Fowl Leukosis Research Articles

Historical review of lymphomas.

Historical review of lymphomas.

Avian Leukosis: Historical Perspectives

What is a perspective of history and how might it be useful today? It can be a reminiscence of events, and people who influenced those events. It is useful to correlate such events and people with various stages of development and apply this knowledge to a current situation. That was done effectively by Gross in his book Oncogenic Viruses (1). Several comprehensive reviews have been published on avian leukosis. The most recent (2), in 1973, can be compared with a review (3) made in 1934 to indicate the trend of work during the intervening 40 years. The perspective to be created in your minds will concern the early events (4) which followed the report of Ellermann and Bang in 1908 describing the first experimental transmission of three cases of fowl leukosis and filterability of the virus. The second report of experimental transmission was in 1915, by Schmeisser, who was then working at Johns Hopkins Medical School and later became Professor of Pathology at the University of Tennessee, Memphis. A mural commemorating that work adorns the auditorium wall of the Dept. of Pathology in Memphis. During the next 30 years, what may be considered as 38 different transmissible isolants of fowl leukosis were described (4). Various Danish workers, outstanding in that regard, had developed 13 isolants by 1935. Virus from some of those isolants has been maintained and used in current research by various workers. The different isolants or strains of avian leukosis virus appeared to vary in their action. Even though different genetic stocks of chickens were used, some isolants tended to cause erythroblastic leukosis, and others granuloblastic leukosis. Reports that some isolants produce a rather specific pattern of disease should be accepted with caution, however. A careful study of the earlier re-

Studies on Acute Marek's Disease: 2. The Role of Coccidia in Transmission and Induction

INTRODUCTIONTHE role of parasites in the transmission or induction of fowl leukosis has been the object of much speculation as far back as 1926 (Pappenheimer et al.). Nine responses from 49 states or territorial agencies questioned at the time expressed the opinion that coccidiosis might be involved in the etiology of leukosis. An often-quoted reference of this period was that of Beach and Davis (1925) who pictured “a chronic type of coccidiosis” as inducing leg weakness and paralysis in chickens typical of neural leukosis. Since no reference was made to neural examination it may be assumed that their conclusions were probably based on incorrect diagnosis.Well-designed controlled experiments on interrelationships between coccidiosis and leukosis are totally lacking. Primarily from the analysis of diagnostic records of hen flocks Wilson (1944), Hess (1963) and Vindel (1964) concluded that an increase in coccidiosis resulted in an increase in leukosis. In reports based .

Bioassay of fowl leukosis virus in chickens by the inoculation of 11-day-old embryos

Comparative assays of leukosis strains RPL 12, RPL 25, RPL 26, and RPL 29 were conducted by the intravenous inoculation of 11-day-old embryos and 14-day-old chickens. Most of the inoculated embryos hatched were held for a postinoculation period of 46 days. Chickens inoculated at 14 days were held to 77 days postinoculation. The primary specific neoplasm induced was erythroblastosis. Some of the chickens inoculated as embryos also developed fibrosarcomas, endotheliomas, nephromas, and hemorrhages. Quantal responses in terms of probits were related directly to the dose of virus, a straight line most nearly fitting the data. Equivalent responses were higher in the embryo inoculations than in the chicken inoculations by 2.0 log 10 dilution for three strains and 0.7 log 10 dilution for one strain. Thus when embryos are inoculated, lower levels of virus will cause a significant incidence of erythroblastosis than when chicks are inoculated.

Avian Lymphomatosis. V. Air-Borne Transmission

1. Burmester, B. R., A. M. Gross, W. G. Walter, and A. K. Fontes. Pathogenicity of a viral strain (RPL-12) causing avian visceral lymphomatosis and related neoplasms. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 22: 103, 1959. 2. Campbell, J. C. Avian leukosis: A plea for clarification. Proc. 10th World's Poultry Cong. Edinburgh, Scotland, p. 193, 1954. 3. Cole, R. K., and F. B. Hutt. Personal communication. 4. Hutt, F. B., and R. K. Cole. Problems concerning leukosis and its control. Proc. 10th World's Poultry Cong. Edinburgh, Scotland, 197, 1954. 5. Jungherr, E., P. Doyle, and E. P. Johnson. Tentative pathologic nomenclature for the disease and/or for the disease complex variously designated as fowl leukemia, fowl leukosis, etc. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2, 116, 1941. 6. Kennard, D. C., and V. D. Chamberlain. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 21, 63, 1936. 7. Reed, L. J., and H. Muench. A simple method of estimating fifty percent end points. Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493, 1938. 8. Sevoian, Martin, D. M. Chamberlain, F. T. Counter. Avian Lymphomatosis. I. Experimental reproduction of the neural and visceral forms. Vet. Med. 57, 500-501, 1962.

