Fractionation Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Antiseizure Activity of Mitragyna inermis in the Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizure Model in Mice: Involvement of Flavonoids and Alkaloids.

This study aimed to investigate whether Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Otto Kuntze organic and aqueous extracts are able to control seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice based on flavonoid fingerprints and alkaloidal contents. Ethanolic extract and decoction-derived fractions from roots, leaves, and stems were subjected to chromatographic fingerprinting using AlCl3 and screening for their antiseizure effects using PTZ-induced acute seizure model. From the fractions that showed potent bioactivities, plausible antiseizure alkaloids were isolated using thin layer chromatography, and their structures were elucidated using 1H NMR, 2D NMR, 13C NMR, and FAB-HR (+ve or -ve). All fractions, with the exception of the dichloromethane and hexane fractions, revealed remarkable flavonoid fingerprints. An acute PTZ-induced seizure test revealed that ethanolic extract of stem bark [500 mg/kg body weight (bw)], ethyl acetate extract of stem bark (500 mg/kg bw), and aqueous extract of leaves (300 mg/kg bw) significantly delayed the occurrence of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE); however, a non-significant delay was observed in the onset of first myoclonic jerk compared with control animals. Isolation yielded four main alkaloids: that are, pteropodine (1), isopteropodine (2), mitraphylline (3) and corynoxeine (4). Corynoxeine is a new compound derived from M. inermis. This study suggests that flavonoid fingerprints are tracers of M. inermis anticonvulsant ingredients. The stem bark ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts and leaf aqueous extracts contain anticonvulsant bioactive principles that delay notifying the HLTE occurring in male naval medical research institute mice. Furthermore, alkaloidal contents also remain plausible bioactive anticonvulsant principles. All observations support the traditional use of M. inermis to manage epilepsy. However, further studies are needed to understand the effects of alkaloid fractions, flavonoids, and the isolated compounds as promising antiseizure agents derived from M. inermis in experimental animals.

Evaluation of phytochemical, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of <i>Terminalia avicennioides</i> leaf against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea

The study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of Terminalia avicennioides leaf extract against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea. The phytochemical constituents of the ethanol of Terminalia avicennioides leaf, aqueous, n- butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf extract were determined using standard analytical methods. The antibacterial activities of the leaf extract and extract fractions against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeaic patients were determined in vitro by agar diffusion, dilution and time - kill methods. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoides, tannins, alkaloids, phenols and triterpenes. The crude extract and extract fractions of T. avicennioides leaf were effective against the test bacterial isolates at varied concentration of extracts but the n-butanol fraction was more effective with Minimum inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 6.25 and 12.5mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were completely killed within 180 minutes of exposure to ethanol leaf extract and extract fractions at varied MBCs of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were more susceptible to n-butanol fraction within 120 minutes of exposure to the extract fraction.

Phytoconstituents of Nymphaea rubra flowers and their anti-diabetic metabolic targets

Nymphaea rubra (N. rubra) flowers are prevalent in subtropical regions for both dietary and traditional medicinal purposes, attributing to their beneficial properties in supporting overall health. This study first time provides descriptions of the antidiabetic and dyslipidemic properties employing STZ induced high fat diet fed diabetic rats and inhibition of α-amylase enzyme activity first by in vitro analyses, followed by a confirmatory in silico study to create a stronger biochemical rationale. Furthermore, in 3 T3-L1 cells, this extract promoted the suppression of adipogenesis. GC–MS investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of N. rubra flowers revealed the presence of marker compounds of N. rubra, Nuciferine, and Apomorphine, which were the focus of molecular docking studies. The acquired concentrations of Nuciferine (22.39%) and 10, 11-dimethoxy-Apomorphine (1.47%) were detected. Together with other alkaloids identified by GC–MS analysis from this extract, mechanistically suggested that it might be caused by the synergistic impact of these bioactive chemicals. Molecular docking has been done to check the binding affinities of various isolated phytochemicals with HPAA, the dose-response effect of 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of flower extract after 30 days showed a significant effect on body weight, food, water intake, serum insulin, FBG, OGTT, lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin, liver and kidney function test. Kidney histopathology results show a significant effect. These findings offer a strong foundation for the potential application of the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract from Nymphaea rubra flowers and its bioactive constituent in an in vivo system for the treatment and control of diabetes and its associated condition dyslipidemia.

