Ethyl Acetate Fraction Of Extract Research Articles

Novel antifungal compound from Prunella vulgaris: An in-silico approach towards the discovery of potent inhibitor to combat phytopathogenic fungi

Phytopathogenic fungi wreak havoc on crops, causing substantial losses globally. Numerous chemical fungicides are employed to manage the pathogen, yet effectiveness is limited and resistance concerns are rising. The current study aimed to identify the antifungal compound from the spikes of a significant medicinal herb Prunella vulgaris subsp. hispida (Benth.) Hultén as an alternative to combat the fungi. In vitro, antifungal assay revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of P. vulgaris emerged as a potent inhibitor against selected fungal phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani and Penicillium digitatum. Through chromatographic analysis, 32 compounds were identified from the active fraction of ethyl acetate extract. Notably, five compounds were reported for the first time from P. vulgaris. They include dichloroacetic acid, tridec-2-ynyl ester (1), phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- (2), 2-thiopheneacetic acid, 3-tetradecyl ester (3), 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine, 1-ethyl- (4) and sulfurous acid, octadecyl 2-propyl ester (5). Compound 1 was identified as the most abundant. NMR studies confirmed the presence of compound 1, prompting its selection for in silico antifungal analysis. Various computational models showcased that Compound 1 achieved a high bioactive score and met the criteria for medicinal chemistry friendliness. Additionally, a molecular docking study revealed that compound 1 displayed a good binding affinity with the multiple target fungal enzymes such as scytalone dehydratase and cytochrome P450 which is a prime target for antifungal drugs. Remarkably, this study marks the first detection of compound 1’s effectiveness against phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, compound 1 holds the potential to pave the way for the development of a potent novel fungicide.

Metabolic Profiling, in vitro Cytotoxicity and in silico Investigation of Lycium shawii Roem. Extract

Background: Breast cancer is a prevalent global health concern. Traditional medicine often incorporates the use of medicinal plants to address various diseases. Methods: The cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and cell migration effects of saponin and phenol extracts were evaluated through MTT assay, ROS analysis and wound-healing assay. Following the identification of the active extract, it underwent GC-MS analysis and in silico investigations. Result: Our results revealed significant inhibition of cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 (IC50:407.3 μg/mL) and HUVECs (IC50:500 μg/mL), which was achieved only with the ethyl acetate extract (Fraction 2). Fraction 2 extract induced notable morphological changes and significantly inhibited time-dependent migration in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, it elevated cellular ROS levels compared to the control cells. In molecular docking analysis, out of the 51 chosen secondary metabolites from L. shawii, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3α,24S) (-10.0 kcal/mol) and lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol (-9.5 kcal/mol) were found to be the best docked to their respective targets-6CHZ and 4MAN, respectively. Therefore, this plant holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity screenings of ethyl acetate extract from Annona muricata leaves and its fractions

Leaves of Annona muricata have medicinal potential which has gained attention from researchers around the world. This study has an objective to screen the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract from A. muricata leaves and its fraction. The fine powder of A. muricata was macerated in methanol and further partitioned using two different solvents, namely n-hexane and ethyl acetate. In this article, we reported the screening results for ethyl acetate extract. Fractionation was then performed on the extract by means of column chromatography by gradient elution resulting in five combined fractions. Brine shrimp lethality test and 1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhidrazil (DPPH) assays were employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antioxidant of the extract, respectively. Characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was then conducted. The cytotoxicity of the samples was indicated by median lethal concentration50 values ranging from 28.84 to 1023.3 ppm. As for the antioxidant activity, the DPPH median inhibitory concentration50 values ranged from 4.12 to 180.66 ppm. GC-MS analysis on the most bioactive fraction revealed the predominating phytochemical contents of neophytadiene, palmitic acid, and phytol. In conclusion, the fraction of ethyl acetate extract from A. muricata leaves could potentially act as a strong antioxidant and moderate cytotoxic agent.

Cassia alata L.: A Study of Antifungal Activity against Malassezia furfur, Identification of Major Compounds, and Molecular Docking to Lanosterol 14-Alpha Demethylase.

