Fraction Of Chlorine Research Articles

Urine uromodulin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: is there a relationship?

BACKGROUND. Uromodulin (UMO) is a multifunctional glycoprotein expressed in epithelial cells of the thick ascending part of the loop of Henle. Currently, enough information has been accumulated about the participation of this glycoprotein in a number of important physiological and pathological processes. THE AIM: to evaluate the relationship between the level of urine uromodulin (Umo) and the intake of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic kidney disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 96 patients aged 43.6±15.4 years were examined. (M:W = 46:50). The presence of kidney disease in all cases is confirmed morphologically. The main criterion for the inclusion of patients in the study was the presence of CKD C1-C3. The exclusion criteria were age over 70 years, the presence of diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressive therapy at the time of examination, taking diuretics. Umo concentrations in blood serum (SUmo) and urine (UUmo) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Serum and urinary concentrations of creatinine, potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus, as well as protein levels in urine, were also determined. The glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the formula CKD-EPI. The values of daily excretion, clearance, and fractional excretion were calculated for all ions. RESULTS. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 – 20 people who did not take ACE inhibitors; group 2 – 78 people who took ACE inhibitors. The content of Umo in urine correlated in the first group with the value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum Umo. In the second group, associations of the concentration of Umo in urine with age, eGFR, the excreted fraction of sodium and chlorine, and serum Umo were noted. CONCLUSION. The data obtained suggest that the nephroprotective properties of ACE inhibitors are broader than is commonly thought. Our data allow us to talk about their protective effect at the level of the tubular apparatus. The authors believe that the information currently available is quite sufficient to discuss the need to introduce the definitions of SUmo and UUmo into real clinical practice.

A reference material (NMIJ RM 4076-a) for the determination of short-chain chlorinated paraffins.

Chlorinated paraffins are primary industrial chemical products used for metalworking fluids and flame retardants. However, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are registered in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Therefore, since an accurate quantitative determination of SCCPs is crucial to monitor the level of pollution, analysis quality assurance with reference materials is needed. In this study, a reference material (RM), NMIJ RM 4076-a, was developed by the National Metrology Institute of Japan at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST) for the quantification of SCCPs. We determined the mass fraction of SCCPs by subtracting the impurities quantified using the mass-balance method, a combination of gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, Karl Fischer titrations, headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The mass fraction value of NMIJ RM 4076-a was concluded to be 0.9996 kg/kg. The standard uncertainty of this mass fraction was evaluated on the basis of the mass-balance method, the sample homogeneity, and stability obtained using the above analytical techniques. Accordingly, the expanded uncertainty estimated using a coverage factor of k = 2 was found to be 0.0013 kg/kg. The mass fraction of chlorine and the homologue compositional ratios are also given for this RM as supplementary technical information. This RM is expected to be applicable for use in the calibration of instruments, or for checking the validity of analytical methods or instruments for estimating the comparability of SCCP analyses.

Application of robust parameter design in the development of a quantitative chemical analysis procedures in metallurgy

The paper presents the results of experimental research for the quantitative chemical analysis procedures using the robust parameter design methodology. There is an example of the parameter design in development of the measurement procedure for the mass fraction of chlorine in dusty waste in the ferronickel production. Results of experiment analysis has provided an information about the optimal conditions for sample preparation procedure.

Разработка комплекса моющих средств для мембранных установок в молочной промышленности

Aim. Development of a complex of detergents (acidic, alkaline, enzymatic, chlorine-containing, surfactant-containing additives) for membrane units used in the dairy industry. Materials and Methods. Methods for controlling the concentration of active substances in concentrates of agents are given on the example of KATELON 202 - determination of total acidity by the method of acid-base potentiometric titration (in terms of HNO3) and KATELON 114 – determination of the mass fraction of active chlorine by redox titration. Results. A complex of detergents for membrane plants (ultrafiltration (UV, UF), microfiltration (MF, MF), nanofiltration (NF, NF), reverse osmosis (RO, RO)), used in the dairy industry and including alkaline non-foaming, medium-, low-foam products KATELON 109, KATELON 110, KATELON 115; alkaline chlorine-containing non-foamy agent KATELON 114; acid non-foamy KATELON 202, KATELON 207, KATELON 208; high-foam neutral additives KATELON 308 and KATELON 309 – enhancers of the washing effect for KATELON 109, KATELON 110, KATELON 115; preservative non-foaming additive KATELON 310 for protection from microbiological contamination; enzyme medium supplement KATELON 601. The composition of all products, their brief characteristics and physicochemical indicators, as well as an approximate program of washing with a complex of developed preparations are given. The dependences of pH and electrical conductivity were obtained for KATELON 109, KATELON 110, KATELON 115, KATELON 202, KATELON 207, KATELON 208. Conclusion. The complex of detergents is successfully used at Kopylsky Butter Cheese Plant, Lyubansky Cheese Making Plant, Minsk Dairy Plant No. 1, Verkhnedvinsky Butter and Cheese Plant, Molodechno Dairy Plant, Volozhin production site of Minsk Dairy Plant No. 1, Tolochin Branch of Lepel Dairy Canning Plant.