Cytotoxicity Test of Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Ethanol Fraction of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica Papaya. L) Against Hep-2 Laryngeal Cancer Cells

Papaya leaves are used as medicine for fever, malaria, increased appetite, constipation, and anti-cancer. In the previous study using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), an ethanol extract of papaya leaf had an LC50 value of 23.73 mg/mL. This suggests that papaya leaves are a compound, that uses a 70% ethanol extract of papaya leaves and has cytotoxic potential. Research objectives: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of a 70 % ethanol extract of papaya leaf against Hep-2 cells. Performed in vitro by the direct calculation method (viable cell count), so its LC50 is known. The ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction of papaya leaf extract as a test solution was made in 5 concentrations, with concentrations of 20.93; 16.26; 12.64; 9.82, and 7.63 µg/ml. Result: The results obtained the LC50 ethanol fraction of 11.2616 μg/ml and the ethyl acetate fraction of LC50 12.4 of 882 μg/ml. Conclusion: Based on this, it can be concluded that the fraction of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of papaya (Carica papaya L.) have cytotoxic properties against Hep-2 cells in a range that goes very, very toxic, i.e., 5–50 µg/ml, and have the potential to be developed as an anticancer drug.

In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Sambucus williamsii and Sambucus pendula

The present study aimed to compare the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Sambucus williamsii and Sambucus pendula. The antimicrobial activity of the two plants was evaluated using the disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) method against three Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9327 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313), four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 15489, Psendomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Pseudomonas fluorescens KCCM 41443 and Salmonella typhimurium KCCM 11862) and one yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO 1950). The tested ether and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extract from Sambucus williamsii showed significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens; conversely, the ether fraction of Sambucus pendula leaf showed no clear zone formation against any tested bacteria. In general, the fractions of the two Sambucus species exhibited a lower MIC against tested Gram-negative bacteria than the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the ethanol extract of Sambucus williamsii was the lower value, which means the greater antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the IC50 value of the hot water extract of Sambucus pendula was the lower value. The richness of the total polyphenol contents of the two Sambucus implies their potential as raw material sources for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

Phytochemical analysis and biological investigation of Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Swartz.

Introduction: Cheilanthes tenuifolia is an evergreen ornamental small fern, belonging to the family Pteridaceae, that grows in warm and rocky regions worldwide. Many species of Cheilanthes genus are evidently endowed with important phytochemicals and bioactivities. This study aimed to perform a preliminary phytochemical analysis of Cheilanthes tenuifolia leaves alongside an evaluation of free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and clot lysis activities of extract fractions. Materials and methods: A preliminary phytochemical analysis was done after fractionation of ethanolic extract (ECT) with n-hexane (HCT) and chloroform (CCT). Then, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, egg albumin and RBC membrane stabilization tests, disc diffusion, and human blood clot lysis assays were performed. Results: Phytochemical investigations suggested that the plant is rich in alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids. All obtained fractions exhibited concentration-dependent radical scavenging, inhibition of egg protein denaturation and RBC membrane lysis capacities. Except for antifungal tests, ECT exhibited better DPPH radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and clot lysis capacities than HCT and CCT fractions. However, all fractions exhibited a mild anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: C. tenuifolia might be a good source of antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-atherothrombotic agents. Further studies are required to isolate and characterize the active principles liable for each bioactivity, along with possible molecular interactions.

Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Albizia saponaria L. Bark Extract

Langir (Albizia saponaria L.), belonging to the family of the Fabaceae, is a medicinal endemic plant of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Albizia genus shows antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antidandruff, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) extracts from the bark of A. saponaria were screened for robust antioxidant activity in order to identify potential sources of new compounds for use in pharmaceutical formulations in the future. TP and TF of the 96% ethanol extract and fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) were calculated by the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride procedures, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method and ABTS assay. Generally, both extract and fractions showed significant radical scavenging activities. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited more potent radical scavenging activity in the DPPH method (IC50 35.27 ± 2.85 µg/mL) and ABTS assay (IC50 60.04 ± 0.98 µg/mL), followed by 96% ethanol extract, and hexane, butanol, and water fractions. Furthermore, the highest TP (4.50 ± 0.01 mg/g GAE) and TF (3.55 ± 0.04 mg/g QE) were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction. There was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity with TP (DPPH, R2 = 0.6436; ABTS, R2 = 0.7676) and TF content (DPPH, R2 = 0.5533; ABTS, R2 = 0.5961). The extract’s antioxidant properties may be attributable to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content. In summary, the phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction indicates its potential utility as a source of antioxidants.

