Fourth Station Research Articles

Evaluation of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Number of Aquarium Waters in Kirkuk Governorate and Determination of Bacterial Content of Pond Water

This study aimed to evaluate the fish ponds in the outskirts of Kirkuk, starting from the Hawija district, Daqouq, Lylan, Yayji and Taza, and the tests were conducted in the Department of Environment and Agriculture and included water samples of carb fish ponds. The physical, chemical and biological traits were measured for January 2024. The temperature recorded the highest value of 40 m in September in the first station. The highest value of electrical delivery was recorded in the September at the fifth station, as it amounted to 3.227 microscopes/cm and the lowest value of 0.477 microscopes/cm per month in the fourth station, and the results showed the high values of electrical conductivity at the fifth station in all study months. As for the values of the total soluble solid materials at the five study stations, the highest value of 1860 mg/l in November was recorded in the fourth station and the lowest value in the same station was recorded in August, the results showed the high values of the total solid materials in the fifth station in all months of the study. As for the values of Akkara, it ranged between 111-0.833 mg/l, and the highest value of 111 mg/l was recorded in the month of August in the fourth station and the lowest value of 0.833 mg/l in November in the first station, and it was noted through the table the high values The second in all months of the study, and the values of the pH in fish ponds ranged between 6.4-7.4, meaning that the water in the fish ponds tends to be a little alkaline, as the fifth station in the month of August was registered with the highest values of hydrogen, 7.4, and the value was recorded at the second station 6.4.

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE SHUSHIC RIVER USING BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

The study of river waters and water flows of their tributaries is very important and necessary for the protection, use and improvement of their condition. According to the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000) the use of benthic macroinvertebrates in river water quality monitoring is considered an efficient method. This study was conducted during 2019 in the Shushicë river, where its purpose was to assess the quality of river waters using the biotic index ASPT (BMWP) and the biotic index - SWRC. The sampling method used was based on the Kick net technique with a mesh size of 500 microns. From the sampling taken in four stations, 481 individuals belonging to two types (Arthropoda and Annelida), one class (Insecta) and one subclass (N/K Oligochaeta) were collected. The unidentified species belong to 8 orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Haplotaxid, Odonata, Hoplonemertea) and 28 families. Based on the results obtained from the calculation of the ASPT (BMWP) biotic index, station I and III result in a "Clean" bio classification, station II and IV result in a "Partially clean" bio-classification. From the SWRC Biotic index calculations, the first station and the fourth station result in a bio classification of "Good", the second station results in a bio classification of "Clean", and the third station results in a bio classification of "Excellent" Based on the Biotic index ASPT (BMWP) and SWRC we can say that the Shushic river resultshas a good water quality, and partially with a slight organic pollution.

Optimization of Production Process by Applying Theory of Constraint (TOC) at CV. Wijaya Mandiri Label

CV. Wijaya Mandiri Label is a company engaged in the printing industry sector located in Sidoarjo which provides printing services inside and outside Sidoarjo. In the production process, problems arise after several years of operation at work stations that cause bottlenecks in the production capacity of bontax and OPP sticker printing, thus hindering the production process to run optimally. This resulted in an inefficient sticker production process in meeting targets that made throughput not optimal. To overcome these problems, researchers conducted research that explored the use of Theory of Constraints (TOC) and supporting methods, namely linear programming, to optimize the company's production process and analyze data on working hours and product production demand. From the results of the research, it was concluded that the company experienced Capacity Constraints which caused bottlenecks at the fourth work station in the last six months. After exploiting the constraints on the bottleneck workstation, throughput is obtained using a linear programming calculation formulation with the results of x1= 0 and x2 = 3,948.47 amounting to IDR16,781,000 in WinQSB software. The final stage of constraint elevation is carried out by allocating operators to bottleneck work stations and obtaining an increase in throughput of IDR6,322,300 or a percentage increase of 27.4% using WinQSB software.