Chlorination behaviors for green and efficient vanadium recovery from tailing of refining crude titanium tetrachloride

The refined tailing, generated from refining of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) for vanadium (V) removal, is a hazardous material to environment due to the high content of V. Aiming at effective and selective extraction of V from the refined tailing, a fluidized chlorination process was proposed in present work. The chlorination behaviors of the refined tailing which determine the efficiency and selectivity of V extraction were emphatically investigated. A resultant 96.36% of V and 4.23% of Ti can be synchronously extracted from the tailing at the optimum conditions of 800 °C for 60 min, with the pressure fraction of chlorine [P(Cl2)/P(Cl2 +N2)] = 0.5 and the mass fraction of petroleum coke in raw materials for chlorination at 10 wt%. High purity vanadium oxytrichloride (VOCl3, higher than 99.99 wt%) can be finally obtained via further simple purification of the collected chloride product. Moreover, the chlorination residue containing concentrated TiO2 has the potential to be further utilized for Ti extraction. Thus the process provides a new prospect for effective, clean and comprehensive utilization of the refined tailing, which can solve the hazardous waste recycle and environmental concerns simultaneously.

Controlling disinfection byproducts from treated wastewater using adsorption with granular activated carbon: Impact of pre-ozonation and pre-chlorination

This study measured chlorine- and chloramine-reactive precursors using formation potential (FP) tests of nine U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated and 57 unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in tertiary-filtered wastewater before and after pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. Using breakthrough of precursor concentration and of concentration associated calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (by correlating known lethal concentrations reported elsewhere), the performance of three parallel GAC treatment trains were compared against tertiary-filtered wastewater: ozone/GAC, chlorine/GAC, and GAC alone. Results show GAC alone was the primary process, versus ozone or chlorine alone, to remove the largest fraction of total chlorine- and chloramine-reactive DBP precursors and calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potencies. GAC with pre-ozonation removed the most chlorine- and chloramine-reactive DBP precursors followed by GAC with pre-chlorination and lastly GAC without pre-treatment. GAC with pre-ozonation produced an effluent with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs from FP that generally matched that of GAC without pre-oxidation; meanwhile removal of toxicity was greater by GAC with pre-chlorination. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs from FP tests did not scale with DBP concentration; for example, more than 90% of the calculated cytotoxicity resulted from 20% of the DBPs, principally from haloacetaldehydes, haloacetamides, and haloacetonitriles. The calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity from DBPs associated with FP-chloramination were at times higher than with FP-chlorination though the concentration of DBPs was five times higher with FP-chlorination. The removal of DBP precursors using GAC based treatment was at least as effective as removal of DOC (except for halonitromethanes for GAC without pre-oxidation and with pre-chlorination), indicating DOC can be used as an indicator for DBP precursor adsorption efficacy. However, the DOC was not a good surrogate for total cytotoxicity and genotoxicity breakthrough behavior, therefore, unregulated DBPs could have negative health implications that are disconnected from general water quality parameters, such as DOC, and regulated classes of DBPs. Instead, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity correlate with the concentration of specific classes of unregulated DBPs.

Impact of chlorine doping on structural, optical and photoconductive properties of sprayed In2S3 thin layers

Thin layers of indium sulphide with different concentration of chlorine were deposited on substrates of glass, heated at a temperature of 350 °C, by using technique spray pyrolysis. We studied the effect of incorporation of chlorine in the layers on their structural, optical and the photoconductivity properties. X-ray diffraction indicates that our layers are polycrystalline and crystallize in cubic phase β-In2S3 with unit lattice length of a∼10.67 Å. We found that the crystallite size is between 10 and 13 nm. From the optical study, the transmittance is around 80 % whereas the energy of band gap increased from 2.53 eV to 2.72 eV with the fraction of chlorine. Even though the photoconductivity study shows that our layers are slightly sensitive to light, they can be used for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications by enhancing their photosensitivity.