Phytochemistry and Antidiabetic Activity from the Leaf Midrib of <i>Nypa fruticans</i> Wurm.

This study aims to determine the antidiabetic activity of n-hexane and ethanol extracts of Nypa fruticans leaf sheaths. The ethanol extract, with the most active antidiabetic properties from the n-hexane extract, was characterized using GC-MS. The total phenol, total flavonoid, and antioxidant properties were determined, and then the ethanol extract was fractionated. An antidiabetic activity test was carried out using the glucose tolerance method in male Swiss Webster mice. The results showed that subfraction A (the effect of fractionation of ethanol extract) was the most capable of reducing blood sugar levels, namely 247.67 mg/dL in 30 min (the activity is 98.67% compared to glibenclamide). The ethanol extract can reduce blood glucose levels by 203.34 mg/dL at 30 min (81.01% compared to glibenclamide). The results of total phenolic and total flavonoid content tests for the ethanol extract were obtained at 18.0349 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 2.8309 mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. On the other hand, the IC50 antioxidant activity of the extract is 417.4399 ppm. Characterization using GC-MS on the extract showed that the dominant phytoconstituent in the extract is 4-methoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole, with a composition of 63.45%.

CYTOTOXICITY TEST OF N-HEXANE, ETHYL ACETATE, AND WATER FRACTIONS FROM THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF SENDUDUK LEAVES (Melastoma malabathricum L.) ON MCF-7 CELLS USING THE MTT ASSAY METHOD

The world's richest flora may be found in Indonesia, where a variety of plants, such as the sesame plant (Melastoma malabathricum L) or MM, may be used to treat cancer. According to earlier studies, the methanol extract of the leaves had a substantial anticancer effect on the MCF-7 cell line, with an IC50 of 7.14 µg/mL. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of senduduk leaf ethanol extracts. Maceration was the extraction technique, partitioning (liquid-liquid extraction) was the fractionation technique, and the MTT method was employed to assess cytotoxic activity. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions showed cytotoxic effects with IC50 values of 137.200 µg/mL, 17.108 µg/mL, and 610.863 µg/mL, respectively. The water and n-hexane fractions were classified as fragile, based on the results of the cytotoxicity test. The ethyl acetate fraction, on the other hand, was added to the active category for suppressing MCF-7 cells. Keywords: Melastoma malabathricum L, Cytotoxic, Cells, MCF-7, MTT assay

Brine Shrimp Bioactivity and Cytotoxic Potential of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill Seed

Background: The seed of Irvingia gabonensis is recognized for its potential bioactivity and medicinal benefits, yet its cytotoxicity and chemical composition have not been fully investigated. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis seed and its ethyl acetate fraction using brine shrimp as a model organism. Methods: The ethanol extract was prepared through maceration using a Soxhlet extractor, followed by the derivation of the ethyl acetate fraction. The bioactivity and cytotoxicity of both extracts were assessed through the brine shrimp lethality assay, with lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values calculated to gauge cytotoxicity. The extracts of Irvingia gabonensis seed were tested against brine shrimp to determine their LC50 values and cell viability was also evaluated. Cyclophosphamide served as a reference compound for comparative purposes. Results: Both the ethanol extract and its ethyl acetate derivative showed moderate cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, with LC50 values of 93.22 ± 0.03 μg/mL and 190.80 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. Importantly, the ethanol derivative exhibited a higher cytotoxicity compared to the ethyl acetate fraction, with LC50 values of both derivatives being comparable to that of cyclophosphamide. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Irvingia gabonensis seed demonstrates considerable bioactivity and cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, underscoring the potential of Irvingia gabonensis seed extracts as sources of bioactive compounds for therapeutic use.

Assessment of in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim

The fruit and bark of Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim (Kkujidaknamu, Korean paper mulberry) have been used as a resource for medicine and paper in Korea and Korean traditional paper (Hanji), made from extract of the B. × hanjiana bark, has been used to package dry foods. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of B.× hanjiana extract. The antimicrobial activity of four fractions of ethanol extract of the plant collected in July was evaluated through disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) method against three Gram-positive strains, two Gram-negative strains, and one yeast. The ether and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract from B. × hanjiana bark exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with the lowest MIC value against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The MIC of the hexane and ether fraction against Gram-negative bacteria was not detected in any sample extracts and the MIC was not observed against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in any fractions. The antioxidant activity of ethanol and hot water extract of the plant was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The ethanol extract showed relatively higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than the hot water extract, regardless of the samples. The results of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were not consistent with the results of antioxidant activity and it shows antioxidant activity is not only affected by the polyphenol content but also can occur by some other phytochemicals. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was influenced by plant organ or extract solvent. These findings may confirm the potential of this plant as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