Empirically, in Indonesia, the leaves of Cassia alata L. (candle bush or ketepeng cina) have been used as a topical antifungal agent. Malassezia furfur is a natural microorganism found in the human body. It is among the factors contributing to conditions such as pityriasis versicolor, a common, benign, superficial fungal infection of the skin that is closely associated with seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. This study aimed to explore C. alata leaves, starting from determining antifungal activity against M. furfur and the identification of major compounds in the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions, and then we carried out molecular docking of the major compounds in the n-hexane fraction to lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. The method was the disc diffusion technique to test antifungal activity, LC-MS/MS for major compound identification, and homology modeling through Swiss Models for molecular docking. The fractions of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract showed concentration-dependent antifungal activity against M. furfur. The LCMS/MS analysis revealed five major compounds in the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions. The molecular docking demonstrated the highest binding affinity with stearidonic acid at -7.2 kcal/mol. It can be concluded that the compounds in the n-hexane fraction have antifungal activity against M. furfur, as supported by both in vitro and in silico studies.

Enhancing the nutritional value and functional properties of mango pulp via lactic acid bacteria fermentation

The probiotic properties of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei OR1 and PP1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MA3 and PP3, were evaluated. OR1 showed the highest levels of self-aggregation (61.27%) and coaggregation (17.70%) with Staphylococcus aureus. Compared to the crude cell-free supernatant (CFS) and ethyl acetate extract fraction, the water extract fraction of the CFS showed greater antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. All LAB strains exhibited the highest levels of total carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in the CFS, suggesting that they can release water-soluble bioactive compounds into the growth medium. The phytochemical profile of Mahachanok mango, which is rich in bioactive compounds, was improved through LAB fermentation. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed 60 compounds, including phenolic acids (1.11-fold), organic acids (1.21-fold), and amino acid derivatives (1.28-fold), that were more abundant in the fermented Mahachanok mango pulp (FMP) samples than in the fresh samples. Interestingly, the antioxidant proline level increased 377.28-fold, and novel dipeptides and tripeptides were present in the FMP fermented with L. paracasei OR1. Mango pulp is a potential source of nutrients for LAB growth and metabolism; thus, LAB fermentation could be used to produce a functional food product rich in antioxidants and bioactive peptides.

Hydroxytakakiamide and Other Constituents from a Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus Aspergillus fischeri MMERU23, and Antinociceptive Activity of Ergosterol Acetate, Acetylaszonalenin and Helvolic Acid.

An unreported prenylated indole derivative hydroxytakakiamide (4) was isolated, together with the previously described ergosterol (1), ergosterol acetate (2), and (3R)-3-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3, 4-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione (3), from the column fractions of the crude ethyl acetate extract of the culture of a marine sponge-associated fungus, Aspergillus fischeri MMERU 23. The structure of 4 was elucidated by the interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data and high-resolution mass spectrum. The absolute configuration of the stereogenic carbon in 3 was proposed to be the same as those of the co-occurring congeners on the basis of their biogenetic consideration and was supported by the comparison of its sign of optical rotation with those of its steroisomers. The crude ethyl acetate extract and 2 were evaluated, together with acetylaszonalenin (5) and helvolic acid (6), which were previously isolated from the same extract, for the in vivo antinociceptive activity in the mice model. The crude ethyl acetate extract exhibited antinociceptive activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin tests, while 2, 5, and 6 displayed the effects in the late phase of the formalin test. On the other hand, neither the crude ethyl acetate extract nor 2, 5, and 6 affected the motor performance of mice in both open-field and rotarod tests. Additionally, docking studies of 2, 5, and 6 were performed with 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, PDE4 and PDE7, which are directly related to pain and inflammatory processes. Molecular docking showed that 6 has low affinity energy to PDE4 and PDE7 targets while retaining high affinity to 5-LOX. On the other hand, while 2 did not display any hydrogen bond interactions in any of its complexes, it achieved overall better energy values than 6 on the three antinociceptive targets. On the other hand, 5 has the best energy profile of all the docked compounds and was able to reproduce the crystallographic interactions of the 5-LOX complex.

Antimicrobial potential, GCMS analysis and molecular docking studies of Coelogyne suaveolens extracts: Identification of bioactive compounds with mechanism of action

Coelogyne suaveolens has been used as a traditional medicine for many years, and its potential as a natural source of antibacterial agents is of great interest. This investigation aimed to identify the bioactive compounds in the plant extract and assess their antibacterial properties. To achieve this, we identified the bioactive compounds using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis on the extract's ethyl acetate fraction and used the disc diffusion method to determine the antibacterial effect. Additionally, molecular docking were performed to predict the binding affinities of selected phytochemicals against specific proteins in order to identify the root cause of bacterial inhibition. Our results revealed that the extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are common and problematic pathogens. Furthermore, molecular docking studies identified eight best-selected compounds, of which {androstan-17-one, oxime, (5.alpha.)-}, diethofencarb, tetraconazole, {3,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydrobenzofuran}, and geranyl acetate showed a significant binding affinity with best binding interaction with the target enzymes. This suggests that binding to these specific proteins might lead to the mechanism of action of the evaluated antibacterial action. In conclusion, the present study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on natural antimicrobial agents and could have significant implications for the development of new and effective antibacterial agents.

