing the bone density.

Fracture Healing and Bone Remodeling With Human Standard-Sized Magnesium Versus Polylactide–Co-Glycolide Plate and Screw Systems Using a Mini-Swine Craniomaxillofacial Osteotomy Fixation Model

This study compared the degradation profile, safety, and efficacy of bioresorbable magnesium alloy and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) polymer osteosynthesis systems for the treatment of fractures in a load-sharing maxillofacial environment using a new mini-swine fracture fixation model. Two types of clinically relevant situations were evaluated in 5 Yucatan miniature pigs. Defined porcine midface osteotomies of the supraorbital rim and zygoma were created and fixed with either a coated magnesium (test animals) or PLGA plate and screw osteosynthesis system (control animals). After surgery, the mini-pigs were able to recover for either 1 or 9months with continuous invivo post-implantation monitoring. Standardized computed tomography (CT) imaging was taken immediately postoperatively and at termination for all animals. The 9-month cohort also underwent CT at 2, 4, and 6months after surgery. At necropsy, osteotomy sites and bone-implant units were harvested, and healing was evaluated by micro-CT, histopathology, and histomorphometry. After clinical and radiologic follow-up examination, all fracture sites healed well for both the magnesium and polymer groups regardless of time point. Complete bone union and gradually disappearing osteotomy lines were observed across all implantation sites, with no major consistency change in periprosthetic soft tissue or in soft tissue calcification. Macroscopic and microscopic examination showed no negative influence of gas formation observed with magnesium during the healing process. Histopathologic analysis showed similar fracture healing outcomes for both plating systems with good biocompatibility as evidenced by a minimal or mild tissue reaction. This study confirms that WE43 magnesium alloy exhibited excellent fracture healing properties before its full degradation without causing any substantial inflammatory reactions in a long-term porcine model.Compared with PLGA implants, magnesium represents a promising new biomaterial with reduced implant sizes and improved mechanical properties to support fracture healing in a load-sharing environment.

Ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo promotes rapid regeneration of cortical bone in drill-hole defect model of rat

Leaves of Dalbergia sissoo is known to have protective actions against postmenopausal bone loss in rat. In this study, we have evaluated the fracture healing properties of ethanolic extract (EE) of Dalbergia sissoo leaves. To observe the fracture healing property in the drill-hole injury model, we randomly divided total 32 adult female Sprague Dawley rats (180±200g) into 4 groups: (i) Control operated group; (ii) EE (250mg/kg/day); (iii) EE (500mg/kg/day) and (iv) EE (1000mg/kg/day). The right femora were fractured at the mid-diaphysis region and each group of rats received their respective treatment for 15days. Ethanol extract dose dependently induced bone regeneration at the fracture site assessed by fluorochrome labeling. All of three doses, 250mg/kg/day dose significantly increased bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and connectivity density and decreased trabecular separation in bone. Furthermore, the extract induced the expression of osteogenic genes including BMP-2, BMP-4, RunX-2 and COL-1 compared to the control group. The EE improved fracture healing much earlier (day 15) than the normal healing process, as assessed by the increased callus volumes and mineralized nodule formation. This extract is found beneficial in fracture healing of rat.

The standardized creation of a lumbar spine vertebral compression fracture in a sheep osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet

IntroductionVertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are one of the most common injuries in the aging population presenting with an annual incidence of 1.4 million new cases in Europe. Current treatment strategies focus on cement-associated solutions (kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty techniques). Specific cement-associated problems as leakage, embolism and the adjacent fracture disease are reported adding to open questions like general fracture healing properties of the osteoporotic spine. In order to analyze those queries animal models are of great interest; however, both technical difficulties in the induction of experimental osteoporosis in animal as well as the lack of a standardized fracture model impede current and future in vivo studies. This study introduces a standardized animal model of an osteoporotic VCF type A3.1 that may enable further in-depth analysis of the afore mentioned topics. Material and MethodsTwenty-four 5-year-old female Merino sheep (mean body weight: 67 kg; range 57–79) were ovariectomized (OP1) and underwent 5.5 months of weekly corticosteroid injections (dexamethasone and dexamethasone-sodium-phosphate), adding to a calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet. Osteoporosis induction was documented by pQCT and micro-CT BMD (bone mineral density) as well as 3D histomorphometric analysis postoperatively of the sheep distal radius and spine. Non osteoporotic sheep served as controls. Induction of a VCF of the second lumbar vertebra was performed via a mini-lumbotomy surgical approach with a standardized manual compression mode (OP2). ResultsPQCT analysis revealed osteoporosis of the distal radius with significantly reduced BMD values (0.19 g/cm3, range 0.13–0.22 vs. 0.27 g/cm3, range 0.23–0.32). Micro-CT documented significant lowering of BMD values for the second lumbar vertebrae (0.11 g/cm3, range 0.10–0.12) in comparison to the control group (0.14 g/cm3, range 0.12–0.17). An incomplete burst fracture type A3.1 was achieved in all cases and resulted in a significant decrease in body angle and vertebral height (KA 4.9°, range: 2–12; SI 4.5%, range: 2–12). With OP1, one minor complication (lesion of small bowel) occurred, while no complications occurred with OP2. ConclusionsA suitable spinal fracture model for creation of VCFs in osteoporotic sheep was developed. The technique may promote the development of improved surgical solutions for VCF treatment in the experimental and clinical setting.

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Overview: Cissus quadrangularis Linn.

Cissus quadrangularis (Linn) has been used by the common man in India, and neighboring countries, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia for promotion of fracture healing and well known as “Hadjod”. It is also known as Vitis quadrangularis Wall. belongs to family Vitaceae. It is a common perennial climber, which is distributed throughout India, particularly in tropical regions. It requires warm tropical climate and propagated by stem cuttings. The plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties. The plant is believed to be useful in helminthiasis, anorexia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, hemorrhage, epilepsy, convulsion, haemoptysis, tumors, chronic ulcers, swellings. The scrutiny of the present overview revealed pharmacognostical, phytochemical and some notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as Anti-osteoporotic activity, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, antimicrobial, antibacterial, bone healing, anti ulcer, analgesic and anti inflammatory, diuretic, Anabolic and Androgenic activity and toxicity studies.

Potential osteogenic activity of ethanolic extract and oxoflavidin isolated from Pholidota articulata Lindley

Ethnopharmacological relevancePholidota articulata Lindley (PA) locally known as Hadjojen (bone jointer) belongs to family Orchidaceae is used for healing fractures in folklore tradition of Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, Himalaya, India. Bone is a dynamic organ and is constantly being remodeled in order to facilitate growth and repair. This process requires the involvement of bone forming osteoblast and bone resorbing osteoclast cells, which function in generating and mineralizing bone, giving strength and rigidity to the skeletal system. Present study was aimed to determine the therapeutic potential of ethanolic extract of PA and its isolated compound oxoflavidin, by characterizing their fracture healing properties. Materials and methodsOvariectomized (Ovx) estrogen deficient adult female Balb/c mice were used for in vivo evaluation of osteogenic or bone healing potential of ethanolic extract of PA. Further, its isolated compounds were tested for their osteogenic efficacy using alkaline phosphatase assay and mineralization assay in vitro in mice calvarial osteoblasts. ResultsThe ethanolic extract of PA exhibited significant restoration of trabecular micro-architecture in both femoral and tibial bones. Additionally, treatment with PA extract led to better bone quality and devoid of any uterine estrogenicity in ovariectomized estrogen deficient mice. One of the isolated compound, oxoflavidin enhanced ALP activity (a marker of osteoblast differentiation), mineral nodule formation and mRNA levels of osteogenic markers like BMP-2, Type 1 Collagen, RUNX-2 and osteocalcin. ConclusionThese results warrant that ethanolic extract of PA and it’s pure compound oxoflavidin have fracture healing properties. The extract and oxoflavidin exhibit a strong threapeutical potential for the treatment and management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Fracture Healing Properties of Asphaltic Material under Controlled Damage

The self-healing properties of asphalt materials present a new means to achieve reliable, durable, and sustainable asphalt pavements through maximizing the effect of microdamage recovery. However, healing (healing of fracture damage) normally happens in conjunction with the recovery of viscoelastic deformation, making the analysis of healing complicated. This paper conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the fracture healing properties of asphalt binder under different damage levels while excluding the effect of viscoelastic recovery. It develops a simple healing testing protocol and a data analysis method that can create fracture damage in the material, assess the level of damage before rest periods, monitor the change of material properties during the healing process, and evaluate the effect of fracture healing on material performance. Healing functions are developed to model the healing characteristics of asphalt binder during the rest under different damage levels and temperatures. Based on the testing results for two binders (PG64-28 and PG70-28), it is found that fracture healing dominates the long-term modulus recovery, while the viscoelasticity contributes greatly for early modulus gain right after the load is removed. The fracture healing properties and the recovery of fatigue performance are strongly affected by temperature and the damage level prior to rest.