Migration and transformation behaviours of ash residues from a typical fixed-bed gasification station for biomass syngas production in China

Currently, fixed-bed gasification of biomass shows great potential for producing syngas and heat in rural areas. However, this process produces a large quantity of ash. This work aimed to study the migration and transformation behaviours of solid residues collected from gasifier, cyclone and sprayer at a biomass gasification plant. Corn stalk was used as feedstock. The chemical compositions of the ashes revealed that the gasifier ash had an enhanced content of non-volatile components, while the cyclone and sprayer residues had more volatile components. The fusion temperatures of cyclone ash were lower than those of gasifier ash and sprayer ash. The thermal conversion of these ashes could be characterized by a four-stage or five-stage transformation reaction. Compared with gasifier ash, cyclone ash contained fewer agglomerates but more floccules, while the sprayer ash contained much finer and smoother grains. The mass balance of alkali metals and chlorine in the products including various ashes, syngas, and tar indicated that after gasification, the fraction of chlorine retained in the syngas and tars was 45.4 wt%, and a total of 77.4 wt% potassium in the feedstock was retained in the total ashes, while for calcium, a larger percent (88.7 wt%) was retained in the ashes.

Selective extraction of vanadium from pre-oxidized vanadium slag by carbochlorination in fluidized bed reactor

Abstract Most of the vanadium (V) is industrially extracted from vanadium slag, a byproduct in steelmaking, via the sodium roasting-water leaching or calcification roasting-acid leaching process, which usually suffers from environment pollution or decrease in product purity. In this paper, a novel process of vanadium extraction featuring carbochlorination of pre-oxidized vanadium slag with chlorine (Cl2) and nitrogen (N2) mixture in a fluidized bed reactor was proposed. And the selectivity between vanadium and iron (Fe) in the slag was primarily concerned, due to the high content of the latter in vanadium slag. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that there exists a favorable zone for selective chlorination of V from Fe compounds. Subsequently, carbochlorination experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of chlorination temperature and time, addition amount of petroleum coke and pressure fraction of chlorine on extraction of V and Fe. And 87.47% of V together with 18.79% of Fe can be extracted from the pre-oxidized vanadium slag by chlorination at 650 °C for 120 min with chlorine pressure fraction [P(Cl2)/P(Cl2+N2)] = 0.5 and petroleum coke mass fraction in raw materials for chlorination Rc = 10%. The results demonstrate that the selective chlorination process has good potential to recover vanadium from vanadium slags in efficient and clean ways.

PECULIARITIES OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS DISEASES IN SMELTERS DEALING WITH TITANIUM ALLOYS UNDER COMBINED EXPOSURE TO FINE-DISPERSE DUST AND CHLORINE COMPOUNDS

Introduction. Harmful working conditions, specific for titanium production enterprises, pose a potential risk to the workers health, and, primarily, concerning the development of respiratory pathology. Material and methods. The observation group consisted of 111 smelters of titanium alloys; the average age is 35.9 ± 2.7 years; the average term of service is 11.4 ± 6.3 years. The comparison group included 47 representatives of the enterprise administrative apparatus of the same age (37.4 ± 1.5, p> 0.05), having an average work experience of 12.8 ± 2.3 years (p> 0.05). The analysis of medical documentation, working conditions, a comprehensive survey of workers, static processing of the results was carried out. Results. Working conditions at workplaces for smelters are classified as “harmful”, the degree of harmfulness acconted of 3-4 (the class of working conditions 3.3 - 3.4). In the structure of the overall morbidity of the examined observation group, respiratory pathology ranked first and was characterized by a high degree of production causality (RR = 2.90; 95% CI = 1.81-4.64; EF = 65.49%). According to the ECHO-DKG data, 10.8% of titanium alloy smelters with 12.3 ± 3.5 years of experience had thickening of the interventricular septum, increased pressure in the pulmonary artery and the presence of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Discussion. Smelters have chronic catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract in the first year of operation; the activity of the pathological process increases significantly with the experience of 10 years and is accompanied by the predominance of the hyperplastic nature of inflammation with an increase in work experience of more than 10 years. Subsequently, the lower parts of respiratory tract are involved in the process. With an experience of 12.3 ± 3.5 years, reversible violations of the bronchial patency become persistent irreversible, which is accompanied by the development of basal emphysema of the lungs and morphological restructuring of the right heart. Conclusion. Because of combined long-term exposure to dust, a fine fraction and compounds of chlorine and chlorine vapor, causes the damage of the airways at all levels of the respiratory tract.

