Fourth Segment Research Articles

Comparative analysis of RNN versus IIR digital filtering to optimize resilience to dynamic perturbations in pH sensing for vertical farming

AbstractVertical farming (VF) refers to systems of agriculture where crops are grown in trays stacked vertically by exposing them to artificial light and using sensing technology to improve product quality and yield. In this work, we propose an advanced filtering scheme based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and deep learning to enable efficient control strategies for VF applications. We demonstrate that the best RNN model incorporates five neuron layers, with the first and second containing 90 long short‐term memory neurons. The third layer implements one gated recurrent units neuron. The fourth segment incorporates one RNN network, while the output layer is designed by using a single neuron exhibiting a rectified linear activation function. By utilizing this RNN digital filter, we introduce two variations: (1) a scaled RNN model to tune the filter to the signal of interest, and (2) a moving average filter to eliminate harmonic oscillations of the output waveforms. The RNN models are contrasted with conventional digital Butterworth, Chebyshev I, Chebyshev II, and elliptic infinite impulse response (IIR) configurations. The RNN digital filtering schemes avoid introducing unwanted oscillations, which makes them more suitable for VF than their IIR counterparts. Finally, by utilizing the advanced features of scaling of the RNN model, we demonstrate that the RNN digital filter can be pH selective, as opposed to conventional IIR filters.

Near Complete Biliopancreatic Segment Necrosis: A Rare and Unknown Entity Observed After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass-A Case Report.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is one of the common bariatric surgery procedures performed worldwide. Necrosis of the biliopancreatic or Roux limbs in the late period after RYGB is a rarely observed condition, the most common causes of which are postoperative adhesion, inflammatory entities, volvulus, intussusception, and internal herniations. The goal of surgical treatment is the removal of the necrotic segment and the reconstruction of biliopancreatic or gastric drainage. Here, we present a rare case in which a patient developed complete necrosis of the third and fourth segments of the duodenum and proximal jejunal limb in the postoperative seventh month after undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Necrosis occurring after RYGB surgery often affects the Roux limb, though necrosis of the biliopancreatic limb is extremely rare. The goal of surgery is to remove the necrotic segment and reconstruct the drainage. An area of ischemia is often observed in the jejunum, while a large ischemic area was noted in the present case that encompassed the third and fourth parts of the duodenum. Although in general necrosis of the Roux limb occurs due to volvulus, intussusception, or internal herniation following RYGB surgery, it must be taken into account that necrosis of the jejunal, duodenal, or complete biliopancreatic segment may occur in cases in which the underlying etiology cannot be exactly revealed.

A Speedrun within a Rock Show

Bit Brigade is a five-piece band that combines hard-rock adaptations of classic-era Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) soundtracks with live speedruns of the game, performed in concert as a rock show. This article uses Bit Brigade as a case study to develop a conceptual model for multimedia analysis that investigates audiovisual integration in novel ways. The essay comes in four theoretical sections followed by a full analysis of Bit Brigade’s speedrun of The Legend of Zelda. The first section explores Johan Huizinga’s magic circle and Kofi Agawu’s region of play to describe types of semiotic play that involve the gamer, band, and audience at a show. The second and third sections focus on intertextuality and how adaptation and nostalgic recycling of the past yield meaning in this unique artform. The fourth segment unpacks intertextually enhanced agency and investigates audience immersion through the social act of performance. After developing this multi-part framework, the latter half of this article presents an analysis of Bit Brigade’s performance of The Legend of Zelda at MAGFest (2022), chosen because of the group’s unique musical and ludic approach to the game. Throughout, the goals of this study are to show how gaming performance parallels music making and to clarify the ways in which concepts associated with music theory can be reexamined through the study of video game performance art.