Three-dimensional VP, VS, and VP/VS imaging based on AI microseismic detection reveals the mechanism of induced earthquakes in the Xiluodu Reservoir Area, China

The Xiluodu Reservoir (XLD), the third hydropower station developed downstream of the Jinsha River, is currently the fourth largest hydropower station worldwide. The reservoir has been impounded for 10 years, and numerous earthquakes have occurred, thus indicating an increased seismic risk. In existing studies, the deep tectonics and fine-scale structure in the reservoir area have not been sufficiently explained. Thus, the mechanism underlying reservoir-induced seismicity in this area remains unclear. In this study, we utilized a microseismic catalogue compiled based on the LOC-FLOW workflow (Li et al., 2023), alongside long-term observation data from a dense seismic array in the Jinsha River downstream, to obtain high-precision 3D VP, VS and VP/VS structures, as well as refined seismic relocations in the XLD Reservoir area. Additionally, we incorporated petrological, geomagnetic, gravity, crustal density, geodetic observation and numerical simulation data, which demonstrate that seismicity in the reservoir head area and near the Manao Fault is influenced by fluids. Moreover, the two M4 earthquakes that occurred east of the Lianfeng Fault are indicative of tectonic activity. Of these earthquakes, the Tianba earthquake cluster in the reservoir head area is located in a high-VP/VS zone, while a low-VS anomaly channel is observed here, which suggests that large amounts of fluid infiltrated along the fault, increasing the pore pressure and reducing the effective stress on the fault. The Wuji earthquake cluster in the head area is also located in a low-VP/VS zone, which indicates a low porosity and possibly undrained conditions. Thus, the earthquakes in this area are the result of coupled elastic stress-pore water pressure interactions.

Exploring marine surface microplastic around Pasaran Island, Lampung Province

Microplastics have been challenging issues as an emerging pollutant in the marine environment. The objective aims to assess the surface microplastic abundance and morphology around Pasaran Island, Lampung Province. Sampling was done by using plankton net in four sampling stations, which were selected purposively and sampled using the composite method in the morning and evening. The microplastics would be analyzed by visual inspection for the morphology (shape, size, and colors) and polymers. The microplastic abundance around Pasar Island was identified as 67,25±24.8 items/L. The highest finding was located in the fourth station, which was the nearest area of fishing activities. However, there was no significant difference spatially and temporally. The dominant size distribution was 401-1000 (40%) mm, while blue (33%) and black (28%) were the most commonly found colors. The microplastic shape was observed in fiber (72%), followed by fragment (20%). The Raman test was done to identify its polymer, using a blue fragment sample detected as polypropylene.

The Effect of the Power Plant on the Biodiversity of Zooplankton

The research was conducted to study the impact of thermal pollution on the Nasseriyah power plant ( NPP ) on the zooplankton community and the water quality of the Euphrates River. The study area included four stations: the first before the discharge point (control station), the second station, the discharge point of the hot liquid station flows, and the third and fourth stations after the discharge point. Several physical and chemical variables that directly relate to the presence of zooplankton and water quality have been selected, namely water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and BOD5. The study results showed a significant decrease in the quality of river water compared to national and international determinants and a decrease in the number, density, and diversity of zooplankton species. We observed the complete disappearance of the class of Cladocera in the second station in some months of study due to the negative impact of the plant flows. Keywords: NPP, Zooplankton, Cladocera

3D VP, VS, and VP/VS Structures and Seismicity of the Lower Reaches of the Jinsha River, China

