Fourth Draft Research Articles

Внутрипартийная дискуссия по четвертому проекту IV Программы КПСС в 1991 г. По материалам заседания постоянной идеологической комиссии и комиссии по науке, образованию и культуре от 12 июля 1991 г.

The study analyses the intra-party discussion on the fourth draft programme of the CPSU in 1991. The following methods were used to study the problem: narrative and historical-typological. The source base of the article was the "Transcript of the joint meeting of the ideological commission and the commission on science, education and culture of 12 July 1991" from the fund "The Commission of the CPSU Central Committee (1989-1991)" of the Russian state archive of modern history. By the early 1990s, the CPSU had lost its former unity as it entered a period of destructive factional fighting. M. S. Gorbachev realised that if the cause of the conflict was not addressed, the party would inevitably split. As a solution to the problem, he considered updating the CPSU programme, as the old concept did not meet the changed political situation and became the most important factor of confrontation between warring factions. At the XXVIII congress, a programme commission was elected. Its main purpose was to develop a draft document. By 12 July 1991, the programme commission presented the fourth version of the draft to a joint meeting of the standing ideological commission and the commission on science, education and culture for a final revision before the July plenum. In the course of analysing the discussion, it was possible to group the participants of the polemic according to their political views. The speakers were divided into conservatives, reformers and centrists. Participants of each faction had different views on the future of the CPSU programme. Thus, representatives of conservatives spoke quite harshly about the weakness and imperfection of the project. In their opinion, it did not provide for such essential elements of communist ideology as orientation towards the proletarian strata, reliance on a social state with a managed economy, and the strengthening of party structures to retain power. The conservatives were opposed by reformers with a liberal agenda. This included full acceptance of the spirit of the programme, insistence on radicalising market reforms and measures leading to a weakening of party hegemony. The last faction of centrists tried to reconcile the warring factions by creating a consolidating version of the programme. Their proposals contained compromise theses that could, in theory, satisfy each of the platforms. Nevertheless, it was not possible to reach an agreement, as the centrists did not find support from other factions and found themselves in the minority. Based on the sentiments of the speakers, most of them held an orthodox position. The conservatives were confident of their victory and did not consider it necessary to concede, and neither did the reformers. Thus, the revealed irreconcilability and fierceness of the discussion showed that factions within the CPSU were unable to coexist constructively. The party was inevitably approaching a political split.

The activity of the Interdepartmental Commission for Maximum Admissible Concentrations and Intensitiesfor Agents Harmful to Health in the Working Environment in 2020 and the work plan in 2021 r.

In 2020 the Commission met at three sessions, during which 9 documentations for recommended exposure limits of chemical substances, were discussed. Moreover the Commission discussed on: the frequency of tests and measurements in relation to works in which the respirable fraction of crystalline silica is produced, changes in Annex 2 to the Regulation on MAC and MAI, point C.1: "Hot microclimate" and updating of Directive 2020/739/EC based on the PN-EN ISO 7243: 2018-01 standard. The Commission suggested to the minister responsible for labour issues the following changes in the list of MAC values: introduce 5 substances into the list of occupational exposure levels of chemical agents harmful to health (4-chloro-2-tolylamine and its hydrochloride, basic red 9, furan, nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts, N-methylformamide), changes in the current values for 3 chemical substances and adaptation of the Polish list of OEL (MAC) values to the directives: 2017/2398/EU [wood dust, chromium (VI) compounds] and the fourth draft directive amending Directive 2004/37/EC (acrylonitrile). The Commission also proposed changes to Annex 2 to the hot microclimate. The Interdepartmental Commission for MAC and MAI supported the request of the Group of Experts on Biological Agents to include the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the list constituting Annex 1 to the Regulation of the Minister of Health on harmful biological agents for health in the work environment and health protection of workers professionally exposed to these factors that implement into Polish law the Commission Directive (EU) 2020/739 of June 3, 2020. Four numbers of the "Principles and Methods of Assessing the Working Environment " were published in 2020. The booklets included: article on coronaviruses, 10 monographic documentation with justification of the proposed values and their maximum allowable concentrations (NDS, NDSCh), 9 methods for determining the concentration of harmful factors in the working environment, including the method of determining elemental carbon in exhaust gases emitted from diesel engines and report on the activities of the Interdepartmental Committee for MAC and MAI in 2017-2019. In 2021, 3 meetings of the Interdepartmental Commission for MAC and MAI are planned. During the meetings, the MAC/MAC-STEL values for about 10 chemicals will be discussed and work will be continued on the adaptation to national regulations the proposed binding values for chemicals with carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic effects prepared by the Risk Assessment Committee (RAC). ) These tasks are also in line with the activities of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