Chemical Carcinogenesis in Birds. A Review

AN HISTORICAL consideration of cancer research discloses a situation which Greenstein (1954) summarizes succinctly as “a monstrous and amorphous literature, controversial, often hastily ambitious, and frequently haunted by the ghosts of countless once hopeful and dazzling hypotheses.” Frequent attempts have been made to collect and organize this extensive literature (Hirschberg, 1957).In the area of avian neoplasms, a number of excellent reviews have been published (see e.g., Claude and Murphy, 1933; Peacock, 1958a; Shrigley, 1951). It is the purpose of this paper to compile the literature concerning chemically induced avian tumors, with emphasis on that segment which discusses the transmission of these neoplasms. Such a review is not available at present. Consideration has been given to much of the recent literature dealing with the Rous sarcoma because of its significance and application to studies of chemically induced avian neoplasms and their transmissibility.33In contrast to the Rous sarcoma, many recent reviews of the literature on fowl leukosis are available (see e.g., Beard, 1957; Chubb and Gordon, 1957; Darcel, 1957, 1960). CHEMICALLY INDUCED AVIAN CARCINOMASSpontaneous neoplastic diseases are…

Effects on the Hatched Chick of Injection of Tumor Viruses into the Embryo

INTRODUCTIONIT IS usually considered that the fowl tumor viruses, like the rest of the “fowl leukosis complex” group, may be passed through the egg to the next generation (Carr, 1953; Burmester and Gentry, 1954). The exact mechanism whereby they gain entry and their site in the egg is unknown. Consequently, no reason can be advanced for their failure to multiply and induce their characteristic lesions in the embryo. Carr (1944) showed that the virus was not present in the albumen of carriers, and that the yolk contained large amounts of antibody. More than one-third of the yolk is not used to form the chick, but is absorbed within its sac just before hatching and acts as a food source during the first few days of independent life by direct entry into the intestinal lumen.To aid in clarifying the situation, the following experiments were planned to determine whether after …

Submicroscopic morphology of avian neoplasms. II. Studies on granuloblastosis (myeloblastosis).

Tumorous spleens and livers from chickens with granuloblastosis were examined in ultrathin sections. In the cytoplasm of the affected cells changes were observed similar to those seen in erythroblastosis, another member of the fowl leukosis complex. Particles were observed in the cytoplasm of cells of similar size and structure to that of particles in erythroblastosis. Average total diameter of the particles was found to be 670 Å and that of the central dense core was 260 Å. No particles of similar size or structure were observed in ultrathin sections of organs from young healthy chickens of similar breed.

Towards the elimination of the fowl leukosis complex.

L'auteur propose des methodes simples pour lutter contre les pertes enormes dues aux leucoses qui sevissent dans les elevages commerciaux de nombreux pays. Ces leucoses comprennent des leucemies, des sarcomes, des neurolymphomatoses et des osteopetroses. Elles sont provoquees par un groupe de virus etroitement apparentes.

A Case of Turkey Lymphomatosis

The Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College maintains a turkey flock of approximately 5,000 birds of all breeds. Care and feeding are under the management of the college poultry department. All diseased and dead birds are brought to the veterinary science department for examination, and the case herein reported came to the attention of the authors in this way.REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREAndrews and Glover (1939) describe a partly paralyzed male turkey on a small farm in Dorset, England. This turkey had not been with chickens except that the latter had been kept in a nearby pen. The turkey was sacrificed in the extreme stage of the disease, and a post-mortem examination revealed the right sciatic nerve to be enlarged with a thickening of the brachial plexuses. Examination of histological sections revealed neurolymphomatosis.Jarmai (1938) transmitted fowl leukosis to 7 out of 13 turkeys injected, to 3 guinea fowls, and .

Cultivation of the Agent of Fowl Leukosis in Vitro

THE following is a brief account of the cultivation of the causative agent of fowl leukosis (haemacyto-blastosis strain T1, Engelbreth-Holm) in the presence of normal cells proliferating in vitro.

Discussion of Papers Entitled “Avian Lymphomatosis as a Neoplastic Disease” by K. B. DeOme; “Fowl Leukosis” by E. L. Stubbs; and “Hemocytoblastosis in the Chicken” by M. W. Emmel

IN OPENING the discussion of the papers presented by Drs. DeOme, Stubbs, and Emmel, let me compliment them on the diligent manner in which they have attacked the problem of these diseases in the chicken. Undoubtedly they will agree with my statement that much remains to be done before our knowledge concerning them is complete. Such symposiums as this indicate a healthy attitude toward the problem. They offer a means for group discussion and the exchange of thoughts by those intimately concerned with the matter. In this symposium we have a large assembly of contributors to our knowledge of these diseases. Their remarks in this discussion will be of much interest.The economic significance of the disorders included in the title of this symposium, “Avian Lymphomatosis and Allied Diseases” is undoubtedly appreciated by all of you. For the present I shall not dwell upon this aspect of the problem, other .