Abstract The Jinsha River flows through the tectonically active Sichuan and Yunnan regions, which have frequent strong earthquake activities. Four large-scale hydropower dams have been built in the lower reaches of the river and had begun impounding water successively since October 2012, with the Baihetan (BHT) and Xiluodu (XLD) being the second and fourth largest hydropower stations in the world. Using the seismic data recorded by dense seismic stations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River from January 2010 to December 2019, we obtain the 3D crustal VP, VS, and VP/VS models and seismic relocations by applying the VP/VS model consistency-constrained double-difference tomography method (tomoDDMC). After Xiangjiaba (XJB) and XLD started to store water, earthquakes were mainly clustered in two areas where the seismicity was weak before the impoundment, that is, (1) the western segment of the Mabian-Yanjin fault (MBYJF) zone on the west side of the river and the tail section of XJB, and (2) the southwest part of Leibo-Yongshan basin near the middle section of XLD reservoir. We find that the areas where earthquakes are concentrated have characteristics of high-velocity and low-VP/VS. These particular features may provide important information for predicting the potential earthquake risk areas. In addition, we found a well-resolved high-velocity and low-VP/VS zone sandwiched between two layers of low velocity and high VP/VS at depths ranging from 3 to 10 km beneath the Qiaojia area along the Xiaojiang fault (XJF), which suggests that the seismic activity in this area may increase with the storage of the BHT dam in April 2021.

FlexPES: a versatile soft X-ray beamline at MAX IV Laboratory.

FlexPES is a soft X-ray beamline on the 1.5 GeV storage ring at MAX IV Laboratory, Sweden, providing horizontally polarized radiation in the 40-1500 eV photon energy range and specializing in high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy, fast X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron-ion/ion-ion coincidence techniques. The beamline is split into two branches currently serving three endstations, with a possibility of adding a fourth station at a free port. The refocusing optics provides two focal points on each branch, and enables either focused or defocused beam on the sample. The endstation EA01 at branch A (Surface and Materials Science) is dedicated to surface- and materials-science experiments on solid samples at ultra-high vacuum. It is well suited not only to all flavours of photoelectron spectroscopy but also to fast (down to sub-minute) high-resolution X-ray absorption measurements with various detectors. Branch B (Low-Density Matter Science) has the possibility to study gas-phase/liquid samples at elevated pressures. The first endstation of this branch, EB01, is a mobile setup for various ion-ion and electron-ion coincidence techniques. It houses a versatile reaction microscope, which can be used for experiments during single-bunch or multi-bunch delivery. The second endstation, EB02, is based on a rotatable chamber with an electron spectrometer for photoelectron spectroscopy studies on primarily volatile targets, and a number of peripheral setups for sample delivery, such as molecular/cluster beams, metal/semiconductor nanoparticle beams and liquid jets. This station can also be used for non-UHV photoemission studies on solid samples. In this paper, the optical layout and the present performance of the beamline and all its endstations are reported.

Evaluation of the Suitability of Mukdadiya Formation Rocks for Using in Concrete / Northern Hemrin Anticline

The aim of this work is to evaluate the suitability of gravely sediments of the Mukdadiya formation (Lower Pliocene) in the northern Hemrin anticline on Tikrit – Kirkuk road / north-eastern of Iraq for concrete uses , and compared with the standard specifications (Iraqi, American and British) samples have been collected from four different stations by two samples for each station for the purpose of conducting various geotechnical tests including physical tests , strength and durability as well as chemical tests) Results of geotechnical evaluation for physical tests show that the grain size distribution of the 1st and 2nd stations suitable for uses to concrete for classes (40) class except 3rd. and 4th station , according to[1] , the results of Flakiness Index and elongation Index shows that the samples of four stations did not exceed the permitted border According to the British Standard and suitable to be provided by the requirements for the use of concrete . 
 The strength tests also showed the results of (AIV) shows it's don’t exceed than 9.95%) for all sample in the study area , and for compressive strength that taken from point load test shows that all stations classified the aggregate strength (very strong - extremely strong) according to[3] . 
 Durability geotechnical tests (Loss Angeles) results shows the percentage of weight loss for the four samples are not exceed the defined value 35% , so it is suitable for use for concrete and sub-base coarse aggregate and soundness test results shows suitability of all samples to use in concrete works .
 The chemical analysis shows suitability according to the standards .
 Overall, the study showing suitability for all tests with the requirements of the aggregate that are used in concrete except simple deviation in the grain grading in the third and fourth station .

