Fractal Microstrip Antenna Research Articles

Design and Analysis of Microstrip Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for Wireless application

This paper describes a novel design for a microstrip fractal antenna based on the Sierpinski triangle shape. It is built on a FR4 substrate and operates in the 5.5 GHz frequency range. The proposed antenna is designed and validated using ANSYS Electronic Desktop's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The simulated results show good performance in terms of radiation pattern, gain and input impedance. This proposed antenna can be widely used in wireless communication equipment that is progressing towards miniaturization and high frequency. The antenna designed gives a return loss of -29 dB at 5.53GHz. It has a gain of 0.85 dB and directivity of 1.8dB.

A Novel Chrysanthemum-Like Fractal Structure Multi-Band Antenna for Mobile Terminals

This paper incorporates the structural characteristics of chrysanthemums in nature and fractal geometry theory into the antenna structure design and a novel-structured fractal multiband fractal microstrip antenna with a chrysanthemum petal structure is proposed. The antenna can cover commercial frequency bands from the second to fourth generation (4G), satellite navigation, wireless local area networks, and Bluetooth. The antenna radiator imitates the structure of chrysanthemum’s petals in nature, and a basic arc shape is iterated many times according to a certain proportional coefficient. After simulation and comparison, the second iteration can achieve the best antenna performance, and the antenna adopted the coplanar waveguide feeding method to broaden the antenna bandwidth. The antenna covers three effective frequency bands of 1.58–2.68 GHz (64.7%), 2.76–4.01 GHz (33.9%), and 4.68–5.35 GHz (13.4%). The antenna dielectric board is made of FR-4 material, the dielectric constant is 4.4, and the actual size is 41 × 29 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna performs fractal iteration at a small size, and the approximate calculation of the frequency band is completed by comparing the ratio of each ring to the current vector diagram. The design of the antenna is to use HFSS for antenna modeling and parameter optimization, and the model under different conditions were compared and analyzed. By comparing the test results of the antenna prototype with the simulation structure in the electromagnetic anechoic chamber, the rationality of the antenna is verified.

A triband EBG loaded microstrip fractal antenna for THz application

Future wireless communication needs antenna with multifunctional operation. This paper focuses on Terahertz Antenna that could be easily integrated with micro and nano devices. In this paper, an octagonal shaped Microstrip Fractal Antenna loaded with the EBG structure is designed for tri-band terahertz application. Triple band characteristic achieved by fractal radiating patch is loaded with Electronic Band Gap (EBG). The antenna is working on triple band characteristics at 948 GHz, 984GHz and, 1040 GHz with overall dimensions of 700x900 µm2. The result and performance show that the recommended antenna will be compatible with compact wireless devices and Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC). All simulation work has been done using electromagnetic software Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and CST studio suite. The electromagnetic features like S11 parameters, VSWR, gain, efficiency and the radiation characteristics of such antenna are also explored. The simulation results show that this antenna has 9 dB realized gain at 0.948 THz resonating frequency.

DESIGN OF A MICROSTRIP DUAL BAND FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Antennas are an essential component of communication systems. They are responsible for transmitting and receiving signals in various frequency ranges, including radio, microwave, and millimeter-wave frequencies. Antenna design is critical to ensuring optimal performance, high efficiency, and robustness of a communication system. The Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has established the IEEE 802.11 protocol for coordinating the implementation of computer communications in wireless local area networks (WLAN). The antennas in this protocol should be designed to function at certain operating frequencies including 2.4, 5, 6, and 60 GHz. Although the channels that could be used in WLANs are specified by IEEE 802.11, the availability of the allowed radio frequency spectra is determined by the regulatory domain. In this paper, a proposed design and the implementation of a dual band microstrip fractal antenna for WLANs is presented. The proposed antenna has dual bands with center frequencies of 2.45 and 5.8 GHz according to the IEEE 802.11 standards. The antenna design relies on a Minkowski pattern and is implemented using photoetching. The simulation and measurement results of the radiation pattern, impedance, voltage standing wave ratio, return loss, bandwidth, gain, and polarization were obtained, analyzed, and compared to the standard specifications.