Evaluation of the antimalarial properties of Solanum incanum L. leaf extract fractions and its ability to downregulate delta aminolevulinate dehydratase to prevent the establishment of malaria infection

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSolanum incanum L. is commonly used in traditional herbal medicine (THM) in Kenya for treating various ailments. Recent developments in disease treatment have introduced the concept of host-directed therapy (HDT). This approach involves targeting factors within the host cell that can impede the growth or replication of a pathogen. One such host factor is delta aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALAD), the second enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway utilized by Plasmodium for growth. Studies using mice models have shown an increase in δ-ALAD expression during Plasmodium berghei infection. Another plant in the Solanum genus, S. guaranticum, has been found to inhibit δ-ALAD in red blood cells in vitro and in the brain in vivo. Is it possible that the bioactive compounds in S. incanum extracts could also be effective in HDT for malaria treatment? Aim of studyTo better assess the effectiveness of S. incanum leaf extracts as a curative and prophylaxis in malaria parasite infection, and to test the plant’s ability to decrease δ-ALAD expression. Materials and methodsThe leaves of S. incanum were collected, dried, and pulverized before being subjected to a successive extraction protocol to obtain crude, hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extract fractions. Phytochemical analysis was conducted on all extract fractions, followed by GC-MS analysis of the fraction with the most potent antimalarial activity. An acute toxicity study was also performed on the extracted fractions. The potency of the extract fractions as curative and prophylactic antimalarial was then evaluated in THM using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The extract fraction with the highest activity was further evaluated at varying doses and its effect on δ-ALAD was measured using RT-qPCR. The percentage of parasitemia and chemosuppression, and mean survival time were used as indices of activity. ResultsPhytochemical analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate and aqueous extract fractions contained high terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols levels. However, alkaloids were only present in moderate quantities in the aqueous extract, and quinones were found in high levels only in the crude extract. Additionally, all extract fractions contained saponins in high levels but lacked tannins. While the plant extracts were found to be non-toxic, they did not exhibit curative antimalarial activity. However, all extract fractions showed prophylactic antimalarial activity, with the ethyl acetate extract having the highest percentage of chemosuppression even at doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg. In the negative control, the expression of δ-ALAD was 5.4-fold, but this was significantly reduced to 2.3-fold when mice were treated with 250 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate fraction. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed high percentages of 2-methyloctacosane, tetracosane, and decane. ConclusionThe fractions extracted from S. incanum leaves have been found to possess only antimalarial prophylactic properties, with the ethyl acetate extract fraction showing the most effective results. The activity of this fraction may be attributed to its ability to decrease the expression of δ-ALAD, as it contains an alkane compound implicated with enzyme-inhibitory activity.

Unveiling the pharmacological potential of Coelogyne suaveolens: An investigation of its diverse pharmacological activities by in vivo and computational studies

AbstractThe medicinal potential of Coelogyne suaveolens, a traditional medicinal plant, was investigated through in vivo and molecular docking studies. The ethyl acetate fraction of the plant's acetonic extract was subjected to various bioactivity tests to assess its analgesic, anxiolytic, and sedative effects on Swiss albino mice. Furthermore, we used GCMS to identify the bioactive chemicals in the extract's ethyl acetate fraction. The root and bulb extracts demonstrated significant analgesic activity in acetic acid‐induced writhing, hot plate, and tail immersion tests in a dose‐dependent manner when compared to the control. Again, the extract exhibited moderate anxiolytic activity in the elevated plus maze test at a dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight, while the root extract showed significant anxiolytic activity in the hole board test at the same dosage. Significant sedative activity was observed in the hole cross, open field, and rotarod tests at a dosage of 400 mg/kg. According to molecular docking studies, the extract has the potential to serve as an analgesic medication by reducing the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Overall, the findings suggest that C. suaveolens has substantial therapeutic potential for the development of novel treatments for pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders.