온라인 학습에서 사후 인출연습과 피드백 유형이 메타인지적 판단의 정확도와 학업성취에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of retrieval practice and various types of feedback on academic achievement and the accuracy of metacognitive judgments in an online learning environment. Participants were divided into a control group, which engaged in standard relearning, and three experimental groups that participated in retrieval practice. These groups were differentiated based on the type and amount of feedback provided: Group 1 received knowledge of results feedback, Group 2 received knowledge of correct response feedback, and Group 3 received elaborate feedback, each designed to test different aspects of learning reinforcement. Participants studied online learning content divided into four segments under these conditions. Metacognitive judgments were assessed through a survey after completing the fourth segment, and academic achievement was measured by a final test consisting of 20 items (9 previously studied items and 11 transfer items), administered one week after the end of the learning period. The results revealed significant differences in academic achievement between the experimental and control groups for both the previously studied and total items. Additionally, the experimental groups demonstrated significantly higher academic achievement and more accurate metacognitive judgments in both item categories compared to the control group. No significant differences were found among the feedback types. Based on these findings, the implications of the study are discussed.

Redescription of Taeniacanthus aulacocephali (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Taeniacanthidae) parasitic on Uranoscopus japonicus Houttuyn (Uranoscopidae) from Pacific coast, Japan, with adaptation of the non-destructive DNA technique.

Taeniacanthus aulacocephali Izawa, 2021 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Taeniacanthidae) was redescribed from the branchial cavity and gill filaments of Uranoscopus japonicus Houttuyn (Perciformes: Uranoscopidae) collected from the Pacific coast of the Kochi and Wakayama prefectures, Japan. This is the second record of the copepod, and the finding from U. japonicus represents the new host record. The species is characterized by several distinguishing features: 1) a decrease in the width of the habitus between the second and fourth pedigerous segments; 2) the ratio of prosome/body length; 3) the presence of eight setae on the exopodal terminal segment of leg 2; 4) an un-bifurcated maxilliped claw surrounded by 14-28 transverse ridges; and 5) the presence of an inner coxal seta on legs 2 and 3. The newly collected specimens were subjected to a modified non-destructive DNA extraction method and morphological description based on the same copepod individual, while preserving a morphologically describable specimen. Sequences of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene (cox1) were obtained.

Leadership among African Independent Churches

Abstract African Independent Churches are known to be the fourth segment of Christianity in Africa – after Roman Catholics and Orthodox Churches, and Western Protestant Churches. The early leaders had no books to read about leadership, no Bible Colleges and Seminaries where they learned about leading people. They did not have the opportunity to attend conferences and seminars on leadership. The means of getting information were scant. Despite all these challenges, they commanded thousands and even millions of people today and are influential. Some of their leaders were and are deified. This paper looks at the leadership qualities and dynamics of African Independent Churches to the extent that some of their leaders were and are treated as demigods. They have introduced a new style of leadership to African Christianity, which is gradually becoming the norm in most churches.

Glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome with extreme phenotypic variability in a five-generation family carrying a novel SLC2A1 variant.

Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is a metabolic disorder due to reduced expression of GLUT1, a glucose transporter of the central nervous system. GLUT1-DS is caused by heterozygous SLC2A1 variants that mostly arise de novo. Here, we report a large family with heterogeneous phenotypes related to a novel SLC2A1 variant. We present clinical and genetic features of a five-generation family with GLUT1-DS. The 14 (nine living) affected members had heterogeneous phenotypes, including seizures (11/14), behavioral disturbances (5/14), mild intellectual disability (3/14), and/or gait disabilities (2/14). Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed hippocampal sclerosis in the 8-year-old proband, who also had drug-responsive absences associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His 52-year-old father, who had focal epilepsy since childhood, developed paraparesis related to a reversible myelitis associated with hypoglycorrhachia. Molecular study detected a novel heterozygous missense variant (c.446C>T) in exon 4 of SLC2A1 (NM: 006516.2) that cosegregated with the illness. This variant causes an amino acid replacement (p.Pro149Leu) at the fourth transmembrane segment of GLUT1, an important domain located at its catalytic core. Our study illustrates the extremely heterogenous phenotypes in familial GLUT1-DS, ranging from milder classic phenotypes to more subtle neurological disorder including paraparesis. This novel SLC2A1 variant (c.446C>T) provides new insight into the pathophysiology of GLUT1-DS.