Wheat Germ Oil in the Control of Fowl Paralysis

NUTRITION as a factor in the cause and prevention of fowl paralysis and related diseases was suggested in the reports of Butler and Warren (1938), and Butler, Warren and Hammersland (1938), by their success in decreasing the incidence of fowl leukosis by the use of additional wheat germ oil in the rations. Since wheat germ oil is the richest known source of the antisterility factor (vitamin E) the dietary control method has aroused widespread interest, not only from the point of view of practical application, but also from that of general E avitaminoses in domestic animals Opinions on the effectiveness of the method, and especially on the necessity of fortifying animal rations with additional vitamin E, range between extremes which maintain, on the one hand, that well prepared feeds are always sufficient in vitamin E and, on the other hand, that all feeds should be saturated with additional vitamin E. .

Fowl Leukosis

THE most appropriate use of the term fowl leukosis seems to be in connection with the leukemias and leukemia-like diseases of fowls, diseases that are difficult of diagnosis without considerable study and sometimes impossible of differentiation.Some strains are transmissible, a fact that facilitates their study, and have been described, whereas others are not transmissible with certainty and are not understood. Some strains are apparently pure and produce the same result at all times. Others are complex with apparently several disease-producing qualities.Strain 1 is apparently a pure strain that has a single etiological agent, producing only leukemia by stimulating primitive blood cells to unrestricted growth. Transfer succeeds best by intravenous injection of whole blood but also by plasma, blood-forming tissues, and filtrates. The causative agent resists desiccation, glycerinization, and freezing. Its tumor-producing ability has been tested by intramuscular injections of whole blood and leukotic tissue without the production of .

Fowl Leukosis: V. Transmission Experiments

IN CONDUCTING transmission experiments with a disease such as fowl leukosis, it seems of prime importance that one should have definite knowledge of the origin of the chicks used for injection. The birds used in these experiments were hatched at the laboratory from our own breeding flocks, kept solely for this purpose. A definite mating and hatching, as well as family record, was available for each chick. The chicks from each hen were separated into a series, that is, one chick for injection, one for contact and one for a control. In the event any cases of leucosis developed in the breeding flock during the experiment the chicks from this hen were immediately removed from the experiment and are not tabulated in the results. This precaution was solely to eliminate the possibility of spontaneous cases in our experimental birds. The controls were kept on a separate part of the farm, .

Fowl Leukosis: IV. Symptoms and Pathology

FOWL leukosis has probably caused more losses to the poultry industry in this country during the last ten years than any other single disease. The complexity of the disease has led to a great deal of confusion as well as a variable terminology which expresses, in most cases, a quite adequate nomenclature for single manifestations but is inadequate as a name for this disease as a whole. There is usually considerable overlapping in the various expressions of the disease so that in each case the nomenclature used pertains to the type of cells in predominance. It would appear all types come from undifferentiated stages. These cells are the predominating cells in the lesions and are termed hemocytoblasts, which are cells possessing potentialities toward any of the blood cell types.A particular case in question can be definitely classified into a type only when enough of these cells have differentiated sufficiently .

Transmission of Fowl Leukosis

MARKED progress has been made during the past decade in determining the true nature of fowl leukosis. Most contributions, however, have been in the pathology of the disease and in experimental transmission. All of this information is necessary for a better knowledge of the fundamental nature of the disease, but so far the poultryman has received no definite clues regarding natural transmission within his flock, nor any method for control. The present investigations reported herein suggest at least two ways in which the disease may be disseminated within a flock that contains one or more leukotic fowls.There has been written considerable about leukosis and allied conditions of fowls with no general agreement as to what specific conditions should come under this name. According to Dorland’s medical dictionary, the term leukosis has two meanings: 1. An aggregation of dead or dying leukocytes seeking to escape from the body. 2 Leukemia. .

Fowl Leukosis

Journal Article Fowl Leukosis Get access C. D. Lee, C. D. Lee From the Veterinary Research Institute, Iowa State College, Ames Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. L. Wilcke, H. L. Wilcke From the Veterinary Research Institute, Iowa State College, Ames Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Chas. Murray, Chas. Murray Director> From the Veterinary Research Institute, Iowa State College, Ames Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. W. Henderson E. W. Henderson From the Veterinary Research Institute, Iowa State College, Ames Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 61, Issue 1, July 1937, Pages 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/61.1.1 Published: 01 July 1937 Article history Received: 12 October 1936 Published: 01 July 1937