Fourth Generation Networks Research Articles

A novel authentication scheme for long-term evolution mobility management: A security investigation

Long-term evolution in wireless broadband communication aims to provide secure communication for users and a high data rate for a fourth-generation network. Even though the fourth-generation network provides security, some loopholes lead to several attacks on the fourth-generation network attacks. The denial-of-service attack occurs when the user communicates with a rogue base station, and the radio base station in fourth-generation long-term evolution networks ensures that the user is attached to the rogue node assigned network. The location leak attack occurs when the packets are sniffed to find any user’s location using its temporary mobile subscriber identity. Prevention of rogue base station and location leak attacks helps the system achieve secure communication between the participating entities. Earlier works in long-term evolution mobility management do not address preventing attacks such as denial-of-service, rogue base stations and location leaks and suffer from computational costs while providing security features. Hence, the present paper addresses the vulnerability of these attacks. It also investigates how these attacks occur and exposes communication in the fourth-generation network. To mitigate these vulnerabilities, the paper proposes a novel authentication scheme. The proposed scheme is simulated using Network Simulator 3, and the security analysis of the proposed scheme is shown using AVISPA –a security tool. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme significantly reduces communication overhead and computational costs associated with the fourth-generation long-term evolution authentication mechanism.

4G Wireless Networks

One such development is fourth generation networks. Also called future generation or Next Generation Networks. The introduction of 4G has widened the scope of mobile communication. Now mobile is not only a device used for talking but its more or less a portable computer that can serve different purposes. 4G offers higher data rates with seamless roaming. The mobile user can communicate without any disturbance while switching his coverage network. 4G is still passing through research and therefore there are some problems that need to be fixed in order to benefit the users from it fully. In this report we discuss various challenges 4G is facing and solutions to those problems are discussed. We propose our own way of improving QoS in 4G by using combination of mobility protocol SMIP and SIP Keywords: 4G Wireless Networks,

Base Station Energy Management in 5G Networks Using Wide Range Control Optimization

The traffic activity of fifth generation (5G) networks demand for new energy management techniques that is dynamic deep and longer duration of sleep as compared to the fourth generation (4G) network technologies that demand always for varied control and data signalling based on control base station (CBS) and data base station (DBS). Hence, this paper discusses the energy management in wireless cellular networks using wide range of control for twice the reduction in energy conservation in non-standalone deployment of 5G network. As the new radio (NR) based 5G network is configured to transmit signal blocks for every 20 ms, the proposed algorithm implements withstanding capacity of on or off based energy switching, which in-turn operates in wide range control by carrying out reduced computational complexity. The proposed Wide range of control for base station in green cellular network using sleep mode for switch (WGCNS) algorithm toon and off the base station will work in heavy load with neighbouring base station. For reducing the overhead duration in air, heuristic versions of the algorithm are proposed at the base station. The algorithm operates based on the specification with suggested protocol-level to give best amount of energy savings. The proposed algorithm reduces 40% to 83% of residual energy based on the traffic pattern of the urban scenario.

Использование SDR технологии для задач сетевого позиционирования. Формирование опорных сигналов LTE

An analysis of the state of the problem of building prototypes of fourth and fifth generation network positioning technology, using the approach of model-based design and software-defined radio SDR (Software-Defined Radio) according to open foreign sources showed the high actuality and relevance of this direction. At the same time, insufficient attention is paid to this area of research and development in native sources. This paper proposes the layout of the developed SDR demonstrator of network positioning technology. The task of developing the demonstrator is to substantiate technical solutions to improve the accuracy of determining the location of devices in modern and future communication networks in the absence of signals from the global navigation satellite system. The purpose of using SDR technology for network positioning tasks is to get the opportunity to improve the developed technical solutions in the process of their actual operation. Developed demonstrator includes the following subsystems: a subsystem of eNB base station prototype with known coordinates that implements the generation and transmission of reference signals of the LTE standard; prototype of the user equipment UE, which implements the reception and processing of the reference signals of the LTE standard, as well as the primary processing of measurements using the reference signals of the LTE standard; eNB base station prototype synchronization subsystem, which implements the distribution of a timestamp signal; the SDR demonstrator control subsystem, which implements the control of the procedures for collecting primary measurements of network positioning and their secondary processing with the resulting estimate of the coordinates of the user equipment UE. Also, this article describes the results of software-hardware implementation and experimental testing of the LTE reference signal generator on USRP SDR devices in Matlab environment. The procedure for generating reference signals is uniquely determined by the cell identifier, and the generator itself is an integral part of the layout of the SDR network positioning technology being developed. Experimental testing of the reference signal generator in laboratory conditions using objective control tools showed correct determination of the group identificator and cell identificator within group, which uniquely determine initialized cell identifier.