Chlorine levels and species in fine and size resolved atmospheric particles by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy analysis in Beijing, China

An understanding of the species of chlorine is crucial in the metropolis-Beijing, which is suffering serious haze pollution with high frequency. Particulate Matters (PMs) with five different sizes were collected in Beijing from July 2009 to March 2016, and characterized non-destructively by X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. PM<0.2, PM0.2-0.5 and PM>2.5 contributed for the major PMs mass in spring and summer, PM0.5-1.0 and PM1.0-2.5 contributed for the major PMs mass in autumn and winter. The concentrations of the three chlorine species were in the order of inorganic chlorine (Clinorg) > aliphatic chlorine (Clali) > aromatic chlorine (Claro), indicating that Clinorg constituted the primary chlorine fraction and less toxic Clali constituted the primary total organic chlorine (Clali + Claro, abbreviated as Clorg) in the PMs in Beijing. In addition, these three chlorine species exhibited identical seasonal variation in PM2.5: winter > autumn > spring > summer. Wet precipitation is an important factor to result in the lower mass concentrations of these three chlorine species in summer. The temporal variations of both size resolved PM mass concentrations and chlorine species concentrations suggested that the air pollution prevention and control in Beijing has just won initial success.

Plume composition and volatile flux of Nyamulagira volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo, during birth and evolution of the lava lake, 2014–2015

Very little is known about the volatile element makeup of the gaseous emissions of Nyamulagira volcano. This paper tries to fill this gap by reporting the first gas composition measurements of Nyamulagira’s volcanic plume since the onset of its lava lake activity at the end of 2014. Two field surveys were carried out on 1 November 2014, and 13–15 October 2015. We applied a broad toolbox of volcanic gas composition measurement techniques in order to geochemically characterize Nyamulagira’s plume. Nyamulagira is a significant emitter of SO2, and our measurements confirm this, as we recorded SO2 emissions of up to ~ 14 kt/d during the studied period. In contrast to neighbouring Nyiragongo volcano, however, Nyamulagira exhibits relatively low CO2/SO2 molar ratios ( 92% of total gas emissions). Strong variations in the volatile composition, in particular for the CO2/SO2 ratio, were measured between 2014 and 2015, which appear to reflect the simultaneous variations in volcanic activity. We also determined the molar ratios for Cl/S, F/S and Br/S in the plume gas, finding values of 0.13 and 0.17, 0.06 and 0.11, and 2.3·10?4 and 1·10?4, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. A total gas emission flux of 48 kt/d was estimated for 2014. The I/S ratio in 2015 was found to be 3.6·10?6. In addition, we were able to distinguish between hydrogen halides and non-hydrogen halides in the volcanic plume. Considerable amounts of bromine (18–35% of total bromine) and iodine (8–18% of total iodine) were found in compounds other than hydrogen halides. However, only a negligible fraction of chlorine was found as compounds other than hydrogen chloride.

Hydrogen Chloride Release From Combustion of Corn Straw in a Fixed Bed

Chlorine plays an important role in the slagging and corrosion of boilers that burn high-chlorine content biomass. This research investigated the emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas from combustion of biomass in a fixed bed, as functions of the mass air flow rate through the bed and of the moisture content of the fuel. The biomass burned was corn straw, either raw or torrefied. Results showed that increasing the air flow rate through the bed increased the release of HCl gas, as a result of enhanced combustion intensity and associated enhanced heat release rates. When the airflow through the bed was increased by a factor of six, the amount of fuel-bound chlorine converted to HCl nearly tripled. Upon completion of combustion, most of the chlorine remained in the biomass ashes, with the exception of the highest air flow case where the fraction of chlorine released in HCl equaled that captured in the ashes. HCl emissions from torrefied biomass were found to be lower than those from raw biomass. Finally, drying the biomass proved to be beneficial in drastically curtailing the generation of HCl gas.