The effect of fractionated ethanol red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract on the pH level of Streptococcus gordonii metabolism (In-vitro Laboratory Experimental Research)

Introduction: Oral health is important for the quality of human life, so maintaining oral health is necessary. However, many people have dental caries as one of the main diseases in the oral cavity. Dental caries can occur due to pH falling in the oral cavity by acid-producing bacteria, such as Streptococcus gordonii, which metabolizes sucrose as an energy source and produces lactic acid. Then, the environmental pH decreases. Chemicals are widely used as antibacterial agents, but long-term use can cause negative effects, hence antibacterial agents with minimal side effects are needed. Red ginger is one of the options that appears as a promising antibacterial agent. Even though a lot of research has been investigated regarding red ginger, there is limited information on the effect of fractionated red ginger extract on pH in bacterial metabolism, especially Streptococcus gordonii. This study aims to analyze the effect of the other components in red ginger besides its essential oil on the pH level of Streptococcus gordonii metabolism. Methods: The groups in this study are control group 1 (bacteria, BHIB), control 2 (bacteria, BHIB, 5% sucrose), and treatment groups (bacteria, BHIB, 5% sucrose, extract red ginger 1.56% and 0.78%). Data were analyzed with Duncan's One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Multiple Comparison. Results: The pH level of control group 2 was lower than group control 1 and treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Fractionated ethanol extract of red ginger inhibits the decreasing pH level in the Streptococcus gordonii.

Anti-Hyperlipidemic Components of the Leaves of Synsepalum dulcificum (Miracle Fruit).

Synsepalum dulcificum (Miracle fruit) is a tropical plant in West and Central Africa, which has been historically used for treating diarrhea in humans and animals. Pharmacological research has shown that the leaves of the plant possess anti-hyperlipidemia activity. However, its anti-hyperlipidemic components have not been reported. In this study, the leaves of S. dulcificum were extracted using 95% ethanol and the extract was fractionated using different polar solvents. The anti-hyperlipidemia activity of the extract and fractions were evaluated using the zebrafish model. The results showed that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction displayed the best anti-hyperlipidemic effect. A comparison of the high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) profiles of the ethanol extract and different fractions at 350nm indicated that a peak at 37.4min has the highest intensity in the EA part, relatively. Then the chemical constituents of the extract and the active fraction were extensively identified using UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS, showing the main peak was quercitrin and other components in the EA part mainly included quercitrin analogs. Furthermore, the quercitrin was isolated from the plant and its contents in the extract and fractions were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) method. The quantitative results showed that the content of quercitrin in the EA fraction was 10.04% (w/w). Further pharmacological study indicated that quercitrin also possessed potent anti-hyperlipidemia activity (improvement rates of liver fat and total cholesterol were 75.6% and 92.5% at 40μg/mL, respectively). Besides, quercitrin showed little toxicity to zebrafish embryos.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Fractions of Adansonia Digitata Leaves on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4)- Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Phytochemicals, naturally occurring compounds in plants, offer health benefits to humans. This study aimed to determine the effects of fractions of ethanol extract of Adansonia digitata leaves on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in wistar rats. The extraction was done using absolute ethanol, followed by fractionation with different solvent combination via column chromatography. Elution of extract was done with solvent system by gradually increasing polarity beginning from n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and finally water. In total, 22 fractions were collected in 200 mL beaker each. The fractions were subjected to total antioxidant analysis using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Total phenolics and total flavonoids content were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu. GC-MS, FTIR and HPLC analysis were also carried out. Thirty-six male albino rats were distributed into six groups of six (n = 6). The negative control group received CCl4 only. The standard control group was administered 2 CCl4/kg body weight + 25mg/kg body weight silymarin followed by different doses of ethyl acetate:ethanol fraction-20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg for 21 days. Induction and treatment were carried out in the beginning of a new week. The animals were fasted for 24 hours, sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The administered fraction led to the statistically insignificant (p> 0.05) and statistically significant (p< 0.05) reduction in the levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) respectively, the reduction in the levels of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) were statistically not significant (p> 0.05) in the treated rats as compared to the untreated rats. The phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of antioxidant and phenolics. From the total antioxidant capacity, fraction 6b (ethyl acetate: ethanol) was selected for GC-MS, FTIR and HPLC analysis. The GC-MS analysis of fraction 6b revealed the presence of 14 compounds from which Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate had the highest percentage constituent (48.30%) while while 2-Methyl-Z,Z-3,13-octadecadienol had the lowest relative abundance of 0.14 %. Dichloroacetic acid, tridecyl este, d-Glycero-d-ido-heptose, Phthalic acid, ethyl pentyl ester, Trifluoroacetoxy hexadecane, 2-Hexene, 6-nitro-, 2-Tetradecanol, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-octanol, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 7,11-Hexadecadienal, 9-Octadecenamide, Squalene and E, E-1,9,17-Docasatriene were the other compounds found in the fraction. FTIR spectral analysis of the fraction showed peaks of various functional groups. The HPLC results showed the presence of quercetin in the fraction.