Using Infinite-server Resource Queue with Splitting of Requests for Modeling Two-channel Data Transmission

New Radio Access Technology 3GPP New Radio has become the fundamental wireless technology in the fifth-generation networks, which allows us to achieve high data rates due to the ability to work in the millimeter-wave band. But the key feature and the main problem of 5G New Radio networks is that people themselves, cars, buildings, etc. are signal blockers, while the base stations of the fourth generation networks have widescreen broadcasting and such small obstacles do not cause loss of connection. Service providers and mobile operators are already testing the proposed technology. In this connection, the scientific community has the task of analyzing the performance of these systems and increasing it in the future. Currently, there are known studies of “basic” mathematical models of such networks. By this term, we mean models built in the simplest possible assumptions. However, due to the justified necessity of introducing new technology into the daily lives of subscribers, service providers pose the scientific community with the task of analyzing the effectiveness of the most appropriate mathematical models. For example, a technology of splitting transmitted data into two streams using as 5G and both 4G transmission technologies is considered now by 3GPP Project Coordination Group. The paper is devoted to such a problem. We consider a mathematical model of the message transmitting with the implementation of the splitting function in the communication networks of New Radio technology in the form of a resource queueing system with a renewal arrival process and non-exponential service. For this problem, an approximation of a stationary two-dimensional probability distribution of the number of occupied resources in parallel service units is obtained. It is shown that this approximation coincides with the Gaussian distribution, and its area of applicability is shown.

Handover Parameters Optimisation Techniques in 5G Networks.

The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evaluation comparisons were performed in terms of handover probability (HOP), ping-pong handover probability (PPHP) and outage probability (OP). The 5G network framework has been employed to evaluate the proposed system scenarios used. The simulation results reveal that there is a trade-off in the results obtained from various systems. The use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable enhancements compared to higher HCP settings in terms of OP. Simultaneously, the use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable drawbacks compared to higher HCP settings in terms of high PPHP for all scenarios of mobile speed. The simulation results show that medium HCP settings may be the acceptable solution if one of these systems is applied. This study emphasises the application of automatic self-optimisation (ASO) functions as the best solution that considers user experience.

Joint Resource Allocation and Transceiver Design for Sum-Rate Maximization Under Latency Constraints in Multicell MU-MIMO Systems

Due to the continuous advancements of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple antenna techniques, multiuser multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) OFDM is a key enabler of both fourth and fifth generation networks. In this paper, we consider the problem of weighted sum-rate maximization under latency constraints in finite buffer multicell MU-MIMO OFDM systems. Unlike previous works, the optimization variables include the transceiver beamforming vectors, the scheduled packet size and the resources in the frequency and power domains. This problem is motivated by the observation that multicell MU-MIMO OFDM systems serve multiple quality of service classes and the system performance depends critically on both the transceiver design and the scheduling algorithm. Since this problem is non-convex, we resort to the max-plus queuing method and successive convex approximation. We propose both centralized and decentralized solutions, in which practical design aspects, such as signaling overhead, are considered. Finally, we compare the proposed framework with state-of-the-art algorithms in relevant scenarios, assuming a realistic channel model with space, frequency and time correlations. Numerical results indicate that our design provides significant gains over designs based on the wide-spread saturated buffers assumption, while also outperforming algorithms that consider a finite-buffer model. Due to the continuous advancements of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple antenna techniques, multiuser multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) OFDM is a key enabler of both fourth and fifth generation networks. In this paper, we consider the problem of weighted sum-rate maximization under latency constraints in finite buffer multicell MU-MIMO OFDM systems. Unlike previous works, the optimization variables include the transceiver beamforming vectors, the scheduled packet size and the resources in the frequency and power domains. This problem is motivated by the observation that multicell MU-MIMO OFDM systems serve multiple quality of service classes and the system performance depends critically on both the transceiver design and the scheduling algorithm. Since this problem is non-convex, we resort to the max-plus queuing method and successive convex approximation. We propose both centralized and decentralized solutions, in which practical design aspects, such as signaling overhead, are considered. Finally, we compare the proposed framework with state-of-the-art algorithms in relevant scenarios, assuming a realistic channel model with space, frequency and time correlations. Numerical results indicate that our design provides significant gains over designs based on the wide-spread saturated buffers assumption, while also outperforming algorithms that consider a finite-buffer model.