Addressing environmental and parasitic contamination problem of the water and sediments of the euphrates river by granular activated date (GAD) seeds and studying some physical and chemical properties in Al-Najaf governorate

In order to know the efficiency of sterilization in eliminating parasites and its suitability for environment measurements, samples of the water and sediments was taken from six stations the Euphrates River. The samples were transported in clean and sterile bottles to the laboratory. A sedimentation method was used for parasites. Ten species of parasites isolated from water of the six stations while isolated seven were exists in the sediments of these stations. The water and sediments of the station first were contaminate with parasites rate 25.8% and 13.7%, the water and sediments of the second station are contaminated with parasites rate 12.8% and 20.2%, the water and sediments of the third station are contaminated with parasites rate 4.2% and 18.2%, the water and sediments of the fourth station are contaminated with parasites rate 22.8% and 18%, the water and sediments of the fifth station are contaminated with parasites rate 12.0% and 5.4% and the water and sediments of the sixth station are contaminated with parasites rate 12.9% and 1.7%. Giardia lamblia rate 25.4% it is most found in water while Trichomonas hominis rate 18.4% It is most found in sediments. A result of the study shows significant difference between of the temperature of air and water in all study stations, the air temperature ranged (40.10–15.2°C) and the water temperature between (26.3–9.4°C) while PH was (9.89–7.5), recorded electrical conductivity (5745–2515 μs/cm) and salinity was (4.80–1.56 g/cm) the river's water was of low salinity also dissolved oxygen was (12.9–6.2 mg/L). Date seed used as granular by activated carbon used for purification and remove parasite from water filter and waste water treatment.

Respiratory-gated 18F Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Primary Gastric Lesions and Gastric Lymph Nodes in Patients with Gastric Cancer

AimsTo evaluate the added value of respiratory-gated positron emission tomography (PET) in 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the visual and semi-quantitative assessment of primary gastric lesions and gastric lymph nodes for patients with gastric cancer. Materials and methodsIn total, 102 upper abdominal respiratory-gated and whole-body 18F FDG PET/MRI of 88 patients with gastric cancer were evaluated visually and semi-quantitatively. For 41 patients who underwent surgery, histopathological and PET findings were compared. Three PET images were obtained from upper abdominal PET data: non-Q static (non-QS) PET from all counts, respiratory-gated Q static (QS) PET from counts in the end-expiration phase of breathing, shortened 4 min (S4min) PET that was reconstructed to obtain similar counts to QS PET. The semi-quantitative parameters (standardised uptake values, metabolic tumour volume, total lesion glycolysis) of primary lesions for each PET image, the sizes of primary lesions and the patient's body mass index were recorded. According to lymph node stations, the presence and numbers of positive lymph nodes and visual scores of lymph nodes for each PET image were recorded. ResultsThe patients with smaller gastric lesions (≤30 mm) or higher body mass index (>30) had significantly higher standardised uptake value percentage changes in QS PET compared with non-QS PET (all P < 0.05). The third (lesser curvature), fourth (greater curvature) and sixth (infra-pyloric) lymph node stations had significantly higher visual scores in the QS PET than in the others. The fourth lymph node station had a significantly higher number of FDG-positive lymph node in the QS PET than in the non-QS and the whole-body PET images. In the fourth station, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy increased in the QS PET compared with the others. ConclusionRespiratory-gated PET/MRI was found to be significantly superior in the evaluation of especially the fourth lymph node station, smaller gastric lesions and in the patients with a higher BMI compared with the non-respiratory-gated PET images.