Evaluation of inorganic profile and anti-nutritional values of Cocculus hirsutus

The influence of osteoporosis on fracture healing is a complex phenomenon. Oxidative stress is considered as a pathogenic factor for bone loss and delayed fracture healing. Piper sarmentosum is known to possess an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the fracture healing properties of P. sarmentosum aqueous extract in ovariectomised rats by observing changes in the biomechanical properties of femora. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats (200 to 250 g) assigned into 4 groups: Sham-operated; ovariectomised-control; ovariectomised + conjugated equine oestrogen, 100 µg/kg/day, and ovariectomised + P. sarmentosum extract, 125 mg/kg/day. All the rats underwent mid-diaphyseal closed fracture of the right femur with K-wire fixation 6 weeks postovariectomy. Following the fracture, all the rats received the aforementioned treatment orally for 6 weeks. Biomechanical analysis revealed that, the flexure load, flexure stress and Young’s modulus for the P. sarmentosum -treated group increased significantly compared to the control group (P 0.05). The biomechanical strength parameters in the sham, oestrogen and P. sarmentosum groups were identical (P>0.05). In conclusion, effective supplementation of P. sarmentosum extract restored the biomechanical property of the healed bone. Hence, it may be beneficial for fracture healing in the oestrogen deficient state.

The use of traditional treatment modalities with special mention of Piper sarmentosum in treatment of bone fracture

Osteoporosis is a socio-public health issue which led to a rise in risk of fractures with subsequent delay in fracture healing. Fracture healing is a complex physiological process which involves four overlapping phases that is, haematoma formation, inflammation, repair and remodelling phases. It involves a series of biological cascades which resemble tissues differentiation that occur during foetal skeletal development. Several studies have been carried out to investigate the different traditional medicines using plants known for their fracture healing properties. Piper sarmentosum (Daun Kaduk) is widely distributed in South East Asia and used traditionally to treat many diseases such as diabetes mellitus, fungoid dermatitis and joint ache. The high costs and adverse effects of conventional treatment modalities may favor the wide usage of traditional herbal medicines. The current review focused on the usage of traditional herbal medicine to treat fractures healing in osteoporotic state. Key words:

Development and validation of a simple isocratic HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of phytosterols in Cissus quadrangularis

Cissus quadrangularis L. is a promising remedy prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature for bone fracture healing properties. As this activity has been extensively investigated and well established, a range of formulations containing C. quadrangularis has been marketed. This work reports the development and validation of a reliable RP-HPLC method for the analysis of phytosterols in the various extracts of the plant. The proposed method utilizes a Cosmosil C8 column (250 ΄ 4.6 mm) with a compatible Phenomenex C8 guard column with isocratic elution of acetonitrile and water (95:5 v/v) at 25°. An effluent flow rate of 2 ml/min and UV detection at 202 nm was used for the analysis of phytosterols. The described method was linear in the range of 1–500 μg/ml, with excellent correlation coefficients. The precision, robustness and ruggedness values were also within the prescribed limits (less than 2%). The recovery values were within the range, which indicates that the accuracy of the analysis was good and that the interference of the matrix with the recovery of phytosterols was low. The phytosterols were found to be stable in a stock solution for 48 h (% RSD was below 2%) and no interfering extra peaks were observed under controlled stress conditions. The proposed method is simple, specific, precise, accurate, and reproducible and thus can be used for routine analysis of C. quadrangularis phytosterols in quality control laboratories.

Strotium increases callus formation, but does not influence the biomechanical properties of healing fractures in rats

Strotium increases callus formation, but does not influence the biomechanical properties of healing fractures in rats