Federalism

The aim of this paper is to engage in a meticulous examination of Federalism as it manifests in the concrete socio-political landscapes of the United States, Brazil, and Germany, juxtaposed against its theoretical conceptual framework. To embark on such an ambitious endeavor, it is incumbent upon us to elucidate Federalism's etiological roots, multifaceted complexities, and operational mechanisms. In the course of this scrutiny, we shall assert that Federalism, despite the empirical heterogeneities that inherently characterize it, emerges as an indispensable paradigm for contemplating issues of pluralism, the devolution of authority, and the nurturing of regional identities. The corpus of this work is structured into five distinct segments: the first section is an exposition on the historical genesis of Federalism in the United States; the subsequent segment turns its focus to the conceptual underpinnings and philosophical provenance of Federalism; the third segment encompasses a detailed survey of Brazilian Federalism, sketching a historical trajectory that spans from the proclamation of the Republic to the post-military regime redemocratization; the fourth segment is consecrated to an analysis of the German model of Federalism. In our concluding remarks, we shall accentuate the intrinsic virtues of Federalism, extolling its capacity to expedite localized policy-making and administrative governance, safeguard regional and minority identities, and stymie the ascent of autocratic and dictatorial regimes. The first, third, and fourth sections engage in a jus-historical and philosophical inquiry, while the second and the ultimate sections tackle the normative-conceptual dimension and our interpretative exegeses, respectively.

Identification, seasonality, and body attachment location and nomenclature of parasitic water mites (Trombidiformes: Arrenuridae) on Anopheles crucians sensu lato, Anopheles quadrimaculatus sensu lato, and Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) from a North Florida botanical garden.

Water mites (Hydrachnidia) commonly parasitize mosquitoes; however, the nature of these parasitic interactions remains poorly understood. We sampled mites collected from mosquitoes taken from CDC light traps placed in a botanical garden in Northern Florida from April to November 2022. Mites were found almost exclusively parasitizing the mosquitoes, Anopheles crucians sensu lato (Wiedemann, 1828), Anopheles quadrimaculatus sensu lato (Say, 1824), and Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab, 1906). All sampled mites were of the genus Arrenurus. Further identification proved to be impossible given the available resources. Seasonality of the mites corresponded with the seasonality of their hosts, with the highest numbers being recorded in May and September. Nomenclature for mite attachment sites on mosquitoes was developed and provided. Mites most commonly attached to the second abdominal segments of all sampled mosquitoes with varied positions around the segment depending on mosquito species. We found significance for the relationship between the abdominal segment mites attached to and what position on the segment mites would take for Cx. erraticus, which indicates a preference of attaching directly underneath the second and fourth abdominal segments. Such a relationship was not found for either Anopheles species.

Gasteruption slovacum sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae)—a new species of carrot wasp from Central Europe

New species of carrot wasp—Gasteruption slovacum sp. nov.—is described based on a male collected near the village Čenkov in south of Slovakia. This species is similar and phylogenetically related to G. erythrostomum, from which it differs especially by the rough sculpture of mesoscutum, larger occipital carina, longer third and fourth antennal segments and larger total length. This species is also morphologically and in total length similar to G. insidiosum, from which it differs especially by the very small proportion of ivory colouration on legs. Phylogenetically, it forms a group with G. erythrostomum, which is nearest related to the group of G. nigrescens and G. foveiceps.

Unravelling the obscure homology: postembryonic development of chaetotaxic traits in a basal hexapod taxon (Collembola: Tomoceridae)

Abstract Homology assessment is essential for systematic zoology, but for many taxa and traits, precise recognition of homology can be challenging with limited evidence. Tomoceridae is one of the earliest branches in the elongate-bodied springtails (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha), and is among the commonest and best-known families in the class. However, the homology of some important traits is still obscure in this group, including its characteristic chaetotaxic traits. In this study, we conducted the first rigorous homology assessment of chaetotaxy in Tomoceridae based on ontogenetic evidence. The postembryonic development of chaetotaxy was investigated in three species of Tomocerus. The primary chaetotaxy of first instar larvae show high similarity within Tomocerinae. The postembryonic development involves extensive transformations between chaetal types. The continuous dwarfism of primary chaetae during development leads to apparent oligochaetosis in adults. The thoracic bothriotricha are transformed from primary macrochaetae. The sensory chaetotaxy is stable during postembryonic development, and shows interspecific differences mainly on the mesothorax and the fourth abdominal segment. This study will promote the future use of chaetotaxic traits in the taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of Tomoceridae, and will potentially illuminate the early evolution of Entomobryomorpha.