Calibration and evaluation of six popular evapotranspiration formula based on the Penman-Monteith model for continental climate in Turkey

Due to the difficulties in measuring and collecting meteorological data, it may be necessary to use methods that allow for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration values by using the few available data. For this reason, it is useful to calibrate empirical formulas locally, which enables obtaining accurate and reliable estimates with a small number of data. The effects of other parameters excluded from the employed data are included in the formula as regional coefficients. In this study, six empirical evapotranspiration formulas among temperature-based and solar radiation-based methods, including Thornthwaite (1948), Makkink (1957), Turc (1961), Jensen and haise (1963), Priestley and Taylor (1972), and Hargreaves and samani (1985) are calibrated, for continental climates of Central Anatolia's. To this end, meteorological data of three synoptic stations located in the west of Turkey in Kutahya province are employed from 2007 through 2019. Moreover, the data of the fourth station are applied for evaluating the accuracy of the estimated results. The main reason for employing these six formulas are behind in the fact that they are globally used, easy-to-use, and need few types of data. Meanwhile, Penman-Monteith 56 equation is applied to calibrate the empirical equations. In total, three methods are followed to estimate the local calibration coefficients. Finally, the evaluation of the results is performed by using the coefficient of determination, percentage error of estimate, mean absolute error, and root-mean-square error. According to the evaluation criteria, among calibrated formulas, Jensen and haise's (1963) formula was obtained to be the best for estimating ETo.

The tracking detector of the FASER experiment

FASER is a new experiment designed to search for new light weakly-interacting long-lived particles (LLPs) and study high-energy neutrino interactions in the very forward region of the LHC collisions at CERN. The experimental apparatus is situated 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction-point aligned with the beam collision axis. The FASER detector includes four identical tracker stations constructed from silicon microstrip detectors. Three of the tracker stations form a tracking spectrometer, and enable FASER to detect the decay products of LLPs decaying inside the apparatus, whereas the fourth station is used for the neutrino analysis. The spectrometer has been installed in the LHC complex since March 2021, while the fourth station is not yet installed. FASER will start physics data taking when the LHC resumes operation in early 2022. This paper describes the design, construction and testing of the tracking spectrometer, including the associated components such as the mechanics, readout electronics, power supplies and cooling system.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Fish Breeding Center

Background &amp; Aims of the Study: Environmental impact assessment is the identification and systematic evaluation of the consequences of projects and programs on physical-chemical, biological, cultural, and socio-economic components of the environment. Changes caused by urban and rural effluents in the environment can directly affect the downstream part of the river. The goal of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of the fish farming center of Miandoab and analyze the implementation and not implementation of the project at the two phases of construction and operation, which was conducted using the Saratoga Matrix. In addition to this goal, the physicochemical parameters of water and dissolved oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, ammonia, temperature, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were measured every 30 days in summer 2020. Materials and Methods: Miandoab Fish Breeding Center on a land area of 2000 hectares is designed for breeding hydrothermal fish. The Saratoga matrix was used to evaluate the environmental effects and analyze the two options of implementation and non-implementation of the project in the two phases of construction and operation. In the present study, four stations were determined to investigate the effect of the Miandoab Fish Breeding Center on physicochemical parameters of water in different parts of the Siminehrood river in Miandoab city. Based on the results of physicochemical parameters, the Water Quality Index (WQINSF) was calculated. Results: The result of the effects at the construction phase (-83) and operation phase (+137) indicated that implementation and operation of the fish farming center of Miandoab have positive effects. The results of the water evaluation showed that there was no significant difference in temperature between study stations (P&gt;0.05). The parameters of nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, ammonia, dissolved oxygen, pH, and BOD5 were significantly affected by different stations (P&lt;0.05). The highest and lowest levels of BOD5 in stations three and one were 12±0.001 and 5.5±0.707 mg/L, respectively and also the highest and lowest ammonia levels were observed at 1.16±0.156 and 0.01±0.001 mg/l in stations one and four, respectively. Conclusion: With the implementation of the project, some difficulties, such as lack of water caused by wasting it in soil channels, overall condition of fish farming activity in the region, immigration from villages to urban areas, lack of employment and lower-income and welfare of the people will be improved; accordingly, and a positive trend will be taken in the future. According to the Water Quality Index (WQINSF), the first and second stations showed good quality status and the third and fourth stations showed lower (average) status. Therefore, it is recommended that all units be equipped with wastewater treatment systems.