Ferula ferulaeoides ethyl acetate extract induces apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells via mitochondrial and PI3K/Akt/Bad pathways

BackgroundFerula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korovin is a traditional ethnopharmacological plant used for lump elimination and as a spice, especially in places like India. It has also been employed in the livestock and food industries. This investigation aimed to explore the anti-tumor mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract fractions of dried roots of Ferula ferulaeoides (FF-EtOAc) on esophageal cancer (EC) cells. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that FF-EtOAc could inhibit EC cells growths by inducing apoptosis. ResultsIn a time- and dose-dependent manner, FF-EtOAc considerably reduced the number of migrating EC cells. And FF-EtOAc also inhibited the growth of EC cells in vivo, and it is less toxic to nude mice. In terms of the FF-EtOAc anticancer mechanism, the findings revealed that FF-EtOAc inhibited EC cells growth by activating mitochondrial signaling pathways and PI3K/Akt/Bad signaling pathways. ConclusionsThrough both in vitro and in vivo experiments, FF-EtOAc significantly exhibited anti-esophageal cancer activity. The anti-EC activity of FF-EtOAc may be due to the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic and PI3K/Akt/Bad signaling pathways.

In vivo Evaluation of Extracted and Fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves against Testosterone-Induced PCOS Model in Rattus Norvegicus

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder. Parameters characteristic of the disorder include weight gain, insulin resistance and malondialdehyde (MDA). The traditional medicine used is Moringa oleifera. Objectives: The aim was to determine the effect of weight loss and blood glucose levels, MDA levels and histopathological features of the ovarian follicles in the rat model PCOS-insulin resistance induced by testosterone. Methods: Extraction process, followed by fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, identification of compound content using TLC, and rats were grouped into 7 groups (n=5), namely normal group, negative group, positive group, extract, fraction water, ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane fraction by looking at the characteristic parameters and ovarian histopathology. Data analysis using ANOVA and Kruskal-wallis. Results: The yield of the extract was 30.4%, the water fraction was 85.59%, the ethyl acetate fraction was 6.64% and the n-hexane fraction was 4.05%. Positive for flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids in the ethyl acetate fraction, the water and extract fractions were positive for tannins, the n-hexane fraction was positive for steroids. The modeling sample group obtained extract body weight 195.40 g, water fraction 195.80 g, ethyl acetate fraction 194.00 g, n-hexane fraction 196.00 g, blood glucose level extract 83.00 mg/dL, water fraction 84.27 mg/dL, ethyl acetate fraction 80.00 mg/dL, n-hexane fraction 122.85 mg/dL, MDA extract content 2.704 nmol/mL, water fraction 3.547 nmol/mL, 1.685 nmol/mL, 5.308 nmol /mL and can improve ovarian histopathology. Conclusion: The most effective value is the ethyl acetate fraction because it has the highest decrease in PCOS characteristics.

Determination of Multiple Neurotransmitters through LC-MS/MS to Confirm the Therapeutic Effects of Althaea rosea Flower on TTX-Intoxicated Rats.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibits neurotransmission in animals, and there is no specific antidote. In clinical practice in China, Althaea rosea (A. rosea flower) extract has been used to treat TTX poisoning. In this work, the efficacy of the ethyl acetate fraction extract of A. rosea flower in treating TTX poisoning in rats was investigated. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine nine neurotransmitters in rat brain tissue, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NE), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), epinephrine (E), and tyramine (Tyn). The detoxifying effect of A. rosea flower was verified by comparing the changes in neurotransmitters' content in brain tissue before and after poisoning in rats. The assay was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The quantification method was performed by plotting an internal-standard working curve with good linearity (R2 > 0.9941) and sensitivity. Analyte recoveries were 94.04-107.53% (RSD < 4.21%). Results indicated that the levels of 5-HT, DA, E, and NE in the brains of TTX-intoxicated rats decreased, whereas the levels of GABA, Tyn, and 5-HIAA showed an opposite trend, and HVA and DOPAC were not detected. The levels of all seven neurotransmitters returned to normal after the gavage administration of ethyl acetate extract of A. rosea flower to prove that the ethyl acetate extract of A. rosea flower had a therapeutic effect on TTX poisoning. The work provided new ideas for studies on TTX detoxification.