The Process of Civil Law Codification in China

The paper analyzes the process of modern codification of civil law in China, provides a historical overview of the codification of civil law in China, raises the problems of private law codification and analyzes the political, economic and other sources of these problems. It is noted that only criminal (public) law was present in traditional China. Legal traditions based on the rule of criminal law continued for more than 2,000 years until the early years of the twentieth century. China has not embarked on the path of modernizing the legal system and codifying civil law. In 1929-1930, the first Civil code in the history of China was adopted. It was built on the Swiss and German civil codifications model, simultaneously reflecting the experience of the Japanese, French and Soviet codifications of civil law. After the PRC was formed, the stage of extensive borrowing of Soviet socialist law, including civil law, began. However, attempts to codify the law failed, the reasons for which lie in legal nihilism and a lack of necessary attention from the authorities. The transition from an administrative planned economy to a free market one prompted the legislator to temporarily abandon the idea of codifying civil legislation. Instead of one codified law, it was decided to adopt several special ones. In the 21st century, a new stage of codification of civil law in China has begun. In 2002, the fourth draft of the civil code of the PRC was published, which for no apparent reason has sunk into oblivion. In 2014, the process of codification of civil legislation has become more active, and in 2017, part one of the future civil code of the people’s Republic of China was adopted. In accordance with the civil law codification plan in March 2020 the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China should be adopted as a whole.

Database of State Tort Law Reforms (DSTLR 4th)

This manuscript of the DSTLR (5th) updates the DSTLR (4th) and contains the most detailed, complete and comprehensive legal dataset of the most prevalent tort reforms in the United States between 1980 and 2012. The DSTLR has been downloaded almost 2000 times and has become the standard tool in empirical research of tort reform. The dataset records state laws in all fifty states and the District of Columbia over the last several decades. For each reform we record the effective date, a short description of the reform, whether or not the jury is allowed to know about the reform, whether the reform was upheld or struck down by the states’ courts, as well as whether it was amended by the state legislator. Scholarship studying the empirical effects of tort reforms relies on various datasets, (tort reforms datasets and other legal compilations). Some of the datasets are created and published independently and some of them are created ad-hoc by the researchers. The usefulness of these datasets frequently suffers from various defects. They are often incompatible and do not accurately record judicial invalidation of laws. Additionally, they frequently lack reforms adopted before 1986, amendments adopted after 1986, court-based reforms, and effective dates of legislation. It is possible that some of the persisting variation across empirical studies about the effects of tort reforms might be due to the variations in legal datasets used by the studies. This dataset builds upon and improves existing data sources. It does so through a careful review of original legislation and case law to determine the exact text and effective dates. The fifth draft corrects errors that were found in the fourth draft, focuses only on the most prevalent reforms, and standardizes the descriptions of the reforms. A link to an Excel file which codes ten reforms found in DSTLR (5th) is provided. It is hoped that creating one “canonized” dataset will increase our understanding of tort reform’s impacts on our lives.

A Project Provides an Opportunity: Multiple Drafts of an Introduction Require Students To Engage Deeply with the Literature

A 10 week project in the organic chemistry laboratory provided the opportunity to require students to write four drafts of an introduction. Student understanding of what a good introduction entails was transformed by their fourth draft, as evidenced by higher citation counts and the inclusion of more and better figures, which reveals greater student engagement with the primary literature. In the initial implementation of the project, writing subsections of the final report throughout the semester had the unfortunate effect of creating loosely related but standalone assignments for students. Replacement of the subsection work with four drafts of the introduction section required students to re-examine their own work, respond to feedback, and investigate the primary literature in greater depth. Faculty grading time is now focused on requiring students to understand the background literature of the project deeply and to write a compelling introduction, as opposed to asking students to briefly engage the othe...