On electron attachment effect on characteristics of the DBD in chlorine and its mixtures with xenon

The electron attachment effect on DBD characteristics in chlorine and its mixtures with xenon has been studied. Characteristics of the DBDs in pure chlorine and in xenon-chlorine mixtures with a chlorine fraction of 0.1-5% were modeled using the fluid model. It is shown that the electron attachment limits a magnitude of the DBD current, contributes to formation of multiple current spikes, appearance of a double layer near the dielectric surface and formation of XeCl* excimer molecules, and leads to a redistribution of the power deposited into the discharge: more power is deposited into ions and less power is deposited into electrons.

Geology, fluid inclusion and isotope constraints on ore genesis of the post-collisional Dabu porphyry Cu–Mo deposit, southern Tibet

The Dabu Cu-Mo porphyry deposit is situated in the southern part of the Lhasa terrane within the post-collisional Gangdese porphyry copper belt (GPCB). It is one of several deposits that include the Qulong and Zhunuo porphyry deposits. The processes responsible for ore formation in the Dabu deposit can be divided into three stages of veining: stage I, quartz–K-feldspar (biotite)±chalcopyrite±pyrite, stage II, quartz–molybdenite±pyrite±chalcopyrite, and stage III, quartz–pyrite±molybdenite. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are present: liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), vapor-rich two-phase (V-type), and solid bearing multi-phase (S-type) inclusions. The homogenization temperatures for the FIs from stages I to III are in the ranges of 272–475°C, 244–486°C, and 299–399°C, and their salinities vary from 2.1 to 49.1, 1.1 to 55.8, and 2.9 to 18.0wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The coexistence of S-type, V-type and L-type FIs in quartz of stage I and II with similar homogenization temperatures but contrasting salinities, indicate that fluid boiling is the major factor controlling metal precipitation in the Dabu deposit. The ore-forming fluids of this deposit are characterized by high temperature and high salinity, and they belong to a H2O–NaCl magmatic–hydrothermal system. The H–O–S–Pb isotopic compositions indicate that the ore metals and fluids came primarily from a magmatic source linked to Miocene intrusions characterized by high Sr/Y ratios, similar to other porphyry deposits in the GPCB. The fluids forming the Dabu deposit were rich in Na and Cl, derived from metamorphic dehydration of subducted oceanic slab through which NaCl-brine or seawater had percolated. The inheritance of ancient subduction-associated arc chemistry, without shallow level crustal assimilation and/or input of the meteoric water, was responsible for the generation of fertile magma, as well as CO2-poor and halite-bearing FIs associated with post-collisional porphyry deposits. The estimated mineralization depths of Qulong, Dabu and Zhunuo deposits are 1.6–4.3km, 0.5–3.4km and 0.2–3.0km, respectively, displaying a gradual decrease from eastern to western Gangdese. Deep ore-forming processes accounted for the generation of giant-sized Qulong deposit, because the exsolution of aqueous fluids with large fraction of water and chlorine in deep or high pressure systems can extract more copper from melts than those formed in shallow systems. However, the formation of small-sized Dabu deposit can be explained by a single magmatic event without additional replenishment of S, metal, or thermal energy. In addition, the ore-forming conditions of porphyry Cu–Mo deposits in GPCB are comparable to those of porphyry Cu±Au±Mo deposits formed in oceanic subduction-related continental or island arcs, but differ from those of porphyry Mo deposit formed in the Dabie-Qinling collisional orogens. The depth of formation of the mineralization and features of primary magma source are two major controls on the metal types and ore-fluid compositions of these porphyry deposits.

Efficient planar heterojunction solar cell employing CH3NH3PbI2+xCl1−x mixed halide perovskite utilizing modified sequential deposition

In this work, a modified method of sequential deposition of a CH3NH3PbI2+xCl1−x organometal halide perovskite material with a low chlorine fraction and easy morphology control is developed. The as-prepared mixed halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI2+xCl1−x thin film shows an intense adsorption from 400–800 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images show that almost the entire compact TiO2 surface is covered with CH3NH3PbI2+xCl1−x mixed halide perovskite with grain sizes of 250–350 nm. The planar heterojunction solar cell employing CH3NH3PbI2+xCl1−x mixed halide perovskite shows a twofold enhancement of photovoltaic performance, compared with a planar CH3NH3PbI3 heterojunction solar cell, achieving a 9.53% power conversion efficiency (PCE) with a VOC of 0.96 V, a JSC of 18.86 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.53.