Acetogenins-Rich Fractions of Annona coriacea Suppress Human Glioblastoma Viability and Migration by Regulating Necroptosis and MMP-2 Activity In Vitro.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Resection, radiation therapy, and temozolomide (TMZ) are insufficient to increase survival, making the treatment limited. Thus, the search for more effective and specific treatments is essential, making plants a promising source for elucidating new anti-glioblastoma compounds. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of four fractions of hexane and ethyl acetate extract of Annona coriacea Mart., enriched with acetogenins, against GBM cell lines. All four fractions were selectively cytotoxic to GBM cells when compared to TMZ. Moreover, A. coriacea fractions delayed cell migration; reduced cytoplasmic projections, the metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity; and induced morphological changes characteristic of necroptosis, possibly correlated with the increase in receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIP-1 and RIP-3), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and the non-activation of cleaved caspase 8. The present findings reinforce that fractions of A. coriacea Mart. should be considered for more studies focusing treatment of GBM.

IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER DAN UJI TOKSISITAS HASIL FRAKSINASI EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

East Kalimantan, especially the cities of Tana Paser, is one of the producers of dragon fruit, especially red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). The amount of consumer interest in red dragon fruit results in a large amount of dragon fruit peel waste that is not utilized. Several studies have shown that red dragon fruit skin extract has toxic properties that can be applied to cancer cells. So in this study, the extraction and fractionation process was carried out which was then continued with phytochemical tests and BSLT tests with the aim of knowing secondary metabolites in the aqueous extract fraction, ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction with phytochemical test methods and to determine the toxicity of the fraction. aqueous extract, ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction were carried out using the BSLT test method. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the aqueous fraction extract of dragon fruit peel contained alkaloids, phenolics and saponins. The extract of the ethyl acetate fraction of dragon fruit peel contains phenolics and flavonoids. Fralsi n-hexane dragon fruit peel \contains triterpenoids. The results of the BSLT test showed that the LC50 value of the aqueous fraction extract was 451.855 ppm, the ethyl acetate fraction extract was 374.024 ppm, and the n-hexane fraction extract was 312.176 ppm which overall was classified as moderately toxic. The highest toxicity effectiveness was shown in the n-hexane fraction extract with triterpenoid secondary metabolite compounds.

Antioxidant Capacity Fraction of the Pelawan Stems (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff)

The impact of reactions free radical compounds can cause various health problems such as inflammation, aging, and cancer. Therefore, to avoid damage caused by free radicals, the body needs an important substance, antioxidants. Natural antioxidants are more recommended than synthetic antioxidants because synthetic antioxidants must be in accordance with the prescribed dose because they can cause side effects that are harmful to the body. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of the extract and fraction of the Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Grifft.) stem extract. Antioxidant testing was carried out using the DPPH method on extracts and fractions of Pelawan stem extract (T. merguensis Grifft.). In addition, qualitative phytochemical testing was also carried out on extracts of the stems of Pelawan (T. merguensis). The results of the three solvent fractions, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, were positive for flavonoid and phenolic secondary metabolites. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity in reducing DPPH radicals in the methanol extract fraction of pelawan stems had a very strong activity with an IC50 value of 36.33 g/mL, while the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract fractions had a very weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 387.43 μg/mL dan 759.88 μg/mL.

Apoptotic Induction in Human Cancer Cell Lines by Antimicrobial Compounds from Antarctic Streptomyces fildesensis (INACH3013)

The Antarctic Streptomyces fildesensis has been recognized for its production of antimicrobial compounds with interesting biological activities against foodborne bacteria and multi-resistant strains, but not for its potential antiproliferative activity and mechanisms involved. Two bioactive ethyl acetate extract (EAE) fractions were purified via thin-layer chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), showing that orange-colored compounds displayed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria even after shock thermal treatment. The UV–VIS features of the active compounds, the TLC assay with actinomycin-D pure standard, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and the ANTISMASH analysis support the presence of actinomycin-like compounds. We demonstrated that S. fildesensis displays antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines, including human breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (PC-3), colon cancer (HT-29) and non-tumoral colon epithelial cells (CoN). The half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) ranged from 3.98 µg/mL to 0.1 µg/mL. Our results reveal that actinomycin-like compounds of S. fildesensis induced apoptosis mediated by caspase activation, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential and altering the cell morphology in all tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines analyzed. These findings confirm the potential of the psychrotolerant Antarctic S. fildesensis species as a promising source for obtaining potential novel anticancer compounds.