Optimized microstrip fractal antenna via hybrid EHO and GWO framework

ABSTRACT The computation of optimal values for various dimensions is required to design an antenna for a certain resonance frequency. Since there are now no precise mathematical formulas or systematic process for creating fractal antennas, this endeavor is still difficult. The use of bio-inspired techniques in various antenna designs at the moment has shown promising results in addressing the demands of better antenna performance, such as total prices and lower size. This work introduces an improved microstrip fractal antenna (MFA) architecture, where the return loss and gain antenna parameters are set to their best possible values using a new hybrid optimization model called the Grey Optimizer with New Clan adapted Distance Evaluation (GOCDE). The developed hybrid algorithm is the combination of ‘Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm’. Ultimately, the superiority of the adopted strategy over other current ways is confirmed in terms of several metrics like gain, cost, and so forth.

Design and analysis of clover leaf‐shaped fractal antenna integrated with stepped impedance resonator for wireless applications

SummaryA novel multi‐band clover leaf‐shaped fractal antenna with integrated filtering to reduce higher order harmonics has been proposed. Existing microstrip filtering antennas endure limited gain, narrow impedance bandwidth, and undesired frequency radiations. The proposed antenna is designated to operate simultaneously in following operating bands: 3.35–3.6 GHz for WiMAX, 5.156–5.825 GHz for WLAN, 5.7–6.4 GHz for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), and 7.7–8.5 GHz for ITU‐R applications. The proposed patch is realized by combining two semi‐fractal ring microstrip patches like the geometry of a three‐leaf clover with dual‐layered stepped impedance resonator (SIR) integrated at bottom layer of the second substrate. The SIR bandpass filter exhibits odd and even modes suppresses higher order harmonics and undesired radiations. An aperture coupled feeding in the proposed patch offers better bandwidth and impedance matching. The number of iterations is increased to get the desired multiband characteristics. The proposed microstrip fractal antenna has the geometrical dimensions of 50 × 50 × 2 mm3. It is observed that both the simulated and measured results offers peak gain of >5 dBi and better return loss (S11), that is, 3.3–3.6‐GHz band offers S11 of −33.73 dB, 5.15–5.825‐GHz band offers S11 of −36.69 dB, and 5.795–6.4‐GHz band shows the S11 of −36.25 dB, and for 7.725–8.5 GHz, the return loss is −33.209 dB. Harmonics at 6.42 GHz (1.8f0), 7.37 GHz (1.5f0), and 9.04 GHz (1.73f0) has been suppressed and shows linear polarization in the WLAN band and circular polarization in the ITU‐R and WiMAX bands.

Reconfigurable fractal microstrip antenna with varactor diode

In this article, a rhombus shaped fractal microstrip frequency reconfiguration patch antenna is presented. The proposed antenna depending upon the capacitance value of varactor diode resonates at ten distinct frequencies as follows: 1.375GHz, 1.525GHz, 1.725GHz, 2.45GHz, 3.45GHz, 4GHz, 5.3GHz, 5.45GHz, 5.5GHz and 5.825GHz. Design and optimization of microstrip antenna with analysis for different capacitance values of varactor diode is carried out using IE3D simulation tool. The proposed design is realized using FR4 (Dielectric constant εr = 4.4) substrate with dimension (41 × 41 × 1.6) mm3. A single varactor diode inserted upon the slot is used to switch the operating frequency. The proposed design of antenna, both simulated and fabricated is seen to have close agreement, and is appropriate to be used in L, S and C band applications.

A miniaturized design of Vicsek snowflake-box fractal microstrip patch antenna using defective ground structure for wireless applications

AbstractIn this paper, miniaturization of fractal geometry with defected ground structure (DGC) concept has been experimentally verified at S-band (2–4) GHz. The design starts with a self-symmetry structure using conventional Vicsek snowflake-box fractal antenna. The same has been used in third iteration to achieve miniaturization. This proposed microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is resonating at 2.12 GHz with acceptable gain and broadside radiation. The miniaturization of about 87.26% when compared to conventional fractal MPA is achieved. The fractal unit cell is optimized for miniaturization and bandwidth by carrying out parametric study and applying the DGS shapes like rectangular and U-shaped slot etched in the ground plane of Vicsek snowflake-box fractal microstrip antenna. A fractal microstrip antenna is designed for wireless applications at 3.95 GHz. The fractal microstrip antenna is simulated using HFSS-V15 simulator. It is observed that the maximum size reduction of 87.26% is achieved in the third iteration of the Vicsek snowflake-box fractal radiating patch. The proposed fractal patch antenna is designed and fabricated using epoxy substrate of FR-4 with dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulated results are compared with the measured results.