실리콘의 염소화반응에 의한 사염화규소 제조

직경 25 mm의 파이렉스 튜브 내에서 실리콘의 유동층 염소화 반응이 수행되었다. 반응기에 공급되는 질소 유량 0.8~1.0 L/min, 염소 유량 0.2 L/min, 반응온도 <TEX>$450^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$SiCl_4$</TEX> 응축기의 냉매온도는 <TEX>$-5^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 설정하였다. 반응기에 도입되는 가스 내 염소의 몰분율이 증가하면 <TEX>$SiCl_4$</TEX>의 수율이 증가하였다. 반응가스 중 염소의 몰분율 0.2의 조건에서 <TEX>$SiCl_4$</TEX>의 수율은 28% 이었다. 염소의 몰분율 증가는 반응열 상승에 의해 반응온도 상승을 가져옴으로써 안전을 고려하여 염소의 몰분율을 0.2 이상으로 올리지 못했다. 실리콘의 유동층 염소화 반응에 의한 사염화실리콘의 제조 가능성이 입증되었으며, 향후 보다 가혹한 조건에서의 실용화 연구를 위한 기초로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The chlorination of a metallurgical-grade silicon was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor, 25 mm in diameter. The flow rate of the chlorine admitted into the reactor was 0.2 L/min and that of the carrier nitrogen was 0.8~1.0 L/min. The reactor temperature was maintained at <TEX>$450^{\circ}C$</TEX> and the temperature of the coolant at the <TEX>$SiCl_4$</TEX> condenser was at <TEX>$-5^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The <TEX>$SiCl_4$</TEX> yield increased with increasing the mole fraction of chlorine in the feed gas, exhibiting 28% at the mole fraction of 0.2. Further increase of the chlorine mole fraction was not attempted in a worry that the reactor might be failed due to the high exothermicity of the reaction. The production of <TEX>$SiCl_4$</TEX> from silicon by fluidized bed chlorination was demonstrated on a laboratory scale, which is a stepping stone for future studies under more severe conditions toward industrial application.

Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Chlorine Bonding with Limestone and Dolomite in the Furnace of a Stoker-Fired Boiler

The paper presents results of experimental semi-technical investigations to limit the mobility of chlorine released in the form of hydrogen chloride from the fuel in the stoker-fired boiler furnace. In the combustion process, limestone and dolomite were used as the sorbents. The background for the research was a fuel containing a low gram fraction of chlorine, namely, extracted rapeseed meal supplemented with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) recyclate granules, to diversify the quantity of the quick-release chlorine. The research results indicate the tendency ofchanges of the hydrogen chloride concentration in the flue gas in relation to the amount of PVC added to the fuel, i.e., gram fraction of chlorine, amount of limestone and dolomite added to the fuel, as well as the molar ratio Ca/Cl 2 or (Ca + Mg)/Cl 2 , respectively. It has been proven that the greatest dechlorination capacity is exhibited by hydrated lime, lesser by limestone, and the least by dolomite, which, nonetheless, can be used under certain conditions for HCl bonding in boiler furnaces.

Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Chloride Bonding with Calcium Hydroxide in the Furnace of a Stoker-Fired Boiler

The paper presents the results of experimental technical investigations to limit the mobility of chlorine released in the form of hydrogen chloride from the fuel in a stoker-fired boiler furnace. In the combustion process, hydrated lime was used as the bonding material. The background for the research was a low-chlorine-gram-fraction fuel, namely, extracted rapeseed meal supplemented with PVC recyclate granules to diversify the quantity of the quick-release chlorine. The research results indicate the tendency of changes of the hydrogen chloride concentration in the flue gas in relation to the amount of PVC added to the fuel, i.e., the gram fraction of chlorine and the amount of calcium hydroxide added to the fuel, as well as the Ca/Cl2 molar ratio.

Determination of the mass fraction of chlorine and organophosphorous pesticides in soil by the method of the gas chromatography

Conditions of carrying out are resulted and metrological parameters of measuring technique of a mass fraction of the chlorine and remains of chlorine and organophosphorous pesticides in soil in soil by the method of the gas chromatography from one sample's aliquot.