The fourth draft of Gender Equality Bill in Vietnam

The fourth draft of Gender Equality Bill in Vietnam

Symptom management for the adult patient dying with advanced chronic kidney disease: A review of the literature and development of evidence-based guidelines by a United Kingdom Expert Consensus Group

Improvement in end-of-life-care is required for patients dying with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The UK government now recommends that tools such as the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) be used to enhance the care of those patients dying with CKD. The LCP was originally developed for patients dying with terminal cancer, however has been shown to be transferable to patients dying with heart failure or stroke. On this background, in 2005 a UK National Renal LCP Steering Group was formed. The aim was to determine whether or not the generic LCP was transferable to patients dying with CKD. An Expert Consensus sub-group was established to produce evidence-based prescribing guidelines to allow safe and effective symptom control for patients dying with renal failure. These guidelines were finalised by the Expert Consensus group in August 2007 and endorsed by the Department of Health in March 2008. A literature search on symptom control and end-of-life care in renal failure was performed. A summary of the evidence was presented at a National Steering Group meeting. Opinions were given and provisional guidelines discussed. A first draft was produced and individually reviewed by all members of the Expert Group. Following review, amendments were made and a second draft written. This was presented to the entire National Steering Group and again individual comments were taken into consideration. A third and fourth draft were written and individually reviewed, before the guidelines were finalised by the Expert Consensus group. Patients dying with advanced CKD suffer symptoms similar to patients dying of cancer. The Renal LCP prescribing guidelines aim to control the same symptoms as the generic LCP: pain, dyspnoea, terminal restlessness and agitation, nausea and respiratory tract secretions. The evidence for the production of the guidelines is discussed and how a consensus was reached. A summary of the guidelines is given and the complete guidelines document is available via the Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute, Liverpool website.

Thomas Merton’s Contemplation: Rarefied Emblem of Being Human and Living in Mystery

Thomas Merton’s Contemplation: Rarefied Emblem of Being Human and Living in Mystery Glenn Crider Robust contemplation With references to Zen Buddhism, Augustine of Hippo (354‐430 C.E.) and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889‐1951), this examination demonstrates the importance of Thomas Merton’s understanding of contemplation which embodies the rare combination of ancient, medieval, modern and post‐modern sensibilities. I emphasize sensibilities in order to avoid categorizing Merton strictly as this or that, but also to emphasize his intense desire to integrate life into a single whole and the significance of this fact. Like his monastic life and work, Merton’s best contemplative writing reveals his amazing ability to draw from a variety of Christian and non‐Christian sources. Further, as he grew and developed within his monastic community, Merton became more and more open to the world itself—as a place of mystery and wonder. That openness stems from his desire and successful ability to implement his monastic identity through the use of countless Christian and non‐Christian sources. This characteristic feature underscores Merton’s contemplative life as an example of one who “seeks after God” while such seeking allowed the mature Merton to elude a myriad of religious and spiritual pigeonholes and illusions. Consequently, Thomas Merton remains a great awakener for those who choose to attune themselves to his life and work. Merton’s final writings about contemplation portray his struggle to integrate such writing with the contemplative life, that is, with life itself. William H. Shannon notes that The Inner Experience: Notes on Contemplation1 began as a revision of What Is Contemplation?2 which was published in 1948—seven years after Merton had entered the Abbey of Gethsemani. In 1959, however, Merton began to rewrite What Is Contemplation? On July 12, 1959, he wrote in his journal that his revisions of What Is Contemplation? were three times as long and a “completely different book.”3 Merton indicates why he made such drastic changes to that text: “A lot of water has gone under the bridge since 1948. How poor were all my oversimplified ideas—and how mistaken I was to make contemplation only part of [one’s] life. For a contemplative [one’s] whole life is contemplation.”4 Following What Is Contemplation?’s metamorphosis into The Inner Experience, Merton wrote four separate drafts of The Inner Experience in 1959. The “final” revisions did not occur, however, until 1968 (the year of Merton’s death). As Shannon indicates, the fourth draft of The Inner Experience was eventually published. In 1968, Merton made a final series of revisions and additions to that draft. A curious event occurred a year earlier, however, when Merton authorized the Merton Legacy Trust to publish his manuscripts that had not been published.5 He explicitly excluded two manuscripts from this agreement. One was “The Inner Experience.” The only way material from this manuscript could be published was if “qualified scholars” wanted to quote from it.6 Allowing scholars to quote from The Inner Experience shows that Merton limited its availability to a select few, and he prohibited its publication in any comprehensive format—especially as a book. At least this was the case until 1968 when Daniel Walsh—Merton’s philosophy teacher at Columbia—wrote a letter to Gethsemani’s abbot, suggesting that Merton had a change of heart about publishing The Inner Experience. Merton had gone to Bellarmine College on May 14, 1968 to give Walsh a gift for his one‐year anniversary to the priesthood. The gift was a copy of The Inner Experience. Merton told Walsh: “[This] is something I wrote a long time ago, but [I wonder] what the response to it would be if it were published. I had previously decided against it [in the Merton Legacy Trust]. But recently I reread it and made some corrections and additions which you will note in this copy.”7 Shannon believes that Merton’s remark about something he wrote “a long time ago” refers to those drafts of The Inner Experience, written during the summer of 1959.8 Despite the nine years it took for Merton to decide that The Inner Experience might be worthy of publication, Walsh’s letter...