Spatial variations of water quality in Al-Hilla River, Babil Province, Iraq

The study was conducted to explain the variations of ten variables of WQI in four stations at Al-Hilla River which is the major branch of the Euphrates River, and located in the middle of Babylon Province. It extends for 101 km long. Water samples were collected from the river from June 2016 to May 2017. Ten of the physicochemical parameters were analyzed; dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, the potential of hydrogen, calcium, magnesium, nitrates, phosphates, turbidity and total alkalinity. The range of water quality index values of Al-Hilla River is 48.63 was recorded at station 1, the values indicate good water quality to very poor (85.67) at station 4, according to weighted arithmetic. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the first and fourth stations. The results values of WQI were 56.61 and 82.81 at stations 2 and 3 which indicate poor at station 2 and very poor status at station 3, respectively. The values of water quality index within turbidity ranged from 133.7 at station 1 to 192.04 at station 4 and the results values of WQI were 206.39 and 156.30 at stations 2 and 3. Significant (P&lt;0.05) relationships were noted in the water quality index among the stations.

Status of Earthquake Early Warning in Switzerland

The Swiss Seismological Service (SED) at ETH has been developing methods and open-source software for Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) for more than a decade and has been using SeisComP for earthquake monitoring since 2012. The SED has built a comprehensive set of SeisComP modules that can provide EEW solutions in a quick and transparent manner by any seismic service operating SeisComP. To date, implementations of the Virtual Seismologist (VS) and Finite-Fault Rupture Detector (FinDer) EEW algorithms are available. VS provides rapid EEW magnitudes building on existing SeisComP detection and location modules for point-source origins. FinDer matches growing patterns of observed high-frequency seismic acceleration amplitudes with modeled templates to identify rupture extent, and hence can infer on-going finite-fault rupture in real-time. Together these methods can provide EEW for all event dimensions from moderate to great, if a high quality, EEW-ready, seismic network is available. In this paper, we benchmark the performance of this SeisComP-based EEW system using recent seismicity in Switzerland. Both algorithms are observed to be similarly fast and can often produce first EEW alerts within 4–6 s of origin time. In real time performance, the median delay for the first VS alert is 8.7 s after origin time (56 earthquakes since 2014, from M2.7 to M4.6), and 7 s for FinDer (10 earthquakes since 2017, from M2.7 to M4.3). The median value for the travel time of the P waves from event origin to the fourth station accounts for 3.5 s of delay; with an additional 1.4 s for real-time data sample delays. We demonstrate that operating two independent algorithms provides redundancy and tolerance to failures of a single algorithm. This is documented with the case of a moderate M3.9 event that occured seconds after a quarry blast, where picks from both events produced a 4 s delay in the pick-based VS, while FinDer performed as expected. Operating on the Swiss Seismic Network, that is being continuously optimised for EEW, the SED-ETHZ SeisComP EEW system is achieving performance that is comparable to operational EEW systems around the world.

Fauna associated with non-native Sargassum muticum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) vary with thallus morphology and site type (sounds and bays)

ABSTRACT The invasive brown alga Sargassum muticum was first recorded in Norway in 1988 and is presently common in the sublittoral fringe on the sheltered coast in South Norway. Here, results from a study on mesofauna associated with S. muticum in an archipelago on the southwest coast of Norway are presented, with two stations placed in sounds exposed to tidal currents and two in sheltered bays. Sargassum muticum occurred with a patchy distribution and an estimated density of less than 7 individuals m−2 at three of the stations (two in sheltered bays and one in a sound) and 42 individuals m−2 at the fourth station (placed in a sound). A total of 102 distinct faunal taxa were identified, with an average of 31 taxa per sample. Crustacea and Gastropoda constituted around half of the identified taxa. Fauna richness showed no relation to site type but had a curvilinear correlation with habitat size (dry weight of thallus). Total and sessile fauna richness showed a significant negative correlation with branching density. Vagile faunal density showed a curvilinear correlation with weight of epiphytes and was significantly related to site type with higher densities in the bays. The community composition of vagile fauna reflected this and was significantly related to site type, but not to epiphyte weight or branching density. When including sessile taxa in a community analysis the stations became less separated, and the community was significantly influenced by branch density. Thus, both site characteristics and morphology of S. muticum influenced the associated fauna community.