Ameliorative effects and histological assessment of active fractions of ethanolic fruits extract of Raphia hookeri on AlCl3 induced toxicity in rats

Background: Aluminium chloride is a widely distributed element with a well-established toxicity. The study aimed at evaluating ameliorative effects of active fractions and ethanolic fruits extracts of Raphia hookeri on AlCl3-induced toxicity in male rats. The objectives included; determination of liver and kidney function biomarkers, lipid profile, histopathological assessment of the organs. Methods: A total of 110 healthy male rats weighing 180-200 g were grouped into 11 groups of 10 rats each. Group 1: Normal feed and water (normal control). Group 2: AlCl3 only. Group 3: 200 mg/kg b. w of vitamin C. Group 4 and 5: N-hexane fraction at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Group 6 and 7: ethyl acetate fraction at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Group 8 and 9: Aqueous fractions at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Group10 and 11: Ethanol extract at doses of 200 mg/kg b. w and 400 mg/kg b. w. The treatment lasted for 21 days. Results: Results revealed a significant (p˂0.05) decreased in the activities of ALT, AST, ALP, TB, DB and TP. It further revealed a significant (p˂0.05) decrease in urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride. Also, a significant (p˂0.05) decrease in CHOL, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C was observed. Histopathological assessment of the liver and kidney tissues corroborated the observed changes in enzymes activities. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated ameliorative potentials of active fractions and ethanolic fruit extract of Raphia hookeri against hepatic and renal damage induced by AlCl3 in a dose and time dependent manner.

Uncovering Potentially Therapeutic Phytochemicals, In silico Analysis, and Biological Assessment of South-Chinese Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus).

Red dragon fruit is gaining popularity globally due to its nutritional value and bioactive components. The study aimed to assess the phytochemical, nutritional composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of extracts from the South Chinese red dragon fruit peel, flesh, and seeds. Extract fractions with increasing polarity (ethyl acetate<acetone<ethanol<methanol) were prepared. Significant amounts of nutritional components (minerals, protein, sugars, vitamins, fatty acids) were found in all parts of the fruit. The ethanol (ET) and methanol (MT) fractions of all the extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with EC50 values ranging from 3.25-8.30μg/mL. The flesh MT and ET extract fractions demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects, with MIC50 ranging 73.62-98.85μg/mL, against several multidrug-resistant bacteria. Cytotoxicity assays revealed no adverse effects of the crude extract fractions on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells (from adult human skin). Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analyses unveiled a wide array of compounds with known and unknown antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Thereafter, pharmacological property screening and molecular docking were performed. The results identified four active compounds, baicalein, quercetin, morin, and isorhamnetin, which demonstrated strong binding affinity with the selected target proteins and complied with most of the pharmacological parameters. In conclusion, this study provides essential information on the key nutrients present in the peel, flesh, and seeds of the red dragon fruit from Southern-China. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of ET and MT fractions, which contain compounds with promising antibacterial properties.

Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of salaon leaves (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.)