Research of a Fractal Microstrip Antenna Based on the Modified Minkowski Curve of the Second Iteration

Evolving telecommunications systems require modern antennas with improved performance. The creation of miniature antennas with a high gain, multi-band properties and defined polarization is an urgent task. New challenges in the reception and emission of electromagnetic waves are being solved in different ways. The use of fractals in the construction of antennas is becoming widespread. This article presents the results of a study of fractal microstrip antenna of the second iteration based on the Minkowski geometry. The main parameters such as the reflection coefficient, directivity and efficiency are described. Resonance frequencies and directional patterns at these frequencies as well as bandwidths are shown. Conclusions concerning the possibility of using this type of antenna in various applications are drawn.

Design of Minkowski Array Microstrip Fractal Antenna at 3.5 GHz Frequency for 5G Communication System

Technological developments in the field of telecommunications are experiencing rapid progress, especially the presence of 5G technology as a fifth generation cellular communication system that has many advantages at the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) in 2015, 5G candidate frequency bands below 6 GHz have been widely discussed, and the range the following frequencies have been suggested: 470–694, 1427–1518, 3300–3800, and 4500–4990 MHz. One of recommendation of resonant frequency is 3.5 GHz, as it is acceptable in most countries. Therefore, a reliable communication network is needed, especially in the 3.5 GHz frequency band for fifth generation applications. Antena is one of the important communication components in radio communication system. Mikrostrip Antena is a type of Antena that is currently growing because it has the advantage of having a light weight and low profile. This paper proposed development of mikrostrip Antena using the fractal method, increase the gain using the Array method, and achieve the target return loss ≤ -10 dB, VSWR ≤ 2, and gain ≥ 5 dB at frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication sytsem. Proposed Antena is designed using a duroid R5880 substrate with a dielectric constant value of 2.2, a dielectric loss (tan loss) of 0.0009 and a substrate thickness (h) of 1.57 mm. This study resulted in a reduction in Antena dimensions until 53.76% with return loss of -42.48 dB, VSWR 1.02, and a gain of 8.46 dB. The results obtained in this design meet the specifications of the predetermined targets.

Design dan Fabrikasi Antena Fraktal Sierpinski Gasket 2,4 Ghz Single Patch Segitiga

In using wifi, an antenna that is relatively small and cheaper is needed. One of the specific antennas is the microstrip antenna. By using the microstrip fractal sierpinski gasket antenna form the microstrip antenna can increase the wifi signal and wider its bandwidth. In this research, a microstrip antenna is designed and made in the form of a microstrip fractal sierpinski gasket which will be used as a wifi receiver. The measurement results of the microstrip fractal sierpinski gasket antenna show that the antenna can work optimally with a frequency of 2.42 GHz, has a return loss value of -24.95 dB, a VSWR value of 1.122, a bandwidth value of 0.019 GHz.

Design and simulation of microstrip fractal patch antenna

The proposed fractal antenna is designed to operate at the frequency of 7.23 GHz using an FR4 substrate of relative permittivity of εr = 4.4. Different optimization techniques have been used, such as slots, use of meta-materials, fractal design, Feeding Techniques, to improve some antenna parameters. The resulting fractal design provides a gain of 10 dBi and a return loss of -19.8 dB which is about 90% of the input power radiated.

Antena UHF multifuncional del tipo fractal microstrip basada en la alfombra de Sierpinski

The use of multifunctional devices increases day by day. Mentioned devices, as smart tv, need appropriate and unified antennas which can meet required frequencies. Therefore, in this paper, a Sierpinski carpet microstrip fractal antenna in the second iteration is designed and fabricated for Digital Tv in UHF band and wireless wideband networks. It was verified that that the design of a fractal antenna based on the Sierpinski carpet is possible from a rectangular patch on iteration 0; however, it must be taken into account that the patch design must be carried out at a specific resonance frequency. Simulation is carried out using ADS simulator, and it was verified using a vector network analyzer. The proposed fractal antenna operates in the UHF digital TV range from 470 MHz to 683 MHz and in the 2.45 GHz to 2.4835 GHz range of broadband wireless local area network.