Effect of Air Temperature Increase on Changes in Thermal Regime of the Oder and Neman Rivers Flowing into the Baltic Sea

The paper presents long-term changes in water temperature in two rivers, Oder and Neman, with catchments showing different climatic conditions (with dominance of marine climate in the case of the Oder and continental climate in the case of the Neman River). A statistically significant increase in mean annual water temperature was recorded for four observation stations, ranging from 0.17 to 0.39 °C dec−1. At the seasonal scale, for the winter half-year, water temperature increase varied from 0.17 to 0.26 °C dec−1, and for the summer half-year from 0.17 to 0.50 °C dec−1. In three cases (Odra-Brzeg, Odra-Słubice, Niemen-Grodno), the recorded changes referred to the scale of changes in air temperature. For the fourth station on Neman (Smalininkai), an increase in water temperature in the river was considerably slower than air temperature increase. It should be associated with the substantial role of local conditions (non-climatic) affecting the thermal regime in that profile. Short-term forecast of changes in water temperature showed its further successive increase, a situation unfavorable for the functioning of these ecosystems.

Computation of Energy Absorption and Residual Voltage in a Fourth Rail LRT Station Arresters in EMTP-RV: A Comparative Study

This paper presents a study on the performance of a fourth rail direct current (DC) urban transit affected by an indirect lightning strike. The indirect lightning strike was replicated and represented by a lightning-induced overvoltage by means of the Rusck model, with the sum of two Heidler functions as its lightning channel base current input, on a perfect conducting ground. This study aims to determine whether an indirect lightning strike has any influence with regard to the performance of the LRT Kelana Jaya line, a fourth rail DC urban transit station arrester. The simulations were carried out using the Electromagnetic Transients Program–Restructured Version (EMTP–RV), which includes the comparison performance results between the 3EB4-010 arrester and PDTA09 arrester when induced by a 90 kA (9/200 µs). The results demonstrated that the PDTA09 arrester showed better coordination with the insulated rail bracket of the fourth rail. It allowed a lower residual voltage and a more dynamic response, eventually resulting in better voltage gradient in the pre-breakdown region and decreased residual voltage ratio in the high current region.

Climate change impacts on potential water savings through household rainwater tanks in Adelaide (Australia)

This paper presents impacts of climate change on future water savings through rainwater tanks for the city of Adelaide in South Australia. Four rainfall stations within Adelaide metropolitan were selected for the current study. The projected rainfall data was generated by the Australian government applying Statistical Downscaling Modelling (SDSM) technique using observed data for the period of 1986-2005. Projected data was downloaded from the Australian government’s climate portal for three future years (2040, 2065 and 2090) and for two climate change scenarios. Projected daily rainfall data was applied to an earlier developed daily water balance model, eTank, which was widely used for the analysis of rainwater tank outcomes. Analyses were conducted for a single demand of rainwater (300 L/day) for two roof sizes (150 m2 and 300 m2) and two tank volumes (5 kL and 10 kL). It is found that potential future water savings for all the selected future years for the three selected stations are expected to reduce; considering all the variables, ranges of potential reductions for “Adelaide Airport” is 1%∼53%, for “Kent Town” is 4%∼29% and for “Happy Valley Reservoir” is 1%∼27%. For the fourth station, Edinburgh Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), water savings are expected to increase under all the scenarios with a roof size of 150 m2. Whereas, with a roof size of 300 m2, for the same station water savings are expected to decrease under all the scenarios. The maximum potential increase in water savings is expected to be 16% (with a roof of 150 m2), while the maximum potential decrease in water savings is expected to be 23% (with a roof of 300 m2).