Plants known as salaon (Indigofera tinctoria L.) are commonly employed in conventional medicine. Salaon leaves have secondary metabolites sunch as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, phenol, saponin and triterpenoid levels have benefit as antioxidants in counteracting free radicals. The aimed of this research was to investigate the Antioxidant properties of The EESL, NHFSL and EAFSL. Phytochemical investigation process was used on extracts and fractions. Antioxidant properties was determined using the DPPH technique and a UV/Vis spectrophotometer at 515 nm. The water level of salaon leaf simplicia was around 9.32%; water-soluble extract of 34.70%, ethanol-soluble extract of 23.94%, total ash of 8.57% and acid insoluble ash of 1.38%. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids were found in the phytochemical investigation of EESL. The EESL, NHFSL and EAFSL which were tested for antioxidant properties revealed IC50 values of (70.5046 ± 0.0409; 77.2190 ± 0.0021; 56.5593 ± 0.0120) µg/mL. IC50 value of quercetin in the extremely strong category is 2.5424± 0.0010 µg/mL. The results of this investigation indicate that salaon leaf ethanol extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fraction have potent antioxidant properties.

INVESTIGATION OF THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF FRACTIONS AND PHYTOSOMAL COMPLEXES OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS HOOK F LEAF EXTRACTS ON ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RAT MODELS

The aim of this work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of fractions and phytosomal complexes of Telfairia occidentalis leaf extracts on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat models. Phytosomal complexes of ethanol extract fractions were prepared by the thin film hydration technique. Hepatoprotective activities were evaluated by biochemical assays and histopathological examination of liver sections. Intoxication of animals with pure ethanol significantly (p &lt; 0.05) elevated their liver enzyme titers, whereas co-administration with various extracts and phytosomal complexes reversed the increases. Histopathological findings revealed liver tissue protective effects of the extracts with the phytosomal complexes exhibiting greater effects (p &lt; 0.05). Significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 were observed in the liver indices of animals treated with co-administered ethanol and extract fractions or phytosomes complexes versus the positive control group. T. occidentalis leaf extract formulated as phytosomes, therefore, has good potential of enhancing the hepatoprotective activities of the extract.

Inhibition of Autophagy Aggravates Arachis hypogaea L. Skin Extracts-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells.

The skin of Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut or groundnut) is a rich source of polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit a wider spectrum of noteworthy biological activities, including anticancer effects. However, the anticancer activity of peanut skin extracts against melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains elusive. In this study, we systematically investigated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migration effects of peanut skin ethanolic extract and its fractions on melanoma and CRC cells. Cell viability results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction (AHE) of peanut skin ethanolic crude extract and one of the methanolic fractions (AHE-2) from ethyl acetate extraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against melanoma and CRC cells but not in nonmalignant human skin fibroblasts. AHE and AHE-2 effectively modulated the cell cycle-related proteins, including the suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (p-Rb), E2F1, Cyclin A, and activation of tumor suppressor p53, which was associated with cell cycle arrest and paralleled their antiproliferative efficacies. AHE and AHE-2 could also induce caspase-dependent apoptosis and inhibit migration activities in melanoma and CRC cells. Moreover, it is noteworthy that autophagy, manifested by microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) conversion and the aggregation of GFP-LC3, was detected after AHE and AHE-2 treatment and provided protective responses in cancer cells. Significantly, inhibition of autophagy enhanced AHE- and AHE-2-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Together, these findings not only elucidate the anticancer potential of peanut skin extracts against melanoma and CRC cells but also provide a new insight into autophagy implicated in peanut skin extracts-induced cancer cell death.

Standarisasi dan Analisis Kandungan Flavonoid Total Daun Pulai (Alstonia shcolaris L.)

The island plant (Alstonia scholaris) is one of the plants that is often used for traditional medicinePulai plant (Alstonia scholaris L.) is often used as a traditional medicine to treat fever, itch, malaria, and diarrhea. The secondary metabolite compounds obtained from this plant are flavonoid, tannin, and steroid. This study aims to determine the specific and non-specific parameters and the total flavonoid levels of Pulai's 70% ethanol extract. The standardization of medicine plant extract is needed as an effort to traditional medicine quality control. The standardization test result for specific parameter showed that the organoleptic extract was a dark green and thick extract, bitter, and had a distinctive smell, containing water soluble content (20.14% ±0.1649) and ethanol soluble content (9.495%±0.0928). The standardization for non-specific parameter showed water content (9.17%±0.02055), total ash content (1.76%±0.00547), acid insoluble ash content (2.82%±0.01257), and drying shrinkage (5.08%± 0.04636). Meanwhile, the analysis of flavonoid level of Pulai's 70% ethanol extract fraction was done at the wavelength of 438.36 nm and the absorbance value of 0.0011. The total flavonoid content was analyzed using quercetin standard linear equation of y=0.0643x + (-0.0232) with the correlational coefficient (R)- 0.9974, and the total flavonoid content of 3.77%.