Effect of a sensing charge mutation on the deactivation of KV7.2 channels.

Potassium-selective, voltage-gated channels of the KV7 family are critical regulators of electrical excitability in many cell types. Removing the outermost putative sensing charge (R198) of the human KV7.2 shifts its activation voltage dependence toward more negative potentials. This suggests that removing a charge "at the top" of the fourth (S4) segment of the voltage-sensing domain facilitates activation. Here, we hypothesized that restoring that charge would bring back the activation to its normal voltage range. We introduced the mutation R198H in KV7.2 with the idea that titrating the introduced histidine with protons would reinstate the sensing charge. As predicted, the mutant's activation voltage dependence changed as a function of the external pH (pHEXT) while modest changes in the activation voltage dependence were observed with the wild-type (WT) channel. On the other hand, the deactivation kinetics of the R198H mutant was remarkably sensitive to pHEXT changes, readily deactivating at pHEXT 6, while becoming slower to deactivate at pHEXT 8. In contrast, the KV7.2 WT displayed modest changes in the deactivation kinetics as a function of pHEXT. This suggested that the charge of residue 198 was critical for deactivation. However, in a surprising turn, the mutant R198Q-a non-titratable mutation-also displayed a high pHEXT sensitivity activity. We thus concluded that rather than the charge at position 198, the protonation status of the channel's extracellular face modulates the open channel stabilization and that the charge of residue 198 is required for the voltage sensor to effectively deactivate the channel, overcoming the stabilizing effect of high pHEXT.

Вероятность формирования оползней на норвежской континентальной окраине

Numerous landslides are located on the passive margin of Norway. According to the landslides number and the extent of their detachment zones, the margin can be divided into three segments (from south to north) — Scandinavian, Barents Sea and Svalbard. The fourth segment (Arctic) is the transition area located north of the Spitsbergen archipelago. In the Scandinavian segment, about forty large submarine landslide bodies have been identified on the continental slope and deeper. The Barents Sea segment is dominated by deep-sea fan deposits and relatively small landslides. No large landslides were found in the Svalbard segment. Analysis of published and original geological and geophysical data indicates that the formation of new landslides may occur in the Svalbard segment, as well as on the Vestnesa Ridge.

Prevalence and characteristics of hepatic hemangiomas assessed by ultrasound: A single-center experience

Introduction/Objective. Liver hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver, with estimated prevalence of 2.5-4%. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of hepatic hemangioma in one Primary Care Center in Serbia. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study, which included patients examined in Primary Care Center "Dr Simo Milosevic" in Belgrade, Serbia (December 2017 - March 2020). Patients with suspected atypical changes, malignancies, viral hepatitis infections, and liver cirrhosis were excluded from the study. Results. A total of 567 patients were included in this study (men 42.5%). In 27 patients (4.76%) a diagnosed of hemangioma was made (male:female ratio: 1.1:1). The total number of hemangiomas detected was 48. Hemangiomas were most commonly found in the right liver lobe (32/48, 66,7%). In this study, hemangiomas were most commonly localized in the fourth liver segment (11/48, 22.9%). The mean diameter of the hemangioma was 13.8 mm. In the half of patients diagnosed with hemangioma, more than one hemangioma was detected (13/27, 48.1%). Conclusion. Hemangiomas of the liver are commonly multiple. No sex difference in hemangioma prevalence was noted. The right liver lobe is the most common hemangioma localization in this study cohort.