The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

NARSTO fine-particle and ozone assessments

NARSTO, a tri-national North American consortium for applied tropospheric pollution research, conducts periodic assessments of air-pollution behavior to provide an information interface between the research community and individuals working in policy analysis and air-quality management. The first of these, entitled An Assessment of Tropospheric Ozone Pollution— A North American Perspective, appeared in late 2000 and has been circulated widely throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, and South America. The second (currently) entitled NARSTO Assessment of the Atmospheric Science on Particulate Matter, is presently in its third-draft phase and is available for general review. A fourth draft, incorporating comments from the current review stage, will be submitted in January 2002 to a tri-national review committee composed of the Canadian Royal Society, the US National Academy of Sciences, and the Mexican Red de Desarrollo e Investigación de la Calidad del Aire en Grandes Ciudades. Finalization of the document will follow this review, which will conclude in July 2000. Publication is expected in December 2002. These two assessments contain substantial amounts of policy-relevant information, which is of interest to the research community as well as those working in policy analysis and air-quality management. This presentation provides a brief overview of features and findings of the two documents.

Análisis de la futura Ley de Servicios de la Sociedad de la Información (LSSI), de trascendental importancia para el futuro de Internet en España

La Ley sobre Servicios de la Sociedad de la Información (LSSI) se basa en la Directiva 2000/31/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 8 de junio de 2000, relativa a determinados aspectos jurídicos de los servicios de la sociedad de la información, en particular el comercio electrónico en el mercado interior (repare el lector en lo de "determinados aspectos") , fechada el 8 de Junio de 2.000. En este artículo se lleva a cabo un análisis de dicha Ley, en su cuarto anteproyecto, sus antecedentes y novedades. Véase el siguiente ejemplo: Las disposiciones contenidas en esta Ley se entenderán sin perjuicio de lo que la legislación sectorial establece en relación con las actividades y operaciones que son objeto de regulación específica y, en particular, de las condiciones relativas a las mercancías y bienes tangibles a su entrega y a los servicios no prestados por medios electrónicos; del régimen jurídico aplicable a la protección de la salud y seguridad pública, incluida la salvaguarda de la defensa nacional, a los datos personales, a los derechos de los consumidores y usuarios y a los servicios financieros; del régimen tributario aplicable a los servicios de la sociedad de la información y de la normativa reguladora de Defensa de la competencia.