A Multi-Carrier Waveform Design for 5G and beyond Communication Systems

The next generation communication network (NGCN) is expected to provide higher spectral efficiency, low latency, large throughput and massive machine-to-machine type communications. In this regard, the design of the multi-carrier waveform (MCW) is posing a major research problem for the NGCN. To overcome the stated problem, a lot of state-of-the-art work exists that proposes various MCW alternative to the standard orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform. It is true that OFDM was used in a number of real-time communication systems of fourth generation (4G) networks. However, their use in the upcoming fifth generation (5G) network is not very feasible. This is because of the strict requirements of 5G communication systems, which also extend beyond 5G systems; hence rendering the use of OFDM infeasible for newer communication standards. To satisfy the requirements of upcoming communication networks, there is a dire need for MCWs with better flexibility. In this regard, a precoding-based MCW has been proposed. The proposed MCW fulfills the requirements of the NGCN in terms of low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), high spectral efficiency and throughput. The MCW proposed in this work uses power-domain multiplexing such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and phase rotation by using the selective mapping (SLM) and generalized chirp-like (GCL) precoding of the input signal to the universal filtered multi-carriers (UFMC) modulations. Statistical analysis of the PAPR is presented by using the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). The MATLAB® simulations have been carried out to implement the CCDF of PAPR and results show that a PAPR gain of 5.4 dB is obtained when the proposed waveform is compared with the standard NOMA-UFMC waveform at clip rate of 10−3, using 4-QAM.

A Comprehensive Study on Simulation Techniques for 5G Networks: State of the Art Results, Analysis, and Future Challenges

Ιn this review article, a comprehensive study is provided regarding the latest achievements in simulation techniques and platforms for fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular networks. In this context, the calculation of a set of diverse performance metrics, such as achievable throughput in uplink and downlink, the mean Bit Error Rate, the number of active users, outage probability, the handover rate, delay, latency, etc., can be a computationally demanding task due to the various parameters that should be incorporated in system and link level simulations. For example, potential solutions for 5G interfaces include, among others, millimeter Wave (mmWave) transmission, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) architectures and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Therefore, a more accurate and realistic representation of channel coefficients and overall interference is required compared to other cellular interfaces. In addition, the increased number of highly directional beams will unavoidably lead to increased signaling burden and handovers. Moreover, until a full transition to 5G networks takes place, coexistence with currently deployed fourth generation (4G) networks will be a challenging issue for radio network planning. Finally, the potential exploitation of 5G infrastructures in future electrical smart grids in order to support high bandwidth and zero latency applications (e.g., semi or full autonomous driving) dictates the need for the development of simulation environments able to incorporate the various and diverse aspects of 5G wireless cellular networks.

A Novel Approach in 4G Mobile Technology

Due to the growth of user demands and the limitation of third generation (3G) mobile communication system, the need of fourth generation (4G) is expected. Due to the lot of features in 4G, it is better than 3G networks, some features of 4G like high speed internet, fastest data transfer, user can access internet anytime from anywhere. It does basically include the terminal ability that is different types of wireless services at anytime and anywhere. The fourth generation (4G) network will be a heterogeneous network. Here we also work on obtaining the best handoff which includes vertical handoff and horizontal handoff.

Features of voice transmission in the LTE network

The main results of the research of methods of voice transmission in the fourth generation networks, the analysis of existing problems in voice transmission technologies, and also verification of quality and reliability of VoLTE technology in the laboratory environment are presented. Recommendations on the application of voice technology in LTE networks deployed in Ukraine, assessment of existing technologies used for transmitting voice over the fourth generation networks, and the creation of a test strategy for checking the reliability of voice transmission on the LTE network are presented

English

The quest for improved communications among objects interconnected in a network has long been awaited. The current fourth generation network (4G) does not enable the range of services the future require, as the fifth-generation network (5G) will be faster and more flexible. The 5G networks and Internet of Things technology seem to be the reality that best describes the basic principles of the future generation mobile network technology (5G). It is anticipated to let loose a substantial IoT environment where millions of connected devices will get their communication requirements concerning speed, latency, and cost. The fifth-generation network (5G) symbolizes a fundamental change in structural design in the communication network which will open a renowned future revenue generation through ground-breaking services made possible through 5G-enabled devices with laptops, smartphones, smart cities, and tablets. The use of 5G seems to be pictured as a complicated union of future-generation technical improvements on telecommunication networks which will assist 5G to become the mechanism for future-generation IoT services. These include highly developed inflection plans for accessing a wireless network, network sharing abilities, mechanized network request, network function virtualization, and support for cloud-optimized distributed network applications. In this paper, a framework of the expected integration of 5G and internet of things (IoT) will be presented showing how the expected solution of the communication need for millions of people, interconnected devices, smart cities, smartphones in a network will be achieved, and communication among users will be enhanced. The presented framework that would help to understand, evaluate and access the various generations of mobile networks, and view how the 5G network will be an improvement for better performance were discussed. Key words: Network, technology, internet of things, device, communication.