The effects of dynamic stalls on the aerodynamics and performance of a Darrieus rotor during self-start

Darrieus turbines face difficulty to self-start, especially in environments with fluctuating inflows that cause them to deviate repeatedly from their designed operating parameters. To elucidate the self-starting process in this study, a three-bladed Darrieus rotor was simulated numerically with vector diagrams to facilitate visualizations on the rotor behaviors. Based on segments of the average rotor torque coefficients (Cτ), the self-starting process consisted of linear and accelerated phases, with the first two segments in the linear phase and the next two segments in the accelerated phase. The simulation showed that the self-starting process was largely influenced by dynamic stalls. The rotor experienced difficulty to self-start in the first segment as it encountered a region of “dead band” with a negative mean cyclical caused by a reverse dynamic stall. This dynamic stall and its corresponding dead band disappeared in the second segment, which initiated the transition into the accelerated phase. In the third segment, forward dynamic stalls that formed boosted the generation and accelerated the angular speed of the rotor toward its peak. Finally, without any dynamic stalls formed in the fourth segment due to reduced values of the inflow angles on the blades, they reduced drastically until the rotor reached its steady phase. Outcomes from this work demonstrate that understanding the effects of unsteady aerodynamics is vital to improving the self-starting process. Potential design improvements on the rotor that address this aspect include static and dynamic pitching, blade flaps, intracyclical control, and flow controls using blowing and suction mechanisms.

Synergizing Sustainability: Recycling Food Waste for Plant Fertilizer Production and Unveiling Ecological Dynamics

Abstract: This research presents a comprehensive investigation into the environmental sustainability of recycling practices, plant health dynamics, soil composition variations, and water quality parameters. Utilizing synthetic data generated through a Google Form, the study explores the intricate relationships among these factors. The first segment focuses on recycling efficiency, employing an independent samples t-test to discern mean differences between 'Kitchen Waste' and 'Sawdust,' followed by a oneway ANOVA that delves into recycling efficiency variations among diverse feedstock types. The second segment elucidates plant variations, employing a one-way ANOVA to uncover patterns in nutrient content across different plant types and a regression analysis to unveil the quantitative relationships between plant characteristics and nutrient content. The third segment scrutinizes soil composition, utilizing a one-way ANOVA to identify significant differences in organic carbon content among various soil types. A cross-tabulation explores the intricate relationships between soil texture and soil type, while a correlation analysis delves into interdependencies among organic carbon, moisture content, water holding capacity, and pH level in the soil. The fourth segment investigates water quality parameters, employing a one-way ANOVA to unveil differences in BOD among distinct water sources and a correlation analysis that provides a holistic exploration of interrelationships among key water quality parameters. The synthesis of these analyses contributes to a nuanced understanding of environmental dynamics, paving the way for informed sustainability practices. The research not only advances our knowledge of individual factors but also provides a holistic perspective on their interplay, offering valuable insights for policymakers, environmental scientists, and practitioners aiming to enhance ecological well-being.

Effect of Heavy Metals in the Tigris River Waters Behind Al-Kut Dam 2022-2023

The experiment was applied for the waters of the Tigris River, at the back of the Al-Kut Dam for the studied sections. The study period was 10 months, which six sections of the Tigris River at the back of the Al-Kut Dam were selected. The distance between one section and another was 1000 meters. Divide the cross-section of the river into six sections, the distance between one section and another was 1000 m. the level of concentration of some heavy elements (cadmium, Pb, lead (Cd), and chromium (Cr) was studied. The results showed that the analysis of the lead metals in the Tigris River behind Al-Kut Dam in the months of the study period was the highest value in the third section S3, which was 6.11 ug/L (0.0061 mg/L). It was measured in water samples on April, 2023. The lowest value was 2.62 ug/L (0.0026 mg/L) in the first section S1. The water samples were measured on January, 2023. The percentage of cadmium in the study sections ranged from the lowest value to 3.53 ug/L (0.00353 mg/L) for the fourth segment S4 in September, 2023. The highest value was 6.50 ug/L (0.0065 mg/L) for the fifth segment S5, April, 2023. The results of the chromium analysis showed between 1.58 ug/L (0.00158 mg/L) for the sixth section S6, which water samples were obtained on February, 2023. The fourth section samples were obtained on August gave the highest value 5.97 ug/L (0.0059 mg/L). All the results of heavy elements showed that the water samples of the studied sections of the Tigris River at the back of the AlKut Dam were within the permissible limits.