8 Assessing cancer treatment morbidity using the LENT SOMA scales in cervical carcinoma

Methods: 145 patients, who had received radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma more than three years ago, were invited for an assessment to answer questionnaires with a research nurse and offered a medical consultation. The questionnaires were devised from the published scores for LENT SOMA to obtain subjective scores of late effects at each organ site affected by the pelvic radiotherapy fields. This work was the result of collaboration with the departments of clinical oncology, psychological medicine and medical statistics. The questionnaires evolved over a period of 18 months with the fourth draft deemed satisfactory. Questions were used to obtain the objective evidence of treatment effect along with clinical examination and review of the medical notes to assess and record management and analytic evidence based on imaging results. Quality of life was assessed using the EORTC Core30 questionnaire (with permission) and scored according to the algorithm provided by the EORTC QOL study group (Aarondsen et a1,1993). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire was also used. Results: 100 patients attended for interview and assessment. Scores for each organ site - 6 sites uterus/cervix, ovary/reproductive, rectum/bowel, bladder/urethra, ureter/kidney and vagina were obtained. Total scores were calculated for subjective and objective criteria using an average score as recommended by the working groups that devised the LS scales. In addition, the maximum scores for each organ site were obtained. The objective LS scores for rectum/bowel correlated significantly with the FI scores, rho =0.79,p<0.0005 but there was less correlation with subjective scores, rho=0.32, p=<0.001. The objective LS score for bladder/urethra was significantly correlated with the FI score, rho =0.71 ,p<0.0005 but the subjective score was weakly correlated, rho=0.43,p<0.0005 (see figure). The total LS objective score was correlated with the total FI score, rho=0.62, p<0.0005. The total LS objective score and maximum FI score was correlated, rho=0.57, p<0.0005. The maximum scores and mean scores for each of the subsites was compared with the FI scores. Using the mean scores gave a slightly greater range and may allow greater discrimination than when using the maximum LENT SOMA score for a subsite. The total EORTC score was not well correlated with the LS objective criteria rho = -0.32, p=0.001, though there was better correlation with the subjective LS scores rho= -0.55, p<0.0005. Similarly, there was better correlation with the HAD anxiety score with the LS subjective criteria rho=0.52,p<0.0005 and HAD depression rho=0.48,p<0.0005, but the objective LS criteria were less well correlated for the HAD anxiety score, rho=0.33,p=0.001 and HAD depression, rho=0.27, p=0.007. Conclusions: The objective LENT SOMA scores were well correlated with the maximum FI score for organ sites, but less so with a total LS score. The data suggest that it may be better to look at the scores for each subsite rather than a total LS score. The subjective LS scores were less well correlated with the FI scores and this Js not surprising as the FI scoring is based on objective scoring and not taking the patients' views into account. The subjective LS scores were correlated with the EORTC and HADS scores but the objective LENT SOMA score was poorly correlated with the quality of life measurements.

Editor's Introduction

China is in the midst of creating a new legal system on Western lines. Like most Western systems outside the Anglo-American world, it is composed of codes—criminal, criminal procedure, civil procedure, etc.1 Unlike the other systems, however, it does not yet have a civil code. Normally the civil code is the basis of a Western legal system. Western law developed out of civil law, and the civil codes are certainly at the center of the two systems that serve as models for most of the world, those of France and Germany. Chinese jurists are perfectly aware of this, and they are apparently in the process of drafting such a code. Several drafts have been seen by Westerners.2 I have translated the fourth draft of 1982.3 As of 1984-85, however, the usual statement that was made to outsiders by Chinese was that there was unlikely to be a complete civil code in the near future.4 Instead, different parts would come out separately. It was pointed out that this had already taken place to a degree. The examples that were given were the Marriage Law and the Economic Contracts Law.