Safeguarding 5G-and-Beyond Networks with Physical Layer Security

The eight articles in this special section provide the latest survey of physical layer security research on various promising techniques for 5G era and beyond networks. The number of mobile-connected wireless devices is quickly growing and will reach 11 billion by 2020, exceeding the world’s projected population at that time (7.8 billion). Meanwhile, the demand for wireless data transmission in futuristic wireless networks is growing exponentially. For example, a mobile user is expected to download approximately 1 terabyte of data on average annually by 2020. Cutting-edge wireless-enabled applications, such as e-healthcare, augmented reality, Tactile Internet, and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), are becoming a reality, which is triggering an explosion of mobile data traffic, a rapid increase in the number of end-devices, massive instantaneous end-to-end connections, and high-reliability low-latency services. It will be an extremely daunting task for fourth generation (4G) networks to meet the ever-increasing communication needs, and the aforementioned features have been recognized as essential requirements for the fifth generation (5G) era and beyond.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Rural 4th Generation Biomass District Heating

Biomass heating networks provide renewable heat using low carbon energy sources. They can be powerful tools for economy decarbonization. Heating networks can increase heating efficiency in districts and small size municipalities, using more efficient thermal generation technologies, with higher efficiencies and with more efficient emissions abatement technologies. This paper analyzes the application of a biomass fourth generation district heating, 4GDH (4th Generation Biomass District Heating), in a rural municipality. The heating network is designed to supply 77 residential buildings and eight public buildings, to replace the current individual diesel boilers and electrical heating systems. The development of the new fourth district heating generation implies the challenge of combining using low or very low temperatures in the distribution network pipes and delivery temperatures in existing facilities buildings. In this work biomass district heating designs based on third and fourth generation district heating network criteria are evaluated in terms of design conditions, operating ranges, effect of variable temperature operation, energy efficiency and investment and operating costs. The Internal Rate of Return of the different options ranges from 6.55% for a design based on the third generation network to 7.46% for a design based on the fourth generation network, with a 25 years investment horizon. The results and analyses of this work show the interest and challenges for the next low temperature DH generation for the rural area under analysis.

Radio Communications: Components, Systems, and Networks

The three articles in this special section focus on emerging components, systems, and networks in radio communications. Over time, radio has encompassed a steadily broadening range of technologies. Many of these were originally developed for other purposes, and adapted for the radio art. For example, the Ruhmkorff coils used in early spark transmitters were created for medical and lighting applications. Digital techniques were, of course, invented to solve hard problems in code breaking, but later utilized for signal processing and channel coding. And now — artificial intelligence (AI) has moved out of the realm of computer science and is beginning to be applied to radio communications! Machine learning is one of the most promising AI tools, and is providing a new window into the intrinsic characteristics of next generation wireless networks. This has allowed networks to learn, reason, and adapt by observing the interaction dynamics among their resources. Machine learning has been applied to fourth generation (4G) and 5G networks, cognitive radio, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), heterogeneous networks, device-to-device communications, and so on. It can be utilized for channel estimation, user location behavior, spectrum sensing and detection, anomaly/fault/intrusion detection, signal classification, and so forth.

Dual PHY Layer for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Transceiver in 5G Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising multiple access technique, proposed in literature for the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. The NOMA system model consists of the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), as a pulse shaping technique in conjunction with a variable power domain for various users, allocated in proportion to each user’s channel gain. OFDM technique based on wavelet filter banks, namely wavelet OFDM (WOFDM) has been utilized in digital communication to improve the system robustness to noise and adjacent channel interference, and is therefore anticipated to be adopted for the NOMA technique. WOFDM in NOMA (WNOMA) outperforms OFDM-based conventional NOMA (CNOMA) with reference to interference mitigation, bandwidth efficiency, spectral confinement, and multi-user capacity. Most of the fourth generation (4G) networks are based on OFDM and its variants. Therefore, in this paper, keeping in view the interoperability with the 4G networks and the latency requirements in 5G, a dual physical layer based on conventional OFDM and WOFDM as pulse shaping methods, is proposed for the NOMA transceiver. Performance of WNOMA and CNOMA is analyzed for bit error rate in the presence of channel impairments including additive noise and IQ imbalance and multiuser capacity is also computed. Comparison of various parameters indicates the advantage of adopting WNOMA over its conventional counterpart for relatively poor channel conditions.