Two new species of Lepidocyrtus (Fractocyrtus) Cipola & Bellini (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Lepidocyrtinae), with new records and a new name for Lepidocyrtus (F.) americanus Cipola & Bellini, 2018.

Herein we propose a new name, Lepidocyrtus (Fractocyrtus) amazonaensis nom. nov. Cipola, to replace L. americanus Cipola & Bellini 2018, a combination preoccupied by Marlatt (1896). In addition to new geographic records for the species, two new species of Fractocyrtus are described: L. (Fractocyrtus) andensis sp. nov. from the Colombian Andes and L. (Fractocyrtus) chicomendesi sp. nov. from the Occidental Brazilian Amazon. The new species differs from other members of the subgenus in body color, dorsal chaetotaxy of the head, chaetotaxy of the third and fourth abdominal segment, postlabial chaetotaxy, trochanteral organ, collophore and furcula, beyond morphology on the lateral process of the labial papilla E. New patterns of body pseudopores are described and added to the new diagnosis for the subgenus. Fractocyrtus now has four species, with distribution from the Andes to the Oriental Brazilian Amazon.

An enigmatic structure in the tail of vetulicolians from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China

AbstractCambrian vetulicolians have mosaic characteristics of both deuterostomes and protostomes, which has important implications for the origin and early evolution of the Deuterostomia. They are intriguing in their bizarre body plan with a series of pharyngeal gill slits. The anterior section is characterized by five pairs of gill pouches, while the paddle‐like posterior part is composed of seven or more segments. Although the overall external morphology and some internal anatomies of vetulicolians, such as pharyngeal cavity, gill system and alimentary canal, have largely been clarified, mysteries remain regarding some other internal structures, and their functional interpretations are highly controversial. In this study we identify an important but hitherto unrecognized feature: a sub‐rounded, wrinkled structure located ventrally at the posterior section (or ‘tail’) of weakly sclerotized members of vetulicolians, including Xidazoon stephanus and Didazoon haoae, from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota. The enigmatic structure consistently appears at or between the third and fourth segments of the posterior section. We show that the new structure is an internal organ in the body cavity of vetulicolians and infer that it might have functioned for reproduction, excretion or digestion. The finding of this enigmatic structure from X. stephanus and D. haoae enriches our understanding of vetulicolians and might facilitate further exploration of the anatomy and physiology of early deuterostomes.

Dental implant in anterior mandible according to mandibular lingual foramens and lingual mucosal vessels: using fusion volumetric images from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

BackgroundPerforation of the lingual cortex while placing dental implants in the interforaminal region of the mandible can cause severe hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the features of mandibular lingual foraminals (MLFs) and locational relationship between them and lingual mucosal vessels (LMVs) by CT/MRI fusion volumetric images.Methods37 images within complete anterior mandibular region using both MSCT and three-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (3D-VIBE) MRI were taken from our imaging archives. After exclusion of 11 for lesions or artifacts, 26 CT/MRI fusion volumetric images were included to evaluate the frequency, diameter, and position of MLFs. The anterior mandibular region was divided into 4 equal segments under each teeth, and 40 regions were got from C5 to D5. Furthermore, the positional relationship between MLFs and LMVs was analyzed in this coordinate system.Results62 MLFs (73.81%) were located below the incisors, followed by premolars (21.43%) and canines (4.76%). Female bias, the mean diameter of the female was 0.08 mm while the male was 0.21 mm. The total number of LMVs was most distributed on lingual side of C1 and D1. According to Spearman’s correlation coefficient, the location of MLFs was related to LMVs. The MLFs in fourth segment of D1 were positively moderately correlated with LMVs in fourth segment of D4, while the MLFs in third segment of C1 showed a weak positive correlation with LMVs in third segment of D4.ConclusionsThe features and the correlation between MLFs and LMVs in CT/MRI fusion volumetric images may offer reference to dentists when only MLFs can been seen on routine preoperative CT examination of implants.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered. (D2018-072)