Development of an Inverted-h Shaped Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Cognitive Radio

In this paper, development of an inverted-h shaped multiband fractal microstrip antenna is presented for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio applications. An attempt is further made to optimize the proposed antenna using nature-inspired metaheuristic Moth flame optimization to achieve desired performance in 1.382 GHz, 2.623–3.101 GHz, 4.628–11.98 GHz and 13.22–20 GHz. This antenna is having multiple wide bands and almost omnidirectional radiation pattern, as per the requirements of spectrum sensing antennas for cognitive radio applications.

Investigation of Fractal Techniques Based Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication

Investigation of Fractal Techniques Based Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication

English

English

Fractal Antenna Based on Split Ring Resonators with Defected Ground Structure

In this paper presents the design of a circular microstrip fractal antenna (CMFA) loaded with parasitic edge-coupled (EC) split ring resonators (SRR) and defected ground structure (DGS). The basic resonant structure is a circular patch antenna designed at 3.2 GHz on FR4 substrate with relative permittivity 4.4, and 1.6 mm thickness. One iteration of circular patch and slots is employed to form it fractal and so as to attain multiband performance, the antenna is inset fed by a 50? microstrip line. Further the work is extended to demonstrate the effect of placing split ring resonator to particular position of substrate, improves the impedance matching leading to improved bandwidth. In addition L shaped defected ground structures are used to improve the antenna performance. . A comparison between fractal antenna with and without SRRs and DGS is made and the results verifies that a better gain improvement and return loss. The dimensions of the antenna are 45 mm x 45 mm and it can be used for ultra wide band (UWB) applications.

Analysis of a Miniaturized Hexagonal Sierpinski Gasket fractal microstrip antenna for modern wireless communications

A multi-band, high gain, miniaturized fractal microstrip antenna is described in this article for modern communication systems. Space-utilizing and structure-similarity are the two main characteristics of fractal miniaturization technique. In the proposed design, a hexagonal Sierpinski gasket structure is loaded on a square microstrip antenna. Using fractal miniaturization techniques, the patch area is reduced by 68.4% along with 168.8% increase in the perimeter by loading several triangular slots of different dimensions in various iterations. The simulation and optimization of various iterations are analysed using Ansoft HFSS simulation tool and verified with fabricated antenna results. The proposed design presents the hexa-band, dual-polarization performance at 3.46, 8.28, 12.26, 17.21, 23.40, 26.01 frequencies (GHz) with Peak Gain (dB) of 6, 8.37, 9.65, 9, 7.84 and 9.34 respectively. The designed miniaturized hexagonal fractal antenna exhibits high gain, high directivity, omnidirectional radiation pattern entire multi-resonant frequency and useful for modern wireless communications like 5G and IoT application, satellite and Radar applications etc.

Design and Optimization of E Shape Multi Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Fractal Geometry for Wireless Communication

In this paper an E shaped multiband fractal microstrip antenna proposed. The proposed E structure uses self similar fractal concept. The geometry is extended up to two iteration which resonates at seven multiband frequencies. The proposed antenna operates in 1–2 GHz (L-band), 2–4 GHz (S-band) and 4–8 GHz (C-band) frequencies and finds uses for military and secure long distance communication and C band frequency uses like satellite communication, Wi-Fi, and Radio Detection and Ranging. All designed antennas are optimized by IE3D antenna simulation tool with FR-4 material having 4.4 dielectric constant and loss tangent = 0.02. The parameters of all antennas have been examined in terms of directivity, VSWR, return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and gain.

Design and analysis of a novel miniaturized microstrip fractal antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications

This paper is a new comparative study via numerical calculations and experimental measurements of various designs of fractal antennas. The geometry of the antennas dual?broadband (2.5/5.77 GHz and 2.4/6.18 GHz) for WLAN/ WiMAX applications is inspired by the Sierpinski carpet and the Minkowski. The simulated and measured results show a good agreement over the bandwidth. We also performed a comparison with current comparable antenna designs, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed antenna regarding applicability in telecommunication technology.