Centralized SON function for operator optimal strategies in heterogeneous networks

Recently emerging fourth generation networks, notably LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), are expected to meet the requirements of higher bit rates with excellent quality of service (QoS). The expansion and heterogeneity of these networks have made their operational cost higher, resulting in harder tasks for operators to remain competitive. Therefore, automatic engineering has recently been considered as a promising method in remote network management and human intervention minimization. Self-organizing networks (SONs) offer the possibility of remotely controlling the network in both pre-operational and operational states through self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-healing. In this paper, we propose a global handover self-optimization (HSOP) algorithm that jointly treats load balancing, energy saving, and ICI issues and can be deployed in a dynamic, automatic, and centralized way. Our proposed HSOP algorithm allows the mobile operator to choose the best HSOP strategy according to the network characteristics (place, time, user equipment type, and priority, etc.). Therefore, a traffic model must be available for the operator to indicate the input parameters of our global SON algorithm.

Propagation modeling for outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-indoor wireless links in high-speed train

Nowadays telecommunication companies have shown a great interest in deploying broadband mobile wireless networks in high-speed trains (HSTs) with the aim of supporting both passenger services provisioning as well as automatic train control and signaling. The train carriage, as a confined steel structure, has specific propagation characteristics, which motivates the study of the indoor-to-indoor and outdoor-to-indoor radio propagation characteristics for broadband wireless communication systems in high-speed railways, constituting the main contribution of this work. This study has been performed by means of measurements considering an actual Long Term Evolution (LTE) network deployment, as well as a portable test transmitter and different configurations of antennas and receivers at 2.4, 2.6 and 5.7GHz in a commercial high-speed rail line in Spain. The results show that radio waves incur obvious waveguiding effects inside the HST car. Moreover, for the propagation from the railway station to a mobile receiver inside the HST car, waves at higher frequencies experience less attenuation through the train carriage, by better propagating through windows. Although the railway station and train interior contain objects that induce a rich set of multipath components, the analysis of small-scale fading statistics shows that the channel still has a dominant path. Also, the LTE coverage tests for Base Transceiver Station (BTS)-Train and BTS-Mobile links were conducted and with internal and external antennas on board the train. We found that there was a strong signal penetration loss of approximately 26dB caused by the train carriage structure. The final results constitute an initial model for the propagation incurred by a relay-based communications system for fourth generation (4G) network in railways.

A Mobility Analytical Framework for Big Mobile Data in Densely Populated Area

Due to the pervasiveness of mobile devices, a vast amount of geolocated data is generated, which allows us to gain deep insight into human behavior. Among other data sources, the analysis of data traffic from mobile Internet enables the study of mobile subscribers' movements over long time periods at large scales, which is paramount to research over a wide range of disciplines, e.g., sociology, transportation, epidemiology, networking, etc. However, to efficiently analyze the massive data traffic from the view of user mobility, several technical challenges have to be tackled before releasing the full potential of such data sources, including data collection, trajectory construction, data noise removing, data storage, and methods for analyzing user mobility. This paper introduces a mobility analytical framework for big mobile data, based on real data traffic collected from second-, third- and fourth-generation networks, which covered nearly 7 million people. To construct a user's history trajectories, we apply different rules to extract users' locations from different data sources and reduce oscillations between the cell towers. The comparison of mobility characteristics between our mobile data and other existing data sources shows the large potential of mobile Internet data traffic to study human mobility. In addition, our experiments discover the changing of city hotspots, the movement patterns during peak hours, and people with similar history trajectories, which uncover the common rules that exist among huge populations in a city.

Internet of Things: Part 1 [Guest editorial

The articles in this special section are devoted to the topic of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is seen as a set of vertical application domains that share a limited number of common basic functionalities. In this view, consumer-centric solutions, platforms, data management, and business models have to be developed and consolidated in order to deploy effective solutions in the specific fields. The availability of low-cost general-purpose processing and storage systems with sensing/actuation capabilities coupled with communication capabilities are broadening the possibilities of IoT leading to open systems that will be highly programmable and virtualized, and will support large numbers of application programming interfaces. These articles address several promising approaches to sensors, actuators, and new consumer devices. New communication capabilities,from short-range to low-power WAN (LPWAN) to fourth generation (4G) and 5G networks, with narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). In addition, there are new communication protocols and the exploitation of NFV/SDN for better communications. New solutions are needed for large distributed systems. New business models, ecosystems, and consumer-centric aspects need to be addressed, including IoT application development, utilization of semantics, and security, privacy, and trust. This section presents information from a wide range of perspectives in different industrial and research communities of IoT.