First calving performance of beef cattle. 2. A comparison of Shorthorns and dairy crossbreds

In each of 4 years, drafts of Shorthorn and Dairy x Shorthorn heifers were run together and fed to grow either slowly or moderately from weaning at 7 months until joining for two months at 15 months of age. Thereafter they grazed together on improved pasture in a 430 mm rainfall Mediterranean environment. Their performance was compared until their second calving and their calves' performances until weaning. Year x breed type interactions were significant for most variables measured. Between their first joining and first calving, the fourth draft of Shorthorn heifers gained 59 kg less liveweight than the crossbreds, but there was little difference in liveweight gain between the breed types in the other three drafts. Survival of the fourth draft of Shorthorn dams and calves was also 32 and 42% lower than of crossbreds. Concurrently, the third draft of Shorthorns lost 21 kg more liveweight than the crossbreds between first calving and their second joining, but performed similarly or better in the other 3 years. The third draft of Shorthorns also had a 63% lower second calving rate than the crossbreds, but the previous drafts had a similar rate of second calving. The average weaning weights of the second and third drafts of Shorthorn calves were 37 and 34 kg lower, respectively, than the crossbred calves, but only 8 and 16 kg lower in the first and fourth drafts, respectively. The third draft of Shorthorn dams were 90 kg lighter at weaning than the crossbreds but the other Shorthorn drafts were only 20 to 29 kg lighter. The intercalving interval of the fourth draft of Shorthorns was 28 days longer than that of the crossbreds, but was similar to or 23 to 30 days shorter for the previous drafts. Superior performance of the crossbreds was most apparent in the year of lowest rainfall and pasture availability, during which the third draft suckled their first calves and were joined for the second time and the fourth draft calved for the first time. First calving dates of dairy crossbreds were 14 days later than those of Shorthorns if grown slowly before joining, but were similar if grown moderately. Crossbred dams suffered 11 and 25% more dystokia at first calving of the first and third drafts and 14% more if grown slowly, but not if grown moderately before their first joining. Birth weights of calves out of crossbred dams were consistently 2 kg higher than those out of Shorthorn dams. First calving rates of the two types of cattle were similar and high (about 90%).

Editor's Note

This is obviously a muddled, complex, and very controversial subject. The American pediatric community, American Pediatric Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Ambulatory Pediatric Association, and American Academy of Pediatrics were not brought into these deliberations until April 1981, months after the fourth and final draft of the Code had been made. It is unfortunate that the three United States representatives in the negotiations for the Code did not see fit to involve the pediatric scientific community. They not only didn't ask for pediatric input they also failed to consult the National Academy of Sciences Committee on International Nutrition Programs! Dr Barbara Starfield, Past President of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association, and a member of our Editorial Board was asked to present the viewpoint of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association which has "endorsed in its entirety" the Code.

Parameterization of the Environment for Transportable Numerical Software

An early draft of this note was used as a discussion document during the first meeting of the IFIP Working Group on Numerical Software (WG 2.5) in Oxford in January 1975. The meeting requested a precise specification of the purpose of the note and suggested a number of other improvements which led to a second draft. Written comment led to further changes. A third draft was discussed during a workshop on transportable numerical software in the Applied Mathematics Division of the Argonne National Laboratory in August 1975. A fourth draft was written in January 1976 and distributed widely for comment and criticism. Discussion at the NSF/ERDA workshop on portability of numerical software and at the second meeting of the IFIP WG 2.5 (both in June 1976), together with correspondence from other parties led to the preparation of the present document. Although some of the comment was contradictory, it is our belief that this final document represents a consensus view.

Parameterization of the environment for transportable numerical software

An early draft of this note was used as a discussion document during the first meeting of the IFIP Working Group on Numerical Software (WG 2.5) in Oxford in January 1975. The meeting requested a precise specification of the purpose of the note and suggested a number of other improvements which led to a second draft. Written comment led to further changes. A third draft was discussed during a workshop on transportable numerical software in the Applied Mathematics Division of the Argonne National Laboratory in August 1975. A fourth draft was written in January 1976 and distributed widely for comment and criticism. Discussion at the NSF/ERDA workshop on portability of numerical software and at the second meeting of the IFIP WG 2.5 (both in June 1976), together with correspondence from other parties led to the preparation of the present document. Although some of the comment was contradictory, it is our belief that this final document represents a consensus view.