Extracts from sojae semen germinatum ameliorated carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice

Sojae semen germinatum (SSG) prepared from the germinating black soybean Glycine max L. Merr. is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with heat-clearing, dampness-removing, and detoxifying properties. In the present study, we explored the effects and possible underlying mechanisms of petroleum ether extract (PEE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE), n-butanol extract (NBE) and aqueous fraction (AF) of SSG on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice, an animal model representing pathological features of “dampness-heat” syndrome from the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Results showed that the EAE and NBE of SSG significantly protected mice against the CCl4-induced increases of liver tissue index and serum transaminase levels, ameliorated the CCl4-induced liver morphological changes. Compared with CCl4 model controls, EAE and NBE of SSG decreased malondiadehyde (MDA) levels, enhanced glutathione (GSH) content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver tissues, as well as reduced the number of apoptotic hepatocytes. Moreover, the CCl4-induced increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in livers was markedly suppressed by pre-treatment with EAE of SSG. Data suggested that SSG extracts showed protective effect on the CCl4-induced liver injury via multiple pharmacological mechanisms including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. EAE and NBE appeared to be superior to other fractions.

GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of EtOAc Extract Fraction of Acassia sieberiana (Fabaceae) for the Presence of Flavonoids

This research is aimed at analyzing the flavonoid content of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract fraction of Acassia sieberiana through Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and testing its radical scavenging activity on DPPH. The stem bark of the plant was collected from Pankshin local government area of Plateau state. It was made into fine powder and macerated in methanol. The concentrated extract was fractionated in EtOAc and water. The EtOAc fraction was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The concentrated EtOAc extract fraction was subjected into phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and terpenes. The components of the EtOAc fraction were separated by TLC using solvents mixture of n-hex:EtOAc in the ratio 3:1 and n-hex:EtOAc:MeOH in the ratio 5:1:1. Flavonols, aurones, flavones, flavonones and catechines were indicated. The GC-MS showed the presence of Ergosta–5,22-dien-3-01-acetate(93β,22E), 4H-Benzopyran-4-one,5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl), Ethyliso-allocholate, 3,9- epoxypreg-16-en-14-ol-20-one-11,18-diacetoxy-3-methoxy and 10-Octadecnoicacidmethyl ester at retention times 30.038, 31.685, 32.057, 34.148 and 38.780min respectively. The antioxidant activity of the EtOAc extract fraction was appreciable in the sense that it has IC50 of 57.18ug/ml though less than that of ascorbic acid which was found to be 52.04ug/ml.

AKTIVITAS ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIA FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN MONOHIDRAT

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is traditionally used for diabetes treatment in Indonesia. It’s contains antioxidant that prevent the free radicals due to hyperglycemic condition. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf in male white rats had hyperglycemia due to alloxan administration. This study used laboratory tests in which up to 24 white rats were randomly separated into six groups. Intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 170 mg/Kgbw is used to induce hyperglycemia. A group of healthy rats (K-) were administered 0,5% CMC Na suspension 1mL/day. A group of hyperglycemic rats (K+) received metformin at a dose of 45 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, while a group of hyperglycemic rats (P0) received 0.5% CMC Na suspension at a dose of 1mL/day. Three hyperglycemia treatment groups received different amounts of ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf for 14 days. The P1 group received 125 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day of bay leaf ethyl acetate fraction extract, the P2 group received 250 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, and the P3 group received 500 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after alloxan administration, and then again on day 14. After 14 days of treatment, all rats were euthanized, and blood from the heart was collected to examine the insulin levels. To determine the differences between treatments, statistical analysis utilizing ANOVA was used, followed by Duncan's test. The findings revealed administered an ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf can lower blood glucose and increased insulin levels in rats had hyperglycemia.

Phenolic Compounds of Rumex L: Aerial Part Fractions and Essential Oil Results of In vitro Screening for Antimicrobial Activity

The aim of the present study to clarify the phytochemical constituents of Rumex plants, extraction, separation and structural identification of chemical components, provide theoretical support and scientific basis for its traditional use, further expand the application scope of traditional medicinal plant resources in Uzbekistan, and develop its potential value. Three known anthraquinone derivatives has been isolated from the chloroform fraction extract of Rumex pamiricus roots and two known compounds were separated from the ethyl acetate fraction extract of Rumex conglomeratus roots. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic evidence and chemical methods. Qualitative analyses of major phenolics by TLC analysis were also evaluated. The ester oil from the aerial parts of Rumex confertus and Rumex pamiricus, the gasoline, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of Rumex pamiricus aerial part and alcohol extract of Rumex pamiricus roots were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity.&#x0D; This study aimed to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the medicinal plants traditionally used in Uzbekistan against the microbial strains associated with infectious diseases.